Levels Of Self-differentiation Research Articles

Analysis of College Students’ Online Social Media Behavior and Its Impact on Mental Health

Abstract To explore the correlation between college students’ social media behaviors and their mental health in the context of the network era in order to provide some empirical evidence for college students’ mental health education in the new period and new situation. In this paper, we first introduce the attention mechanism to optimize the LSTM network model to extract the features of college students’ online social media behaviors and combine it with the weighted cross-entropy cost function to improve the speed of the model when extracting behavioral features. Then, the fitness function of the genetic algorithm is used to analyze the distance between the feature samples, and the optimal features are selected through the selection strategy and cross-variance operation to obtain the college students’ online social media behavior. The analysis of the impact of social media behavior on mental health found that there is a significant difference in the level of misplaced fear and self-differentiation of students with different average use times of social media (P=0.024<0.05). The score of misplaced fear of students with a use time of less than 1h is only 22.18 points, and the level of self-differentiation reaches 119.86 points. The positive detection rate for depression was 82.61% among students who engaged in negative social media behavior for more than 6 hours. The analysis results of this paper provide reference data for managing college students’ social media behavior and new ideas for improving college students’ mental health.

Between closeness and autonomy. The role of self-differentiation in the sexual functioning of young women

Introduction and objective: Despite several studies investigating satisfaction in romantic relationships, researchers are still looking for factors that can explain the longevity of relationships but also provide for the right therapeutic effects for couples experiencing a crisis in their relationship. One of the less empirically explored factors affecting satisfaction in romantic relationships, and especially sexual satisfaction, is the level of differentiation of self. Materials and methods: In order to verify the presented theoretical assumptions, a study was conducted in which a range of variables related to the quality of romantic relationships were introduced, and then their correlation with the level of self-differentiation of young women was analysed. Results: Autonomy, understood as the ability to maintain one’s boundaries, is an aspect of self-differentiation that has a particularly positive impact on the quality of sexual life – on satisfaction and assertiveness, motivation, consciousness, and esteem. Conclusion: The findings of the study provide an important contribution to the knowledge of women’s sexual functioning and, in addition, can be used as guidance for therapeutic effects in the event of difficulties, such as anxiety, lack of motivation or desire, experienced in relationships.

THE FATHER-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP IN SHAKESPEARE’S KING LEAR FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF BOWEN FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY

King Lear is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare, describing a father’s sorrow over his daughters’ unfilial or disobedient behavior. Although the father-daughter relationship in the play is often studied, to date, this relationship has not been investigated from the perspective of the Bowen family systems theory. Thus, the present study adopts the new interdisciplinary research method, the Bowen theory, to interpret the father-daughter relationship in King Lear. The focus of this article is to analyse the level of self-differentiation of Lear and the three daughters, namely Regan, Goneril, Cordelia in King Lear. It will thoroughly investigate the fusion and differentiation in their interactions with their original and nuclear families and examine the projection of Lear’s chronic anxiety on his daughters. Chronic anxiety due to social factors, such as humanism, feudalism, and patriarchy, and their impact on the father-daughter relationship in the tragedy, will also be investigated. It argues that the father-daughter relationship in King Lear is dysfunctional due to the lower level of differentiation of self between Lear and his three daughters, the projection of Lear’s anxiety onto the daughters, and the chronic anxiety brought about by societal regression. Hence, through the lens of the Bowen family systems theory, the study of the father-daughter relationship in the play can provide a new method for examining the dysfunctional family relationship in literary works.

The influence of insecure attachment on undergraduates' jealousy: the mediating effect of self-differentiation.

Jealousy is a complex emotion and can be healthy or pathological, depending on the intensity and the degree of control. Excessive jealousy was characterized by anxiety, anger, and alienation in the insecure attachment relationship. To explore how insecure attachment triggered this intense emotion, this study investigated the relationship between two insecure attachment dimensions and jealousy and explored the influence of self-differentiation on the relationship. A total of 477 undergraduates participated in the study, and the Bringle self-report jealousy scale (BSJS), the relationship questionnaire (RQ), the intimate relationship experience questionnaire (ECR), and the revised edition of self-the differentiation questionnaire (DSR) were used. The results showed that: (1) attachment anxiety had a significant positive predictive effect on jealousy, but attachment avoidance had no significant positive predictive effect; (2) self-differentiation partially mediated the relationship between attachment anxiety and jealousy, but it has no significant mediating effect between attachment avoidance and jealousy. The results suggest that attachment anxiety was correlated with jealousy because it strengthened the intensity of anxiety and anger toward their attachment figures and became out of control through a lower level of self-differentiation, which has important implications for clinical intervention.

Protective and Risk Factors of Mental Health in Iranian Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review Study

Objectives With the emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the world, including Iran, the need for its prevention and treatment became a national priority for the countries. Children, as one of the most vulnerable groups, are affected by this pandemic in various dimensions. This study aims to identify and categorize the protective and risk factors of mental health problems in Iranian children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This is a systematic review. A search was conducted in international and national databases for the related studies, and the results were reported based on the PRISMA diagram. The quantitative studies were assessed by Joanna Briggs Institute’s Critical Appraisal Checklist. Finally, 9 studies were selected for the review. Results Among the reviewed studies, only one study was conducted in the entire Iran; more than 44% were conducted in Tehran. The study populations of more than 77% of studies were the children selected from the general population. The protective factors of mental health problems (anxiety and fear of COVID-19) in children included: High level of self-differentiation, positive parent-child conflict resolution tactics, older age, parents’ increased time of staying at home, and high educational level of mothers. On the other hand, the risk factors of mental health problems (anxiety, fear of COVID-19, and aggression) in children were: COVID-19-related anxiety in mothers, anxiety/stress/depression in mothers, children’s awareness of COVID-19, infection or death of a relative due to COVID-19, employment of parents as a medical staff, parents’ intrusion and hyperarousal, being a single child, and hearing loss. Conclusion Compared to other countries, limited studies have addressed the social determinants of mental health problems (anxiety, fear of COVID-19, and aggression) of children in Iran during the pandemic. Identifying and addressing the factors that threaten, exacerbate, or enhance Iranian children’s mental health through interventions and social measures can lead to breaking the ineffective cycle of inequality and discrimination, promoting mental health, and reducing harm in the face of future pandemics.

The Mediating Role of Self-Differentiation and Parental Reflection in the Relationship Between Mother’s Own Childhood Overprotection Experience and Her Parenting Behavior

Objectives: This study aims to determine how mothers’ parenting experiences affect their attitudes toward raising children. Specifically, it examines how the experience of being raised by overprotective parents affects a mother’s parenting behavior and analyzes the structural relationship and impact of self-differentiation and parental reflection variables on the relationship between the two variables.Methods: The study participants were mothers of infants found through children's institutions located in Gwangju and Jeollanam-do. The institutions had been selected randomly and consent was obtained from all participants. A total of 374 questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and SPSS PROCESS macro.Results: First, it was confirmed that self-differentiation completely mediated the relationship between mothers’ childhood overprotection experience and mothers’ negative parenting behavior through self-differentiation. Second, it was confirmed that parental reflection regulates the relationship between mothers’ childhood overprotection experience and self-differentiation. Third, the statistical significance of the controlled mediating effect of parental reflection was confirmed in the path in which the mother's childhood overprotection affected parenting behavior through self-differentiation. This suggests that, even if the mother was overprotected as a child and has a low level of self-differentiation, enhancing parental reflection can reduce negative parenting behaior.Conclusion: This study is meaningful in that it discovered the possibility of modifying the process of negative parenting behavior between generations through the parental reflection function. In addition, the fundamental limitations of the previous parental education were revised and suggestions were made for the development of parental education programs that involve the parental reflection functions.

The Applicability of Virtual Reality-Based Training for Controlling Anger in Aggressive Individuals.

Because a failure of anger control leads to emotional and social problems, appropriate anger management may be important for social well-being. Virtual reality (VR) may potentially be effectively utilized in anger management, and this study aimed to verify the applicability of the VR-based anger control training program. The data obtained by having 60 young male participants divided into 2 groups, the high aggression group and the low aggression group, based on their Aggression Questionnaire scores to execute this program were analyzed. The program consisted of "Anger Exposure Training" for provoking anger and facilitating anger control and "Mindfulness Training" for providing the meditation experience for controlling anger. The anger scores and comfort scores obtained from these tasks, respectively, were analyzed for differences between the groups and between the experimental conditions. The anger regulation and comfort enhancement rates were analyzed for correlations with psychological variables. In Anger Exposure Training, the anger scores in angry expression were reduced in managed expression of anger in both groups. In Mindfulness Training, meditation increased comfort score as well in both groups, and the comfort enhancement rates were negatively correlated with the levels of self-differentiation and open communication with mother only in the high aggression group. These results indicate that the VR environments can provide an effective means of trainings for managing anger. Therefore, further research on the effectiveness of the VR-based anger control training program is worthy conducting in individuals who express excessive aggression.

보육교사의 직무스트레스와 자아분화가 우울에 미치는 영향

In this study, to examine the effect of childcare teachers' job stress on depression. For thispurpose, a survey was conducted on 253 childcare teachers working at daycare centers locatedin Seoul. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS 23.0. The main results of this studyare as follows. First, the job stress of childcare teachers was slightly lower level than normal,self-differentiation was at a level above average, and depression was at a lower level thannormal. Second, there were negative correlations between job stress and self-differentiation,self-differentiation and depression, and positive correlations between job stress and depressionof childcare teachers. Third, the general background, job stress, and self-differentiation ofchildcare teachers had a significant effect on depression. Especially, self-differentiation had asignificant effect on depression when the overall background and job stress of childcare teacherswere controlled. These results suggests that in order to reduce the depression of childcareteachers, it is necessary to take measures to reduce job stress along with counseling andeducational support that can increase the level of self-differentiation of childcare teachers.

Psychological well-being: the role of self-differentiation, Alexithymia and ego-strength

Introduction: Psychological well-being as a component of positive psychology is associated with a variety of personal and family factors in psychology such as self-differentiation, Alexithymia and ego strength. Aim: This study was aimed to investigate on prediction of psychological well-being based on self-differentiation, Alexithymia and ego strength in students in Islamic Azad University in Qom city. Method: Its method was descriptive and type of correlation. The statistical community included all students in Islamic Azad University in Qom city in academic year of 2016-2017, that 350 students (195 male and 155 female) were chose by cluster sampling method. Gathering data tool included Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI), Alexithymia Scale, 4 factors of Catell's Sixteen Factors Personality Inventory, and Ryff Psychological Well-being Questionnaire. Data analyzed by using of SPSS-26 software with Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariable regression analysis. Results: Findings showed that self-differentiation, Alexithymia and ego strength could predict 25/38 variance of psychological well-being (P<0.001). Also there was direct correlation between psychological well-being with self-differentiation and ego strength, and was negative correlation with Alexithymia (P<0.001). Conclusion: With attention to results the role of self-differentiation, Alexithymia and ego strength in prediction of psychological well-being were important. It can be indicate that high levels of self-differentiation and ego strength, and low level of Alexithymia were salient in shaping of psychological well-being, and with diagnosing and improvement in selfdifferentiation, Alexithymia and ego strength can expect to promotion in psychological wellbeing in students.

Frustrated Brotherhood and a Need for Solidarity in Suzan Lori-Parks’ Topdog/Underdog

The present research introduces the problems of a disintegrated family and their effects on the members’ current life. It is mainly concerned with discussing Bowen’s concepts of differentiation of the Self and sibling position through applying them to Suzan-Lori Parks’ Topdog/Underdog. The investigation of these concepts expands and includes the main themes of the play which help in understanding the deteriorated brothers’ relationship and functioning within the family and the society, themes such the fragile masculinity due to the fragile home they have been raised in, and the futile attempts to create a strong identity due to their low level of self-differentiation. These Concepts focus on examining the dysfunctional brothers which is the outcome of the absence of love and solidarity reflected from the parents’ instability and refusal of taking the responsibility. The aim of this study therefore shows that Bowen Theory is useful to analyze the modern family relationships with its tension as its members try to move toward normalcy.

The Role of Defensive Emotional Distancing in Loneliness of Offenders with Substance Use Disorders

Background: The abilities to effectively regulate emotions and establish meaningful interpersonal relationships are considered to be crucial for overall mental health. The current study aimed at exploring the relationship between the intrapersonal and interpersonal components of self-differentiation and the feeling of loneliness in offenders with substance use disorders. Method: Participants were 80 male offenders with opiate use disorders hospitalized at the Special Prison Hospital in Belgrade. Data were collected by using self-report Differentiation of Self Inventory and UCLA Loneliness Scale. In analyzing the data, Pearson product-moment correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were employed. Results: As has been hypothesized, results show that loneliness is associated with a lower level of self-differentiation. The most prominent role in loneliness plays emotional cutoff. Since close relationships are interpreted as threatening, defensive emotional distancing protects from further negative, painful relationship experiences, and traumatization, but, as a consequence, leaves a person deprived of meaningful social contacts needed to fulfill the basic need for connectedness. Conclusions: Long-term use of behavioral and emotional defense mechanisms, such as distancing and denial, along with the exaggerated facade of independence and self-sufficiency, often seen in forensic clients seems to conceal chronic feelings of loneliness and longing for meaningful and emotionally fulfilling human contact. Adopting adaptive emotion regulation strategies may be an important mechanism for alleviating loneliness in offenders with substance use disorders, and probably, lead to decreasing the use of substances in an attempt to modulate emotions.

Influence of self-differentiation, psychological discomfort, and marital dyadic adjustment on maternal-fetal attachment in primigravida

The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of self-differentiation, psychological discomfort, and marital dyadic adjustment on maternal-fetal attachment in primigravida. In total, 108 primigravida participated in this descriptive correlational study. The participants answered self-report questionnaires. Data were collected from January to May, 2020, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression with SPSS for Windows ver. 23.0. The mean age of the primigravida was 31.66 years. The mean score for the degree of maternal-fetal attachment was 76.81 out of 96 points. Participants' scores for maternal-fetal attachment differed significantly based on age (t=2.08 p=.039) and marital status (t=2.05, p=.043). Maternal-fetal attachment was significantly negatively correlated with psychological discomfort (r=-.39, p<.001), and significantly positively correlated with self-differentiation (r=.36, p<.001) and marital dyadic adjustment (r=.36, p<.001). Self-differentiation explained 24.1% of variance in participants' maternal-fetal attachment, and its effect was statistically significant (F=7.79, p<.001). In primigravida, more self-differentiation was associated with stronger maternal-fetal attachment. To strengthen maternal-fetal attachment in primigravida, educational program that increases the level of self-differentiation and minimizes their psychological discomfort may be helpful for first time pregnant women. Additionally, it is recommended to provide nursing interventions to encourage couples to work together throughout the gestational period.

A cross-cultural study of the role of obstacles on resilience in leadership formation

PurposeThe paper aims to report findings from research conducted that illustrates cross-cultural differences and similarities on the role obstacles, as defined by leadership antecedents, play in the levels of resilience found in leaders. While research has demonstrated a link between obstacles and the development of resilience in leadership, previous studies have not looked at whether this link exists across cultures and what differences or factors might affect this link.Design/methodology/approachThe research provides additional evidence that the types of developmental experiences and the level of self-differentiation in the leader relates to the levels of resiliency within a leader. Furthermore, the research examines cultural differences in the findings and offers possible explanations for them. The study reflects responses from 365 participants (151 from USA, 112 from India and 102 from Germany). The study uses leadership antecedent categories, the Differentiation of Self Inventory, Short Form and the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale. Demographic information on participants included sex, age, level of education, years of leadership experience and industry.FindingsThe results demonstrate that resiliency is positively correlated with both the leadership antecedents and differentiation of self. In light of the research findings, the authors highlight the relationship between resiliency and the leadership antecedents, while providing rationale for cultural differences in this relationship, and highlight the relationship between resiliency and differentiation of self, while providing rationale for cultural differences in this relationship.Research limitations/implicationsThe research implications include being able to determine whether a leader’s cultural identity has any effect on the development of resilience through hardships. Additionally, the research has the ability to have more generalized results, as the study looks at leaders across three distinct cultures. The study has two major limitations. First, the study was conducted with a convenient sample, which may not be a true representation across the entire culture. Second, the study only looks at three distinct cultures, which represent three of the ten major cultural clusters in the world, according to the leadership literature.Practical implicationsIf leadership developers can begin to understand the interplay between developmental antecedents and the development of resilience, training can be tailored more specifically, even within distinct cultures. Additionally, understanding how differing cultures develop resilience and understand hardships as a part of that development, researchers can begin to isolate other variables that contribute to the development of resilience and other desirable leadership attributes, regardless of cultural background.Originality/valueThe study’s findings provide an additional argument for why obstacles and developmental experiences are a logical and necessary part of the formation process for leaders. Additionally, the study looks at the importance of the cultural dimension of an emerging leader, as it relates to the development of resilience. If hardships represent a significant role in leadership formation, then understanding this step is vital for the development of future leaders and leadership training in diverse cultural contexts. Everyone experiences some sort of hardship in life; however, effective leaders may intentionally use these obstacles as a training ground by overcoming them.

Adolescents’ individual resilience and its association with security threats, anxiety and family resilience

ABSTRACT The current study explored the association between family resilience, anxiety, and individual resilience of adolescents in times of ongoing security threats. We examined 89 dyads of parents and adolescents exposed to rocket attacks for 13 years. The investigated variables included exposure to security threats, gender, anxiety, individual resilience, self-differentiation, and family resilience. The results indicate that youth who believed their family to be resilient were also more individually resilient and suffered less anxiety in the face of security tensions. Furthermore, adolescents with higher self-differentiation reported higher individual resilience. Adolescents’ perceptions of family resilience mediated the relationship between the parents’ perceptions of family resilience and the adolescents’ individual resilience and anxiety. It was also found that mothers and daughters reported more anxiety than fathers and sons and that adolescents displayed higher levels of self-differentiation than their parents. Overall, the results indicate that family resilience is the collective product of a shared and interactive process. The practical implications of the results include guidelines for developing programmes for families aimed to increase family resilience by enhancing their skills, such as positive family communication and problem solving skills, in order to increase their adolescents’ individual resilience.

Addiction to binge eating among women in psychologically abusive relationships: The moderating role of defense mechanisms

In the present study, we examined the contribution of personal resources, self-differentiation and mature emotional defense mechanisms to binge eating among women suffering from psychological abuse in their intimate relations. Three hundred and eighty Israeli women, 32% of whom were exposed to psychological abuse filled out quantitative questionnaires. Our results indicated that the higher the level of self-differentiation and the more mature the defense mechanisms, the less addictive is the woman. The defense mechanisms and their maturity classification moderating the correlation between the stress of psychological abuse and addictive binge eating. We discuss the contribution to the literature on psychological defense mechanisms.

Comparison of the Effects of Children's Parentification on Their Internalized Problems Between Multicultural and Monocultural Families: The Mediating Effects of Internalized Shame and Self-Differentiation

Objectives The objective of this study is to identify, compare, and analyze children's parentification between multicultural families and monocultural families, It also aims to examine internalized shame and the structural relationship between self-differentiation and internalized problems and to provide useful basic data to education and counseling sites. Methods Data from a total of 725 people, including 367 children from multicultural families and 358 children from monocultural families were included in the final analysis. SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 22.0 were used to statistically process t-verification, correlations, and perform a structural equation model (SEM) analysis. Results First, the negative effect of children's parentification in multicultural families on internalized problems was found to be statistically significant, while the effect of children's parentification in monocultural families on internalized problems was not significant. Second, it was found that the problems of children from multicultural families were partially mediated, and those of children from monocultural families were fully mediated, by internalized shame in relation to parentification and internalized problems, Third, it was found that the problems of children from multicultural families were partially mediated, and those of children from monocultural families were fully mediated, by self-differentiation in relation to parentification and internalized problems. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that there is a need to consider the cultural differences of children when managing children’s parentification in the counseling sphere, and they also show that an approach to alleviate the shame of parentalized children and improve their level of self-differentiation may be effective in solving internalized problems. Keywords: multicultural families, children, internalized problems, parentification, internalized shame, self-differentiation

Family resilience among parent-adolescent dyads exposed to ongoing rocket fire.

The aim of the study was to examine discrepancies in family resilience between parents and their adolescent offspring and the differences in the predicting variables of family resilience between these two groups in the context of political violence. Toward that aim, we explored the interplay among exposure to security threats, gender, anxiety, individual resilience, self-differentiation, and family resilience. We conducted a cross-sectional study, which included 89 dyads of parents and adolescents who had been exposed to missile fire for 13 years, employing the following questionnaires: demographic parameters, exposure to security threats, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Family Resilience Assessment Scale, and the Differentiation of Self-Inventory. Repeated measures ANOVA showed no differences between parents' and adolescents' reports of family resilience. Actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) indicated that in both groups, higher family resilience was predicted by high individual resilience. Parents' family resilience was predicted by high levels of individual resilience and self-differentiation. Adolescents' family resilience was predicted by gender and individual resilience. Adolescents' self-differentiation predicted family resilience only when parents' level of self-differentiation was high. The findings are discussed in the context of the developmental stage of adolescence in the family life cycle as well as the importance of psychoeducational interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Benliğin Farklılaşması Envanteri Kısa Formunun (BFE-KF) Türkçe ’ye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

The aim of this study is to adapt the Different Formation of Self Inventory Short Form to Turkish and to conduct validity and reliability analyzes. The research group consisted of university students and adults aged from 20 to 64. The structure of the scale was validated by confirmatory factor analysis and the significance of the difference between the 27% upper and lower groups. Self-esteem, trait anxiety, and authenticity metrics were used to the convergent validity. Reliability analyzes were conducted with internal consistency and two-week test repetition methods. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, the goodness of fit values was reached at the acceptable limits and the four-component structure of DSI-SF was verified. According to the results of the independent sample t test and MANOVA on the difference of the 27% upper and lower group difference, scale scores differ significantly in the low and high levels of self-differentiation. Moreover, the results obtained from the correlation analyzes show that the scale provides convergent validity. The Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient was .82. Findings show that is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

The Effectiveness of Assertiveness Training on Alexithymia and Self-Differentiation in Runaway Girls in the City of Mashhad, Iran

Background: This study evaluates the effect of assertiveness training on alexithymia and self-differentiation in the city of Mashhad, in Iran, about runaway girls. Method: The sample consists of 24 girls (12-20 years old) The tools used in the study were: assertion questionnaire Rathus, self-differentiation scale of DSI and the Toronto alexithymia scale. The study is applied as a Quasi-experimental design with the unequal control group. The plan is similar to the control groups pretest and post-test. Results: Significance indexes Multivariate analysis (f=158.029, p&lt;0.001) indicates that there are changes in alexithymia and self- differentiation with assertiveness training. The average assertion scores in the post-test had increased strongly (M=58.00). As well, the average self-differentiation score of the experimental group had a significant increase. The experimental group also had lower average scores of alexithymia. Conclusions: The results of the research showed that assertiveness training has a significant change in alexithymia and self-differentiation. It should be noted that the participants had run away from home due to various reasons relating to high levels of alexithymia and low levels of self-differentiation and assertiveness. During this training course, the girls with learning assertiveness made changes in the self-differentiation and alexithymia (M=196.00) (M=47).

Correlation between self-differentiation and professional adaptability among undergraduate nursing students in China

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the current status of self-differentiation and professional adaptability among undergraduate nursing students, to analyze the relationship between these two variables, and to provide recommendations for nursing educators. MethodsA total of 341 nursing undergraduate students at the University of South China were investigated using the Differentiation of Self Inventory and the Professional Adaptability Scale for college students. ResultsThe mean scores of self-differentiation and professional adaptability were 3.70 ± 0.60 and 2.87 ± 0.37, respectively, and the two variables were positively correlated (P < 0.01). ConclusionThe level of self-differentiation of undergraduate nursing studentsaffects their professional adaptability. Nursing educators should consider the characteristics of self-differentiation of undergraduate nursing students in developing measures to improve their professional adaptability.