Level Of Pi Research Articles

Mechanisms of vacuolar phosphate efflux supporting soybean root hair growth in response to phosphate deficiency.

Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. In response to phosphate (Pi) deficiency, plants rapidly produce a substitutive amount of root hairs; however, the mechanisms underlying Pi supply for root hair growth remain unclear. Here, we observed that soybean (Glycine max) plants maintain a consistent level of Pi within root hairs even under external Pi deficiency. We therefore investigated the role of vacuole-stored Pi, a major Pi reservoir in plant cells, in supporting root hair growth under Pi-deficient conditions. Our findings indicated that two vacuolar Pi efflux (VPE) transporters, GmVPE1 and GmVPE2, remobilize vacuolar stored Pi to sustain cytosolic Pi content in root hair cells. Genetic analysis showed that double mutants of GmVPE1 and GmVPE2 exhibited reduced root hair growth under low Pi conditions. Moreover, GmVPE1 and GmVPE2 were highly expressed in root hairs, with their expression levels significantly upregulated by low Pi treatment. Further analysis revealed that GmRSL2 (ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6-like 2), a transcription factor involved in root hair morphogenesis, directly binds to the promoter regions of GmVPE1 and GmVPE2, and promotes their expressions under low Pi conditions. Additionally, mutants lacking both GmRSL2 and its homolog GmRSL3 exhibited impaired root hair growth under low Pi stress, which was rescued by overexpressing either GmVPE1 or GmVPE2. Taken together, our study has identified a module comprising vacuolar Pi exporters and transcription factors responsible for remobilizing vacuolar Pi to support root hair growth in response to Pi deficiency in soybean.

Deciphering the mechanisms involved in reduced sensitivity to azoles and fengycin lipopeptide in Venturia inaequalis

Apple scab, caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Venturia inaequalis, is currently the most common and damaging disease in apple orchards. Two strains of V. inaequalis (S755 and Rs552) with different sensitivities to azole fungicides and the bacterial metabolite fengycin were compared to determine the mechanisms responsible for these differences. Antifungal activity tests showed that Rs552 had reduced sensitivity to tebuconazole and tetraconazole, as well as to fengycin alone or in a binary mixture with other lipopeptides (iturin A, pumilacidin, lichenysin). S755 was highly sensitive to fengycin, whose activity was close to that of tebuconazole. Unlike fengycin, lipopeptides from the iturin family (mycosubtilin, iturin A) had similar activity on both strains, while those from the surfactin family (lichenysin, pumilacidin) were not active, except in binary mixtures with fengycin. The activity of lipopeptides varies according to their family and structure. Analyses to determine the difference in sensitivity to azoles (which target the CYP51 enzyme involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway) showed that the reduced sensitivity in Rs552 is linked to (i) a constitutive increased expression of the Cyp51A gene caused by insertions in the upstream region and (ii) greater efflux by membrane pumps with the involvement of ABC transporters. Microscopic observations revealed that fengycin, known to interact with plasma membranes, induced morphological and cytological changes in cells from both strains. Sterol and phospholipid analyses showed a higher level of ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol and a lower level of PI(C16:0/C18:1) in Rs552 compared with S755. These differences could therefore influence the composition of the plasma membrane and explain the differential sensitivity of the strains to fengycin. However, the similar antifungal activities of mycosubtilin and iturin A in the two strains indirectly indicate that sterols are probably not involved in the fengycin resistance mechanism. This leads to the conclusion that different mechanisms are responsible for the difference in susceptibility to azoles or fengycin in the strains studied.

Disorders of the hemostatic system in patients with COVID-19 infection of varying severity

Aim to evaluate the individual characteristics of the hemostatic system and lungs CT-scan data in patients with a new coronavirus infection caused by the COVID-19, depending on the severity of the disease.
 Material and methods.A comparative analysis included the results of clinical, epidemiological and laboratory examination of 209 COVID-19 patients divided in two groups: in-patients of the Samara State Medical University Clinics with moderate (n=106) and severe (n=103) course of the disease. The diagnosis was verified by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The following indicators were analyzed: gender, age, body mass index (BMI), epidemiological history, clinical signs of the disease, severity, degree of lung damage according to the results of computed tomography (CT).
 Results.There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of gender and age characteristics, as well as epidemiological data of COVID-19 patients. In 91% of patients with severe COVID-19, the clinical manifestations of hemorrhagic syndrome were recorded in the form of ecchymoses at injection sites, and in 75% - in the form of bleeding of various localization. The changes in the hemostatic system in patients with severe COVID-19 were characterized by high levels of platelets, INR, APTT, fibrinogen and a decrease in PI. In patients with severe COVID-19, a positive correlation was established between the level of fibrinogen, INR, APTT, PI and consolidation of lung tissue, as well as between the level of INR, APTT, PI and the presence of lung lesions in the form of "ground-glass" opacities on the CT images.

A Strategy for the Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase Based on the Self-Triggered Degradation of Metal-Organic Frameworks by Phosphate.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is widely present in the human body and is an important biomarker. Numerous ALP detection studies have been carried out, and ascorbic acid (AA) is often used as the reducing component in the sensors to monitor ALP levels since it can be produced from ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AA2P) hydrolysis in the presence of ALP. However, it is well-known that AA is a strong reducing agent and can be easily oxidized. The disproportion between oxidized AA and reduced AA reactions results in the generation of AA free radicals with single electrons that may lead to inaccurate results in assays. To solve this problem, we synthesized a core-shell metal-organic framework sensor (PATP-Au@ZIF-8 NP) and used it as a sensitive and accurate ALP detection sensor with self-triggered control of phosphate ions (Pi) to avoid the potential inaccuracy of the method that uses AA as the reducing component. By establishing a physical shell on the surface of the gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), the sensor not only can eliminate the random assembly of metal nanoparticles caused by plasma exposure but also can generate self-triggering of Pi caused by ALP. Pi can decompose ZIF-8 through coordination with Zn2+ and thus can destroy the ZIF-8 shell structure of the prepared PAZ NPs. Au NPs are released and then become aggregated, in turn causing the SERS "hot spot" area to increase. The enhancement of the SERS signals was found to be directly associated with the level of Pi released from ALP-triggered hydrolysis. The response of the strategy was linear at ALP concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 150 mU/mL (r = 0.996) with a detection limit of 0.03 mU/mL. Lastly, the developed strategy was employed in the evaluation of ALP inhibitors, and the possibility to implement the developed SERS strategy for rapid and selective analysis of ALP in human serum was demonstrated.

Optogenetic regulation of phosphatidylinositides in cellular and mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundMajor disappointments in late‐stage clinical trials have made it clear that additional therapeutic targets beyond amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) and tau are urgently required for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐biphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] has previously been established as an important signaling lipid at the synapse and in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. We hypothesize that the level of PI(4,5)P2 in the plasma membrane may be an early and critical determinant of AD associated molecular and behavioral deficits in cellular and mouse models of the disease.MethodWe tested the ability of a light‐inducible dimerization system to modify phosphoinositide content in vitro using a PC12 cell line overexpressing cryptochrome‐interacting basic‐helix‐loop‐helix (CIBN) fusion to a membrane targeted CAAX domain (CIBN‐CAAX), and blue‐light mediated binding of cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) fused with the catalytic domain of phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate 5‐kinase (CRY2‐PIP5K2A‐CD). We detected PI(4,5)P2 using the PI(4,5)P2 sensor plextrin homology domain of phospholipase C δ (PH‐PLCδ). Using virally mediated transduction of these constructs in mouse brain, we manipulated PI(4,5)P2 levels in hippocampus of a mouse model of AD, harboring the Amyloid Precursor Protein transgene (APP‐Tg). Behavioral deficits were assessed using novel object recognition (NOR). Brains were analyzed for detection of phosphoinositide using Imaging Mass Spectrometry.ResultIn PC12 cells, initial results indicate that after optogenetic stimulation, cytosolic labeling by PH‐PLCδ was largely lost, and plasma membrane labeling was observed. In a mouse model of AD (APP‐Tg) after stimulation with blue light or control yellow light, behavioral paradigms including NOR were completed. NOR discrimination index was significantly reduced for Tg+/control compared to other groups (WT/control, WT/Opto) as expected. However, Tg+/Opto was not significantly different than WT/control or WT/Opto indicating amelioration of behavioral deficits in Tg+/Opto through optogenetic stimulation of PI(4,5)P2 production. Experimental groups did not show significant changes in motor function in the open field task. Our data indicate that optogenetic stimulation of PI(4,5)P2 accumulation in brain is able to rescue behavioral AD associated behavioral deficits.ConclusionUsing sophisticated and specific optogenetic manipulation we have demonstrated that stimulation of PI(4,5)P2synthesis rescued behavioral deficits in a mouse model supporting the critical role of PI(4,5)P2 levels in AD.

Adaptive strategies of plants to conserve internal phosphorus under P deficient condition to improve P utilization efficiency.

Phosphorus (P) is one of the limiting factors for plant growth and productivity due to its slow diffusion and immobilization in the soil which necessitates application of phosphatic fertilizers to meet the crop demand and obtain maximum yields. However, plants have evolved mechanisms to adapt to low P stress conditions either by increasing acquisition (alteration of belowground processes) or by internal inorganic P (Pi) utilization (cellular Pi homeostasis) or both. In this review, we have discussed the adaptive strategies that conserve the use of P and maintain cellular Pi homeostasis in the cytoplasm. These strategies involve modification in membrane lipid composition, flavanol/anthocyanin level, scavenging and reutilization of Pi adsorbed in cell wall pectin, remobilization of Pi during senescence by enzymes like RNases and purple acid phosphatases, alternative mitochondrial electron transport, and glycolytic pathways. The remobilization of Pi from senescing tissues and its internal redistribution to various cellular organelles is mediated by various Pi transporters. Although much efforts have been made to enhance P acquisition efficiency, an understanding of the physiological mechanisms conserving internal Pi and their manipulation would be useful for plants that can utilize P more efficiently to produce optimum growth per unit P uptake.

The Phospholipid Molecular Species Profile of Apostichopus japonicus Tissues Modifies through Exposure to n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Deficient Diet.

The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, being a target species of commercial fisheries and aquaculture, is also used as a source of biologically active compounds with high pharmacological potential. By the methods of high-performance liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry, we analyzed the major structural phospholipids (PL)—glycerophosphoethanolamines (PE), glycerophosphocholines (PC), glycerophosphoserines (PS), and glycerophosphoinositols (PI)—in tissues of wild and cultured sea cucumbers. The intestines of the wild and cultured animals differed from the other tissues by an elevated content of molecular species of PE, PC, and PS with 22:6n-3 fatty acid. The respiratory trees of the studied animals contained a high level of odd-chain PI and PI with 20:4n-6. The exposure to n-3 PUFA-deficient diet resulted in substantial changes in the molecular species profile of PL of the wild and cultured animals. The cultured sea cucumbers showed a significant decrease in the 20:5n-3 content in all four studied PL classes. A replacement of 20:5n-3 by 20:4n-6 occurred in PE, PC, and PI. The decrease in the level of molecular species of PS with 20:5n-3 was compensated by an increase in the level of monounsaturated long-chain PS. The diet of cultured sea cucumbers is a crucial factor for enhancing the nutritional properties of the product obtained from them.

Plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate is critical for determination of epithelial characteristics

Epithelial cells provide cell-cell adhesion that is essential to maintain the integrity of multicellular organisms. Epithelial cell-characterizing proteins, such as epithelial junctional proteins and transcription factors are well defined. However, the role of lipids in epithelial characterization remains poorly understood. Here we show that the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] is enriched in the plasma membrane (PM) of epithelial cells. Epithelial cells lose their characteristics upon depletion of PM PI(4,5)P2, and synthesis of PI(4,5)P2 in the PM results in the development of epithelial-like morphology in osteosarcoma cells. PM localization of PARD3 is impaired by depletion of PM PI(4,5)P2 in epithelial cells, whereas expression of the PM-targeting exocyst-docking region of PARD3 induces osteosarcoma cells to show epithelial-like morphological changes, suggesting that PI(4,5)P2 regulates epithelial characteristics by recruiting PARD3 to the PM. These results indicate that a high level of PM PI(4,5)P2 plays a crucial role in the maintenance of epithelial characteristics.

Dynamics of TNF-α and INF-γ content in blood serum in connection with the marker profile of patients with acute hepatitis B at different degrees of severity of the disease

The aim – is to analyze the dynamics of the content of TNF-α and INF-γ in the serum in connection with the marker profile of patients with acute hepatitis B at different degrees of severity of the disease. Materials and methods. 32 patients with AHB were examined in the dynamics of the disease with the determination of HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBe, the content of TNF-α and IFN-γ by ELISA. Statistical processing was performed in Statistica 13 for Windows (StatSoft Inc., No. JPZ804I382130ARCN10-J). Results. Patients with severe (40.6 %) and moderate (37.5 %) courses of the disease predominate among patients with AHB. Severe course of AHB, compared with the moderate course, was characterized by higher levels of hyperbilirubinemia (P < 0.05), cytolytic syndrome (P < 0.05), hypoproteinemia (P < 0.05), and signs of hypocoagulation (P < 0.05). HBsAg (P < 0.05) was more often observed in patients with moderate and severe AHB (P < 0.05) in the absence of a difference in the frequency of seroconversion for HBeAg. Seroconversion of HBsAg/anti-HBs at 6 months was lowest after mild (66.7 %), compared with moderate (91.7 %) and severe (100.0 %) (P > 0.05) course of the disease. Regardless of the severity of AHB, the content of TNF-α was higher (P < 0.05) than in healthy individuals and highest in the severe course of the disease (P < 0.05). The content of INF-γ was higher than in healthy individuals (P < 0.05), regardless of the severity of the disease. TNF-α correlated with the severity of AHB (r = 0.57, P < 0.05), the level of total bilirubin (r = 0.65, P < 0.05), INR (r = 0.42, P < 0.05) and PI (r = -0.48, P < 0.05) at hospitalization. Conclusions. Patients with severe (40.6 %) and moderate (37.5 %) courses of the disease predominate among the hospitalized patients with AHB. At hospitalization, the content of TNF-α is highest in the severe course of the disease (P < 0.05). The content of INF-γ is higher than in healthy individuals (P < 0.05), regardless of the severity of the course of AHB. At hospitalization, all patients were positive for HBsAg and IgM anti-HBcorAg, the vast majority of patients for HBeAg. Positive HBsAg was more often (P < 0.05) in patients with a moderate course of AHB during discharge from the hospital. HBeAg was preserved in 28.6 % of patients with the mild course. Chronic HBV infection was observed in 3.6 % of patients with the mild course.

Downregulation of FAPP2 gene induces cell autophagy and inhibits PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy. Most patients with T-ALL are treated with high-dose multi-agent chemotherapy due to limited targeted therapeutic options. To further investigate its pathogenesis and establish new therapeutic targets, we studied the role of FAPP2, a Golgi protein, that is, highly expressed in T-ALL, in the growth and function of T-ALL. We found that T-ALL cells underwent reduced cell proliferation and sub-G1 accumulation after knocking down of FAPP2 gene using shRNA systems. Instead, FAPP2 downregulation promoted cell autophagy. The level of autophagy markers, LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ, Beclin1, and ATG5, was markedly increased, whereas that of P62 decreased after FAPP2 knocking down in T-ALL cells. FAPP2 knocking down led to the accumulation of LC3 in the cytoplasm of T-ALL cells as shown by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the level of PI(4)P and PI(3,4,5)P decreased and phosphorylation of P-AKT and P-mTOR were downregulated in FAPP2 knock-down cells. In summary, our results show that decreased expression of FAPP2 inhibited cell proliferation, resulted in the sub-G1 phase accumulation of T-ALL cells, and enhanced autophagy of T-ALL cells, likely mediated by PI(4)P, PI(3,4,5)P, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Our results provide a new insight into the pathogenesis and development of potential targeted therapy of T-ALL.

SHIP2 inhibition alters redox-induced PI3K/AKT and MAP kinase pathways via PTEN over-activation in cervical cancer cells.

Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) is required for protein kinase B (AKT) activation. The level of PI(3,4,5)P3 is constantly regulated through balanced synthesis by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and degradation by phosphoinositide phosphatases phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and SH2-domain containing phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2 (SHIP2), known as negative regulators of AKT. Here, I show that SHIP2 inhibition in cervical cancer cell lines alters H2 O2 -mediated AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway activation. In addition, SHIP2 inhibition enhances reactive oxygen species generation. Interestingly, I found that SHIP2 inhibition and H2 O2 treatment enhance lipid and protein phosphatase activity of PTEN. Pharmacological targeting or RNA interference(RNAi) mediated knockdown of PTEN rescues extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT activation. Using a series of pharmacological and biochemical approaches, I provide evidence that crosstalk between SHIP2 and PTEN occurs upon an increase in oxidative stress to modulate the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3/ATK pathways.

Mechanical and tribological properties of solid lubricant composites based on thermoplastic polyimide loaded with PTFE and surface modified carbon fibers

The mechanical and tribological properties of thermoplastic polyimide based composites loaded with polytetrafl uoroethylene and milled carbon fibers, annealed and functionalized with a KH550 silane-coupling agent were studied. It has been revealed that, compared with neat PI, the composite with annealed carbon fibers and PTFE particles possessed the highest wear resistance. Reinforcing carbon fibers of hundreds micron size increase the elastic modulus by 2 times; while all other physical and mechanical properties remain at the level of unfilled PI.

Europium-Pyridinedicarboxylate-Adenine Light-Up Fluorescence Nanoprobes for Selective Detection of Phosphate in Biological Fluids.

Phosphate (Pi) plays important roles in various physiological processes. Its quantification in biological fluids is highly crucial for timely warning of Pi accumulation. Herein, an europium (Eu)-based coordination polymer nanoprobe (Eu/DPA/Ade) is prepared by coordinating 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (2,6-DPA) and adenine (Ade) with Eu3+. Eu/DPA/Ade exhibits light-up fluorescence response to Pi. The strong coordinating interaction between Eu3+ and O atoms in the Pi group not only shortens the Eu3+-ligand distance to improve the energy transfer from 2,6-DPA to Eu3+ but also attenuates the fluorescence quenching from water molecules in the coordinating sphere of Eu3+. Eu/DPA/Ade produces red emission at λem 618 nm via the "antenna effect". The coligand Ade further promotes the fluorescent emission. The selective recognition of Pi within 10-60 μM is achieved with a detection limit of 4.65 μM. In addition, a certain level of Pi (100-170 μM) causes an exponential increment on the fluorescence of Eu/DPA/Ade and makes it feasible for visual estimation of Pi under irradiation by an ultraviolet lamp at 254 nm. The quantitative detection and visual estimation of Pi in human urine and saliva have been demonstrated.

Appropriate stimulant application to determine latex physiology character and production of clone RRIM 921 in Regency of Deli Serdang

Physiological characteristics of rubber trees are closely related to the ability to form latex. Sucrose, inorganic phosphate, and thiol levels in latex are physiological characters. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between physiological characters and latex production of clone RRIM 921 and proper stimulant application without disturbing the health of rubber trees. This research was conducted at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III (Persero), Sei Putih Farm, and Physiology Laboratory of Sungei Putih Research Institute in 2018. The clones tested in this study were 17 years old of clone RRIM 921. This study uses correlation statistical analysis and regression test. Correlation analysis show that Pi level has negative significant correlation with Thiol latex, where high level of Pi will be followed by low level of thiol and vice versa. Latex production of clone RRIM 921 in May, June and July were not affected by latex physiology. The right stimulant application after leaf fall for RRIM 921 is in May.

ORP5 localizes to ER-lipid droplet contacts and regulates the level of PI(4)P on lipid droplets.

Lipid droplets (LDs) are evolutionarily conserved organelles that play important roles in cellular metabolism. Each LD is enclosed by a monolayer of phospholipids, distinct from bilayer membranes. During LD biogenesis and growth, this monolayer of lipids expands by acquiring phospholipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through nonvesicular mechanisms. Here, in a mini-screen, we find that ORP5, an integral membrane protein of the ER, can localize to ER-LD contact sites upon oleate loading. ORP5 interacts with LDs through its ligand-binding domain, and ORP5 deficiency enhances neutral lipid synthesis and increases the size of LDs. Importantly, there is significantly more phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) and less phosphatidylserine (PS) on LDs in ORP5-deficient cells than in normal cells. The increased presence of PI(4)P on LDs in ORP5-deficient cells requires phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase 2-α. Our results thus demonstrate the existence of PI(4)P on LDs and suggest that LD-associated PI(4)P may be primarily used by ORP5 to deliver PS to LDs.

Locally Increased Level of Inorganic Phosphate Induced Nodules or Calcification After Bolus Fat Grafting.

Nodules or calcifications have been a common complication after breast augmentation with fat grafting, especially in cases with partial bolus fat grafting. There are some clinical preventive measures, but mechanisms related to this complication have not been elucidated yet. Inorganic phosphate (PI), being a product of fat metabolism, is a well-known stimulus of other kinds of pathological calcification such as vascular calcification. We aimed to determine whether PI had a similar effect on formation of nodules after fat grafting. Nodules or calcification after fat grafting models using nude mice were created by bolus fat injection. Levels of PI of necrotic liquid located in the central zone and mineralization deposition of graft were examined 1week, 2weeks, 1month, 2months and 7months after bolus fat injection. External high phosphate solution was injected 3 times a week to the fat grafts for 2months, and mineral deposition was examined. In addition, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were treated with high phosphate osteogenic differentiation medium in various concentrations and times. ADSCs were also treated with osteogenic differentiation in addition to tetramisole which could reduce the level of PI. Mineral depositions of the cells were examined. The central necrotic liquid was extracted from patients who found palpable nodules after breast augmentation with fat grafting. The level of PI of this necrotic liquid and normal lipoaspirates from patients who received normal liposuction for body contouring was compared. The in vivo study indicated that the local PI concentration of the necrotic zone increased significantly 2months after large volume bolus fat injection. Calcification was not formed after 2months, but was formed after 7months, indicating that the effect of PI on calcification was time-dependent. In addition, with the effect of external injection of high phosphate solution into the fat graft, calcification was formed after 2months, indicating the effect of PI on calcification was dose-dependent. The in vitro study also indicated PI could induce calcification of ADSC in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The study in humans indicated that the level of PI in the necrotic zone of nodules after fat grafting was higher than that in normal lipoaspirates. This study indicated that the level of PI in the central necrotic zone was elevated after bolus fat injection, which could provide an environment to induce calcification of surrounding tissue. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Marine-freshwater prokaryotic transitions require extensive changes in the predicted proteome

BackgroundThe adaptation of a marine prokaryote to live in freshwater environments or vice versa is generally believed to be an unusual and evolutionary demanding process. However, the reasons are not obvious given the similarity of both kinds of habitats.ResultsWe have found major differences at the level of the predicted metaproteomes of marine and freshwater habitats with more acidic values of the isoelectric points (pI) in marine microbes. Furthermore, by comparing genomes of marine-freshwater phylogenetic relatives, we have found higher pI values (basic shift) in the freshwater ones. This difference was sharper in secreted > cytoplasmic > membrane proteins. The changes are concentrated on the surface of soluble proteins. It is also detectable at the level of total amino acid composition and involves similarly core and flexible genome- encoded proteins.ConclusionsThe marked changes at the level of protein amino acid composition and pI provide a tool to predict the preferred habitat of a culture or a metagenome-assembled genome (MAG). The exact physiological explanation for such variations in the pIs and electrostatic surface potentials is not known yet. However, these changes might reflect differences in membrane bioenergetics derived from the absence of significant Na+ concentrations in most freshwater habitats. In any case, the changes in amino acid composition in most proteins imply that a long evolutionary time is required to adapt from one type of habitat to the other.

КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ КОМПЛЕКСНОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ХРОНИЧЕСКИМ КАТАРАЛЬНЫМ ГИНГИВИТОМ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ИНЪЕКЦИОННОГО ГЕЛЯ ГИАЛУРОНОВОЙ КИСЛОТЫ

Methodology. 48 somatically healthy patients of both gender in age from 25 up to 45 was examined, that included questioning, examination, index estimation of the state of fabrics of paradontium, doppler ultrasound of vessels of paradontium with the use of device of "Minimax-Doppler-K" NB model with the sensor 20 Mhz. Linear speed of blood stream, volume speed of blood stream were defined. Patients were divided into 3 groups: 1 - basic group (n=22) are patients with chronic catarrhal gingivitis where the standard treatment was complemented by application of injections of gel, containing 1 % of hyaluronic acid and 0,015 % of hydrophilic polysaccharide of AGEG, under a mucous membrane on a mucogingival fold; 2 is a control group (n=16) patients with chronic catarrhal gingivitis and the standard treatment (in accordance with clinical recommendations) was complemented; 3 group are people with a clinically healthy paradontium (n=10). Dynamic estimation of efficiency of treatment was conducted on the 2 day and 7th day, 14th day, in 1 month, 3 months.Results. There was a stable reduction of PMA index in a basic group, that shows the efficiency of treatment and remission in the period of 3 months observation. More low level of PBI and PI (p<0,05) indexes was determined statistically meaningfully in a basic group, according to the results of 12 weeks of supervision.. 
 Results. The indexes of hemodynamics had more obvious tendency to approach descriptions of intact paradontium.

Sustained substrate cycles between hexose phosphates and free sugars in phosphate-deficient potato (Solanum tuberosum) cell cultures.

Futile cycling between free sugars and hexose phosphates occurring under phosphate deficiency could be involved in the maintenance of a threshold level of free cellular phosphate to preserve respiratory metabolism. We studied the metabolic response of potato cell cultures growing in Pi sufficient (2.5mM, +Pi) or deficient (125µM, -Pi) conditions. Under Pi deficiency, cellular growth was severely affected, however -Pi cells were able to maintain a low but steady level of free Pi. We surveyed the activities of 33 primary metabolic enzymes during the course of a 12days Pi deficiency period. Our results show that many of these enzymes had higher specific activity in -Pi cells. Among these, we found typical markers of Pi deficiency such as phosphoenolpyruvate phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase as well as enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of organic acids. Intriguingly, several ATP-consuming enzymes such as hexokinase (HK) and phosphofructokinase also displayed increased activity in -Pi condition. For HK, this was associated with an increase in the steady state of a specific HK polypeptide. Quantification of glycolytic intermediates showed a pronounced decrease in phosphate esters under Pi deficiency. Adenylate levels also decreased in -Pi cells, but the Adenylate Energy Charge was not affected by the treatment. To investigate the significance of HK induction under low Pi, [U-14C]-glucose tracer studies were conducted. We found in vivo evidence of futile cycling between pools of hexose phosphates and free sugars under Pi deficiency. Our study suggests that the futile cycling between hexose phosphates and free sugars which is active under +Pi conditions is sustained under Pi deficiency. The possibility that this process represents a metabolic adaptation to Pi deficiency is discussed with respect to Pi homeostasis in Pi-deficient conditions.

English

Existential intelligence is often neglected in literature, especially at the tertiary level. Therefore this study aims to identify the degree of existential intelligence in a sample of graduate students at the World Islamic Sciences University in Jordan. In addition, the study aims to find out whether this degree differs according to a number of variables. The study sample comprised 56 male and female Faculty of Educational Sciences graduate students of 2017/2018 academic year. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, existential intelligence scale was used after the scale’s validity and reliability was examined. The results indicated that the total degree of existential intelligence among graduate students at the Faculty of Educational Sciences at World Islamic Sciences University was average (medium). Furthermore, the results revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the degree of existential intelligence due to gender, specialization and years of experience, marital status, and work position variables at the significance level of pi‚£0.05. Key words: Existential intelligence, World Islamic Sciences University, Graduate students.