Level Of Social Protection Research Articles

UKRAINIAN WOMEN IN THE LABOUR MARKET OF THE LATE XIX — EARLY XX CENTURIES

Objective. The objective of the article is to study of the phenomenon of discrimination against women in the system of social and labour relations in the territory of Ukraine in the late XIX — early XX centuries. Methods. A complex of general scientific methods of epistemology is used: theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. The initial fact of the research is the statement of the dependence of the results of job search on the branching of social networks, especially the weak social ties. Results. The rough socio-economic, political, and living conditions of woman’s being in the late nineteenth century — early twentieth century were mostly the result of the level of social development and long-standing rules. Having been deprived political, economic rights, their space of self-realization was confined largely to housekeeping. The dominant social stereotype was the belief that a woman is first of all a housewife, a woman does not have sufficient intellectual capacity to engage in male activities. This explains the absence of women in economic, socio-cultural, and political spheres. The inability of women to educate turned this problem into an unsolved one, and helped to form in women’s consciousness the established belief that they were not equal to men, weak and defenseless. These features were characteristic to women throughout the territory of Ukraine, which were part of both the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires, regardless of their social origin and the level of family well-being. The situation began to change with the intensification of the industrial revolution in the late nineteenth century. Strengthening the impact of economic laws on the social existence of «profits, benefits», became the main argument for employers when hiring a woman. The low pay of women, lack of rights, became the main arguments for business representatives. Taking into account the intensification of negative international factors on the economy of Russia and Austria, the approaching World War I, role of women in production sphere increased proportionally. The need of countries for industrial products, the mobilization of men into the armies did not leave the choice to the bourgeoisie and enabled women to change the situation. A positive point is the parallel growth of their rights, the level of social protection. At the same time, industry specification and wages continued to show gender limitation and inequality. The main areas of employment for women remained the food, light, especially textile, and tobacco industries. Heavy industry, public service continued to be unattainable. Therefore, we can boldly state that the improvement of the role of women in the labour market was largely due to economic factors, rather than a change in the thinking of society, increasing its level of liberality.

SOCIAL POTENTIAL OF HIGHER EDUCATION TEACHERS OF THE THIRD AGE: PROBLEMS AND NEW CHALLENGES

Introduction Russian teachers of the third age are a social group that is currently in a difficult and ambiguous situation. On the one hand, raising the retirement age in Russia sets them the task of further professional development. On the other hand, the level of professional requirements associated with increasing the competitiveness of Russian higher education in the global educational space is sharply increasing. The purpose of the article is to answer the question - how the accumulated social potential of the third age's teachers allows them to adapt to new conditions, to increase the level of competitiveness, to act as a factor in the development of the University teaching community and higher education in general. Materials and methods The article is based on the materials of research team in the Ural Federal University (2017-2019). The article uses quantitative data of the mass survey of teachers in the Ural Federal district, implemented by the method of questioning. The population is 51 University of the Ural Federal district. Quota sampling was implemented in the study. The volume of the teachers' sample is 810 people. Social community of the third age's teachers was 38.5% of the total sample. The results of research The social potential of University teachers was considered in the context of the following structural elements: professional qualification, innovation, cultural, civil. Teachers of the third age have higher professional and qualification potential (qualification and status characteristics) than other age groups. The innovative potential realized in research activity and educational process is also high. This applies to innovation activity implemented in research projects and scientific communication. Their cultural practices are quite diverse, and the activity of cultural consumption is even higher than that of colleagues of other age groups. Civic activity of the third age's teachers is manifested in various forms of public participation, implemented through interaction with authorities of different levels and public organizations. The specificity of their civic activity is the implementation of expert functions that require high qualification, which has this group of teachers. At the same time, the teaching community of the third age notes the lack of sufficient institutional conditions for effective development, manifested primarily in the low level of social protection in the professional sphere. General conclusions University teachers of the third age have sufficient adaptive potential in the new challenges of the social environment. At the same time, the basic problem of their development is the creation of institutional conditions for professional activities and the effective realization of their social potential. Keywords Educational reforms, university teachers, teaching community, public participation, higher education, third age

SOCIAL WORK WITH MARGINALIZED GROUPS: PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

Ukraine has declared itself a social state, and therefore, has been gradually stabilizing the level of social protection of vulnerable population groups in the sphere of material provision. However, the problem of marginalization and social exclusion still remains largely unresolved. The report identifies approaches to the organization of social work with marginalized groups and outlines the concept of marginalization as a process of social declassation of individuals. The major theoretical assumptions underlying this social research are the theory of social problems, the theory of change, motivation, social inclusion and exclusion. The study argues that the process of internal changes is characterized by the impact of the change in the social status of persons belonging to the crisis-driven categories, difficulties in their self-identification. The research establishes the basic procedure for social work, which is the study of the state of the equilibrium of an individual's life (the “unchanging” circumstances), and transformation of a personality through the influences onto the standards of the group he \ she fits in, which should reduce the resistance in the course of change. Social tension is defined as an external barrier to change, which can be overcome by the creation of the positive image of marginalized groups (positive marginalization) and social inclusion of people from crisis-bound categories into different environments. The paper looks at the necessity to reinforce personal self-help skills, to form settings that contribute to the development and search for the resources necessary to adapt to new conditions. The author stresses the importance of social service institutions and of the growth of competence of their specialists. The concluding part suggests some support leverages in the fields of macro-, meso- and micro-levels of social work with marginalized populations, and directions for their implementation at the organizational level: filing a request; securing a complex institutional support; forming initiatives within the marginalized group; identifying individual motives and shaping settings that will contribute to internal transformation and social change in a community / group.

Empregadas domésticas e cuidadoras profissionais: compartilhando as fronteiras da precariedade

Há considerável fluidez na fronteira entre a atuação das empregadas domésticas e as atribuições exercidas pelas cuidadoras profissionais. Mas o quão distintas são estas categorias ocupacionais em relação ao seu perfil socioeconômico? Ao longo deste artigo, com base nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), buscamos responder se, durante o período 2002-2015, esses dois grupos apresentaram maiores aproximações ou inflexões em suas características. A partir de cinco dimensões analíticas – características individuais, condições de trabalho, grau de proteção trabalhista e social, situação domiciliar e isolamento/pertencimento –, as estatísticas apresentadas neste trabalho sugerem uma aproximação ao longo dos anos entre o perfil das trabalhadoras domésticas e o das profissionais de cuidado. Essa afirmação é válida para praticamente todos os indicadores analisados. Ambas as ocupações são marcadas pela precariedade no trabalho: combinam baixo nível de remuneração e de proteção social com alta carga horária de trabalho remunerado, somada a extensas jornadas não remuneradas. Ademais, ambas atividades são majoritariamente exercidas por mulheres pretas e pardas. Singularmente, a escolaridade é a única característica socioeconômica que de fato diferencia os dois grupos, consideravelmente mais alta para as cuidadoras.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ ТА ФІСКАЛЬНЕ СЕРЕДОВИЩЕ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ДИСБАЛАНСІВ

The economic situation in Ukraine over the last twenty-eight years has been characterized by considerable variability. The level of GDP growth was extremely low, the incomes of citizens were lower than in developed and developing countries, the level of social protection of citizens was and still remains insufficient to ensure the quality of life of citizens, such indicators did not allow Ukraine to occupy a prominent place in the global economic rankings. While unstable fiscal policies, unbalanced public finances, and monetary policy problems did not allow us to form an effective institutional environment that would ensure a steady socio-economic development of Ukraine. To study the macroeconomic situation in Ukraine, analysis of the chosen fiscal strategy and tactics, it is advisable to analyze individual «markers» – fiscal instruments that provided such fiscal indicators, from which sources they were formed and which led to the need for their formation at that level. It is also important to determine how the fiscal policy was influenced, GDP changed, what factors influenced its dynamics. To understand the socioeconomic situation of the country, it is necessary to determine whether the standard of living of the population has changed, the welfare of citizens, the investment climate, or the distribution of income in Ukraine is uniform, it is necessary to analyze the indicators of inflation and the level of GDP per capita in Ukraine.The aim of the work is to study the socio-economic situation, to analyze the impact of fiscal instruments on the welfare of citizens and to suggest ways to increase social and economic development in Ukraine.As a result of the socio-economic indicators study, indicators of well-being of citizens were obtained that confirm the existence of significant imbalances of social character in Ukraine. This study confirms the existence of three stages of the Ukrainian economy, with clearly defined phases of growth, recession and crises. It has been proved that only during the third period the government of the country began to fully implement its main function – social and economic development, as evidenced in particular by the growth of social indicators and welfare of the population, as well as improving the quality of the measures taken in the economic and fiscal spheres. It has also been proved that the social sphere is directly related to fiscal policy, which manifests itself through the redistribution of income through taxes and financing of the social sphere through budget expenditures and under the critical state of state borrowing.

До питання формування механізмів державного управління в роботі з дітьми, які проживають у сім’ях у складних життєвих обставинах

Розглянуто механізми державного управління в галузі надання соціальної підтримки дітям, які проживають у сім’ях, що перебувають у складних життєвих обставинах в Україні. Проаналізовано коло законодавчих актів, якими керуються державні органи, що працюють з цією категорією. Розкрито проблематику питання в площині реформи децентралізації влади. Акцентовано увагу на кризі інституту сім’ї та явищі соціального сирітства. Подано роздуми щодо ролі соціальної держави та спроможності батьків виконувати свої обов’язки.

Destructive Civic Activity of Young People: Theoretical and Methodological Conceptualization

The authors analyze the interdisciplinary discourse and functional-content specificity of the phenomenon of youth civic activity, study the theoretical and methodological positions, categorical signs of destructive civic activity, as well as the contexts of possible manifestations of destructive youth civic practices. There is an increase in the need to study the civic youth activity, which acquires various forms of expression of positive and destructive orientation, reflecting the current political, economic, socio-cultural values of society. The processes of destabilization in society, negatively affecting the level of social protection of young people, due to youth maximalism, instability of life priorities, push to engage in socially dangerous activities, including extremist orientation. The potential space for the implementation of destructive practices of young people is expanding at the expense of social Internet networks, where their informal self-organization is activated. Internet activism is developing – purposeful actions in the online space, built around the situation-problems and aimed at its solution. The authors perform the categorization of civic activism of the youth through the analysis of cause-effect relations, which are necessary contiguous concepts as a response of young people to any social injustice, dysfunction of the economic and political system, an important condition for the normal functioning of society. The researchers define destructive behavior as a type of human activity that changes social objects through their destruction. Destructive civic activity of young people is understood as a sophisticated, multi-level, thematically diverse manifestation of social activity with a certain potential. The authors assume that destructive youth activism is expressed in aggressive individual and collective, verbal and non-verbal actions (including the form of destructive civic content in the Internet space). The paper states that destructiveness of civic activity is manifested in delinquent socially dangerous, aggressive forms. However, the authors conclude that destructive civil initiatives can also be socially useful, aimed at solving urgent problems related to social inequality, injustice, corruption, non-compliance with laws, and under certain conditions become the driving force of the "recovery" of society.

On the legal possibility of reducing the level of social protection of Russian citizens

On the legal possibility of reducing the level of social protection of Russian citizens

THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF FINANCING SOCIAL PROTECTION IN LATVIA

INTRODUCTION
 Public social protection spending in Latvia amounted to 15.2% of GDP in 2016. Financing social protection in terms of PPS per inhabitant was only 35% of the average amount in the EU-28 in 2016. The explanation for such a permanently low level of social protection funding is not only a modest level of economic development, but traditionally a low priority of social spending in Latvian politics. The analysis of changes in the financing level of social protection, the changes in the main sources of social protection, the impact of past reforms is in focus. The wide variety in financing structures of social protection systems across Europe and the different levels of financing provides an opportunity to better understand the specifics in Latvia and its mixture of sources of financing social protection system.
 METHODS
 The author uses data from ESSPROS, the State Social Insurance Agency, the Ministry of Welfare for 2005-2017 for Latvia and the EU28 and is doing analysis of secondary statistical data, public policy documents, analysis of legislative acts and Cabinet Regulations from 2005-2018.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
 The social insurance schemes are based on the pay-as-you-go principle and the distribution is achieved between the present contributors and the present recipients, at the same time the benefit amount is closely linked to the contributions paid by a certain individual. Such a system creates proper work incentives, albeit requires significant resources for its administration. The State Social Insurance Agency showed an excellent performance in dealing with this task. Latvia’s experience with the micro-enterprise tax regime demonstrated the pitfalls of an over-simplified approach to taxation, when the measure, aimed at combating unemployment, became a tax evasion trick at the cost of the workers’ social security.
 The strong side of the existing model of financing social protection is its ability to maintain a positive balance even in the background of a very turbulent environment. The sustainability of the social insurance budget has always been and remains a top priority for policy-makers. Social contributions play the leading role in the existing mix of financing social protection. The share of old-age function benefits is higher than the EU28 average. The expenditures on some functions grew faster: spending on disability benefits increased by 99%, on unemployment by 75%, on old-age and family benefits by 64%. The last decade demonstrated a trend to an increasing role of the general government contributions. The social contribution rates are already quite high (35.09% in 2018) and can hardly be increased, otherwise labour costs might become uncompetitive. Therefore, a further increase of general government contributions seems unavoidable.
 CONCLUSIONS
 Trends in reforms and policy changes were diverse and even contradictory: cost saving, support of specific target groups, reallocating funds in financial flows, an increase of the pension age. A number of policy adjustments were based on the lessons learned during the crisis. Means-tested benefits are thinly represented in the Latvian social security system, and the thresholds used for their calculation are inadequately low. The Latvian healthcare system is chronically underfinanced. It also has a high ratio of out-of-pocket co-financing by patients. Austerity measures had a strong influence on social protection expenditures from 2009–2014. Among the weaknesses of the social insurance schemes, one should mention the inadequately low minimum levels of benefits, especially as concerns old-age pensions. Low wage earners might have a disincentive to diligently pay the contributions, seeing that even the average old-age pension is lower than the at-risk-of-poverty threshold.

Effect of financial support on reducing the incidence of catastrophic costs among tuberculosis-affected households in Indonesia: eight simulated scenarios

BackgroundThe World Health Organization’s End Tuberculosis Strategy states that no tuberculosis (TB)-affected households should endure catastrophic costs due to TB. To achieve this target, it is essential to provide adequate social protection. As only a few studies in many countries have evaluated social-protection programs to determine whether the target is being reached, we assessed the effect of financial support on reducing the incidence of catastrophic costs due to TB in Indonesia.MethodsFrom July to September 2016, we interviewed adult patients receiving treatment for TB in 19 primary health centres in urban, sub-urban and rural area of Indonesia, and those receiving multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB treatment in an Indonesian national referral hospital. Based on the needs assessment, we developed eight scenarios for financial support. We assessed the effect of each simulated scenario by measuring reductions in the incidence of catastrophic costs.ResultsWe analysed data of 282 TB and 64 MDR-TB patients. The incidences of catastrophic costs in affected households were 36 and 83%, respectively. Patients’ primary needs for social protection were financial support to cover costs related to income loss, transportation, and food supplements. The optimum scenario, in which financial support would be provided for these three items, would reduce the respective incidences of catastrophic costs in TB and MDR-TB-affected households to 11 and 23%. The patients experiencing catastrophic costs in this scenario would, however, have to pay high remaining costs (median of USD 910; [interquartile range (IQR) 662] in the TB group, and USD 2613; [IQR 3442] in the MDR-TB group).ConclusionsIndonesia’s current level of social protection is not sufficient to mitigate the socioeconomic impact of TB. Financial support for income loss, transportation costs, and food-supplement costs will substantially reduce the incidence of catastrophic costs, but financial support alone will not be sufficient to achieve the target of 0% TB-affected households facing catastrophic costs. This would require innovative social-protection policies and higher levels of domestic and external funding.

Social aspects of Ukrainian economy development: current state and new challenges

Modern changes in the economy of Ukraine caused by the socio-political situation in the country as well as a number of initiated reforms encourage scientific exploration of the socio-economic development of the country. The purpose of the article is to conduct a problem-oriented analysis of the social component of the economy of Ukraine. The article presents the results of a study of socio-economic development of Ukraine during the past five years. The following areas of analysis were selected: labor markets, poverty, unemployment, income / expenditures of the population. Low growth rates of the subsistence level are proven to be causing a decrease in social standards, which negatively affects the living standards of the population in Ukraine; a significant drop in real income of the population in 2014-2015 aggravated the purchasing power of the population; the increase in the share of wages and social benefits in the structure of the population's income during the analyzed period is an indication of the excessive dependence of the population's well-being on state support, as well as the absence of the so-called middle class in the country. The visible growth in the unemployment rate is caused by the military actions in the East of Ukraine, the deepening of the financial and economic crisis and the deterioration of the socio-political situation in the country. Emphasis is placed on differentiation in wages in economic sectors. Low level of the average salary in the budget sphere is proven to be caused by the peculiarities of calculating the size of the minimum salary on the basis of the subsistence minimum, which ultimately leads to the “depreciation” of the work of employees of the budgetary sphere and the reduction of the cost of highly skilled labor. Challenges to further development of Ukraine have been identified, such as excessive unemployment, poor level of remuneration, the level of social protection, military conflict in Eastern Ukraine among the key ones.

МІЖНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ПРАЦІ ТРУДОВИХ МІГРАНТІВ

Currently, in Ukraine there is increase of process of labour migration of Ukrainian citizens abroad. In connection with what there is necessity of proper regulation of labour activity of migrant workers, implementation of measures to comply with international legal standards in the field of labour, implementation of measures regarding increase of the level of social protection of Ukrainian citizens traveling abroad and in case of their return from abroad. The methodology is based on the general scientific dialectical method of cognition. Also, number of scientific methods were used. Legal regulation of labor migrants from Ukraine abroad was considered due to methods of analysis and synthesis. The directions of improving legal regulation of labor and social protection of migrant workers were identified by using structural and logical methods. Forms and methods of formal logic were widely used in the work: concepts, definitions, proofs, judgments, analogy, comparisons, generalizations, et The aim of the article is to explore the mechanism of legal regulation of labour of migrants workers and identify ways of increase the level of social protection of Ukrainian citizens who are migrants workers. To achieve the goal the author analyzed the most important international legal acts that regulate legal migration. In the article the concept of migrant worker was analyzed and identified what kind of migrants is included to migrant worker. Particular attention is paid to analyses of bilateral agreements concluded by Ukraine with other countries on the employment and social protection of migrants. Content was determined of the employment contract and its role in regulating the legal relations of migrant workers with foreign employers. The basic guarantees of social protection of migrant. In the article the author determined the necessity Ukraine joins to the main international conventions that regulate labor migration issues, the provisions of which should be the basis for the legal regulation of labor migrants' activity and ensuring their rights are respected. The necessity to conclude bilateral interstate agreements on regulating the employment processes of Ukrainian citizens abroad, guarantees that arise in the course of labor activity of migrant workers and social security issues, was determined. First of all, such agreements should be concluded with the countries with the highest number of migrant workers.

OECD standards as tools for improving national social and labour law

The process of Kazakhstan’s accession to the OECD has already had a positive impact on the norm-setting process in our country. The new bills are being reviewed and adopted in accordance with the norms and requirements of the OECD. The OECD recommendations are taken into account in the development of strategic documents. Possible membership in the OECD, to which Kazakhstan aspires, will continue to contribute to the improvement of the national legislative framework in accordance with international standards and requirements. A positive effect for the employment sector will be to improve the efficiency of employment policies, link them with economic policies to maintain a balance between supply and demand in the labour market, and intensify international cooperation to better adapt the labour force to structural changes. The OECD is actively promoting policies and helping countries to ensure an adequate level of social protection for all members of society. Social security includes income security, especially in cases of old age, unemployment, illness, disability, work injury, motherhood or loss of basic income. In this study, the ratio of the OECD recommendations and the current legislationof the Republic of Kazakhstan.Key words: OECD, hired labour, employment, social protection.

Проблемные аспекты осуществления общественного контроля за работой учреждений и органов, исполняющих наказания

We analyze the legislation and practice of public control implementation of the work of institutions and authorities that conduct sentences. We consider the basic principles and directions of the Public Monitoring Commissions (PMC) activities, we list the problem aspects of the administrations interaction of corrections facilities (CF), mass media and public members. In addition, we study the conceptual foundations of the penal system (PS), measures of legal, organizational, informational, social and economic nature aimed at transparency and improving the conditions of serving a sentence. We ascertain that in practice there are cases in which misunderstanding and ignorance of the criminal, criminal procedural and correctional law legis-lation by members of the PMC, their inability to give an objective legal as-sessment of the behavior and actions of a particular subject (remand prisoner, convicted) and officials of administrations of the Federal Penitentiary Service (FPS of Russia) often creates prerequisites for destabilizing the work of institutions of forced detention (FD) and violating the order of serving sentences. In addition, we note that there are other unresolved tasks with the procedure for protecting the rights of convicted prisoners. Thus, we points out that to date, the issues of modernization and optimization of the security system of the CF, strengthening the material base, the formation of modern information and telecommunication infrastructures, ensuring the necessary level of social protection of the PMC employees, introducing modern technologies and technical means into practice of conduct of sentences and many others have remained unresolved.

The Right to the Social Protection of Citizens in Conditions of the Armed Conflict in Eastern Ukraine: Legislative Challenges

The article focuses on problematic issues of the implementation of the right to the social protection of persons who have suffered from an armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine. It presents a general analysis of the shortcomings of national legislation that limits the constitutional provisions for citizens of Ukraine to obtain the appropriate level of social protection. The article shows the problems of the status of internally displaced persons (IDPs), which should provide for them additional guarantees from the state, including social ones. However, the carried out research shows that this status often becomes a discriminatory factor that imposes disproportionate restrictions on individuals. The current legal regulation of social payments for internally displaced persons contains a number of rigid and rather complicated administrative procedures that significantly restrict, and in some cases even generally make it impossible to obtain social protection. The only effective remedy for the protection of an infringed right for pensions or other social benefits for internally displaced persons is an appeal to a court. The courts do not always carry out effective and prompt protection of the violated law. Despite positive examples of judicial practice, it can not always provide an adequate and well-timed level of social protection, which causes the need for the improvement of national legislation.

Adapt or perish: Recent developments on social protection in the EU under a gig deal of pressure

In times of the so-called gig economy, access to an adequate level of social protection should not depend on whether or not a person is working on a standard employment contract. Access to social protection for non-standard forms of labour and self-employment is, as a matter of fact, one of the main themes being discussed at the moment within the debates surrounding the European Pillar of Social Rights. This article aims at assessing the recent initiatives at the EU level that have the objective of ensuring access to social protection for all and both granting and enforcing transparent and predictable working conditions for workers. Accordingly, this contribution first sheds some light on the discussion on non-standard forms of labour and the problematics surrounding the emergence of new forms of labour to later analyse the new EU initiatives, in particular, the proposal for a Recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. It concludes by welcoming the recent position of the EU with regard to such challenges, yet emphasising also the need to do more.

Attitudes Toward Universal Basic Income and Welfare State in Europe: A Research Note

AbstractThis research note examines the relationship between public attitudes toward universal basic income (UBI) and country-level socio-economic conditions in 21 European Countries. Despite abundant theoretical and empirical research on UBI, a comparative analysis of public appetite for UBI has been unavailable due to data limitations. This research note takes advantage of the 2016 European Social Survey to explore the connection between public support for UBI and levels of social protection and economic insecurity.

Development of the budgetary expenditures planning system in Ukraine

The subject of the study is the theoretical and practical issues of the development of the budget planning system in Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to reveal the theoretical and methodological principles of planning budget expenditures as a tool for influencing the social development of the country. Research methods. The paper uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including systematic, structural, comparative, factor methods, which allowed to realize the conceptual unity of the research. Results of work. The economic essence of budget expenditures is disclosed. Peculiarities of formation of budget expenditures in conditions of economy transformation are analyzed. It has been determined that the use of budget expenditures as a tool for regulation of socio-economic development of the country has certain features during the period of transformational changes in the economy, its structural adjustment, which consists in ensuring the macroeconomic equilibrium, creating a favorable financial and economic environment for the development of market relations, support of strategic sectors of the economy, including those aimed at domestic consumption. The main objective of strengthening the qualitative level of budget expenditure planning is to ensure long-term macroeconomic and social stability in the state. At the present time, it is important to deepen the theoretical and methodological principles of forming budget expenditures as a component of the regulatory mechanism of financial policy of the country, which will enable to strengthen the relationship of financial regulation with the dynamics of socio-economic development. The field of application of the results of work. Budget. Budgetary regulation of social development. Budget expenditures. Conclusions. Financial resources of the budget influence economic growth, structural transformations in the branches of economy, equalization of regional disproportions, development of human capital and increase of a high level of social protection of the population. During the years of Ukraine's emergence as an independent state, the underlying foundations and corresponding mechanisms for functioning of a sufficiently effective system of forming budget expenditures as one of the conditions for conducting a consistent fiscal policy aimed at economic growth have been formed. The budget process, depending on the changes in internal and external economic factors, the development of financial and economic relations, the increase of the quality requirements, the provision of state services of public services inherent permanent adaptation mechanisms that affect the need to improve the management of budget resources, which will provide the opportunity to ensure the effectiveness of economic transformations, sustainability budgetary system, increase the quality of budget planning and forecasting, and the efficiency of using budget funds. It is advisable to further strengthen systemicity and consistency in the implementation of state policy in the area of budget expenditures planning, to determine the optimal structure and content of budget programs, their correspondence to indicators of development of economic sectors in the short and medium term and directions of social and economic development of the country.

El equilibrio y la responsabilidad entre las generaciones: la perspectiva temporal de los derechos sociales en las fuentes internacionales y el derecho italiano

La mayoría de los países económicamente más desarrollados están comprometidos en abordar el desafío común de los efectos que trae consigo el envejecimiento de la población, en relación con el equilibrio financiero de la Seguridad Social. Las condiciones particularmente favorables hasta ahora garantizadas por los sistemas de Seguridad Social y, en particular, por el sistema de pensiones se están volviendo paulatinamente insostenibles especialmente en Italia, afectando así la capacidad que tendrían las generaciones futuras de continuar disfrutando del mismo nivel de protección social. Así, en el disfrute de los derechos sociales fundamentales hay un problema de equilibrio entre las generaciones que, como tales, deben ser permanentemente garantizados para cualquier generación. Sin embargo, no faltan las condiciones en el ordenamiento italiano, así como también en las fuentes internacionales y constitucionales, para concebir la idea de una verdadera relación de responsabilidad y solidaridad entre las generaciones, respecto a la garantía de los derechos sociales fundamentales.

Pokomunistinių valstybių socialiniai modeliai

Straipsnyje analizuojami pokomunistinių valstybių socialiniai modeliai. Pateikta socialinių modelių ir jiems būdingų bruožų analizė įrodo pokomunistinių valstybių socialinių modelių unikalumą, išskirtinumą ir pagrindžia atskiro, į tradicinę socialinių modelių tipologiją netelpančio, pokomunistinio socialinio modelio egzistavimo faktą. Atsižvelgiant į tai, straipsnyje pateikiama pokomunistinių valstybių socialinių modelių ištakų apžvalga, detaliai išanalizuotas transformacijos laikotarpis, taip pat pateikiama išsami pokomunistinių valstybių socialinių modelių analizė, išskiriant jiems būdingus bruožus, charakteristikas bei identifikuojant tarpusavio skirtumus.