Levels Of Physical Violence Research Articles

Estrangulación/sofocación no fatal en el contexto de violencia de género: aspectos médico-legales e implicancias para la práctica clínica

Despite the numerous efforts of the international community to eradicate all forms of violence against women, this problem is far from being resolved. According to the UN, one in three women has suffered physical or sexual violence from an intimate partner, sexual violence outside the couple, or both at least once in their life. Addressing this problem as a social health need of population groups allows an approach to gender violence as a collective health problem. At the level of physical violence, strangulation/suffocation has been identified as one of the most lethal forms of domestic violence and sexual assault. Victims of domestic violence who have been choked or strangled are 7.5 times more likely to be killed by their partner. A victim of strangulation/suffocation can lose consciousness in seconds or die within minutes, days or weeks after the attack, as well as suffer permanent brain damage or disability or emotional trauma. Recently, legal changes have been generated in the configuration of this crime, the penalties have increased in United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. The current non-systematic narrative review of literature sought to explore updated medico-legal aspects of non-fatal strangulation/suffocation in the context of gender violence, and are highlightedrelevant implications for clinical practice.

Unique roles of adolescents' friends and fathers in predicting verbal aggression in future adult romantic relationships.

This 20-year prospective study examined verbal aggression and intense conflict within the family of origin and between adolescents and their close friends as predictors of future verbal aggression in adult romantic relationships. A diverse community sample of 154 individuals was assessed repeatedly from age 13 to 34 years using self-, parent, peer, and romantic partner reports. As hypothesized, verbal aggression in adult romantic relationships was best predicted by both paternal verbal aggression toward mothers and by intense conflict within adolescent close friendships, with each factor contributing unique variance to explaining adult romantic verbal aggression. These factors also interacted, such that paternal verbal aggression was predictive of future romantic verbal aggression only in the context of co-occurring intense conflict between an adolescent and their closest friend. Predictions remained robust even after accounting for levels of parental abusive behavior toward the adolescent, levels of physical violence between parents, and the overall quality of the adolescent's close friendship. Results indicate the critical importance of exposure to aggression and conflict within key horizontal relationships in adolescence. Implications for early identification of risk as well as for potential preventive interventions are discussed.

Too incivil to polarize: the effects of exposure to mediatized interparty violence on affective polarization

ABSTRACT When incivility between opposing political parties in the institutional arena escalates to the level of physical violence involving party militants, individuals who witness the shocking images through the media can be expected to react emotionally. But how do citizens who affectively identify with one of the clashing sides experience such an incident? Known mechanisms of polarization suggest that partisans would grow further distant in their interpretation of events, and consequently increase their animosity towards the out-group. A rare opportunity to study such a dynamic through a natural experiment, in fact demonstrates the opposite: after a right-wing mob in North Macedonia stormed the Parliament and attacked left-wing MPs, right-wing supporters’ hostile attitudes towards the opposing camp subsided.

Physical Violence Against Age Children are Reviewed from The Age of Married Mother

This study aims to determine the differences in physical violence against children after an early age in terms of the age of the mother at marriage. The subjects of this study were children and mothers in the Jatirejo village, Gunungpati District, Semarang City. The number of samples in this study were 30 early childhood. Sampling in this study was using Purposive Sampling techniques. In this study, there was a formulation of the problem that there were differences in physical violence against early childhood in terms of the age of the mother, who married at the age according to the marriage law and married mothers not in accordance with the law marriage law. The data collection method used in this study is a quantitative method, the data in the form of scores are taken using a ratio scale that is the scale of physical violence against early childhood. The analysis technique used is parametric statistics with the help of statistics on the SPSS 20.0 for Windows program. The results of t-test results of the t value are 3.842 and the significance value is 0.001, tcount> t table (3.842> 1.701) and p value <0.05 which is (0.001 <0.05). This means that there are differences in the level of physical violence against early childhood in terms of the age of married mothers in respondents who marry not in accordance with the marriage law (young age) higher physical violence than physical violence against early childhood, in respondents married mothers at the age of law- marriage law (ideal age).

Domestic abuse orders: risk, vulnerability and training

PurposeThe use of emergency barring orders (EBO) in the form of domestic violence protection notices and orders (DVPN-O) in reported domestic abuse (DA) cases is a relatively new development in the UK; the effectiveness of these orders has been challenged. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors influencing their issue.Design/methodology/approachFreedom of information (FOI) requests were used alongside a survey tool. Practitioners (n= 76; mainly police practitioners) were asked about approaches to EBO application, risk and training around DA.FindingsThe findings indicate that applications are impacted largely by domestic abuse stalking harassment risk grading, typically resulting in high-risk cases receiving the most attention. Criticisms suggesting that DVPN-Os are of limited use receive some support from this study; however, as their use is restricted to these higher-risk cases, the full effect of the orders may be limited. The most important factors in decision-making are the level of physical violence, repeated victimization and the victims support for a DVPN-O. Police intelligence and the presence of children also have an effect on risk ratings. Less importance was given to lower risk–graded cases, wider intelligence from family members and information from social networks. Findings also indicate that police training is largely limited to “on-the-job” experience, e-learning and e-mail bulletins.Practical implicationsRespondents proposed that training could be enhanced through victim stories, cross-discipline approaches and wider knowledge beyond isolated specialisms. A number of recommendations are made in line with: structuring professional judgment, using victim accounts in police training and movement toward an evidence-led approach.Originality/valueThis research demonstrates a clear link to the way in which risk and the use of EBO are used by police officers. This research also highlights the desire to see and hear from victims in police training. The value of this research is shown in both the combined approach of FOI requests and a survey and assessing a currently under-researched area of DA response.

Backlash, Intersectionality, and Trumpism

Many feminists theorize backlash as reactionary opposition to progressive gains by those seeking to reestablish the status quo. This essay extends this theorization by raising and answering two related questions: where does backlash come from, and what does backlash do? I argue that backlash emerges from the resurgence of questions regarding who belongs in the polity and that these questions about proper membership are reflected in contemporary conservative discourse that casts certain groups, such as migrants, Muslims, and women—especially transgender women—as outsiders. Backlash thus functions at the level of physical violence as well as existential threat. I illustrate these arguments by focusing on two cases: a personal narrative of backlash I experienced shortly after the 2016 election and an intersectional analysis of rhetoric used by conservative commentator Milo Yiannopolous in two televised appearances that took place in 2017.

Recognizing the child’s right to protection from physical violence: An update on progress and a call to action

For centuries, some level of physical violence against children has been normalized, prescribed and legally justified. It has long been argued that violence is not abusive if it is intended as punishment and does not injure the child physically. This proposition has heavily influenced our language, research methods and approaches to intervention with the effect of perpetuating the belief that some level of violence is justifiable and acceptable in children’s lives. The United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child precipitated a global recognition that the justification of punitive violence violates children’s fundamental protection rights. Yet, in the research literature, terminology, methods and approaches often minimize acts of violence if they are intended as punishment. This article summarizes progress made over the past 30 years and issues a call for transformative change in our conceptualizations of punitive violence.

Physical violence and psychological abuse against female and male mayors in the United States

ABSTRACT Despite reports of physical violence and psychological abuse against US officeholders, the subject has not been addressed in research at any level of government. This study reports results from survey research of mayors with three aims: examination of the frequency, types, and correlates of experiences of physical violence and psychological abuse among mayors; exploration of gender differences; and estimates of the effects of violence and abuse on mayors’ desire to stay in office. Our findings suggest that US mayors face meaningful levels of physical violence and psychological abuse – and these events are widespread across types of cities. Our data also show that female mayors are more likely than men to experience most types of violence and abuse. And, although having these experiences did not reduce the majority of officeholders’ political ambition, those who suffered physical violence were more likely than those who faced psychological abuse to have considered curtailing their political careers. Finally, we consider the implications for these results on the quality and diversity of future representation.

Impact of Domestic Violence upon Juvenile Delinquent at Correctional Institutions in Baghdad City

A descriptive analytical study was design utilized to assess the level of domestic violence among juvenile delinquents. The study was carried out through the period from 27 December 2016 to 12 September 2017. The study instruments include 3 parts the first one contained Juvenile Delinquent socio-demographic characteristics, second Part include items related to violence, the thired part is comprised of 75 items which concerned with the Psychological security. The data collection was carried out from period from 22th of February 2017 to March 30th 2017 in Correctional Institutions for Juvenile Delinquent. The data were analyzed by using spss through the application of descriptive statistics analyze that include, frequency, percentage, mean and the infrerntial statistics analysis such as (chi-square). The finding of the study have revealed that that; (46%) of samples are from group (18–20) years old, (35.0%) of the juvenile delinquents have moderate level of psychological security, the highest percentage (17.0%) of the sample are females, with high level of Psychological Security, (29.0%) of the juvenile delinquents have high level of physical violence.(46.0%) of the juvenile delinquents have high level of emotional violence.

Domestic Violence in Arab Society: A Comparison of Arab and Jewish Women in Shelters in Israel.

The aim of the current study was to address a gap in the literature by determining prevalence, specific types of violence, and risk factors of intimate partner violence (IPV) among Israeli born Arab women compared with Israeli born Jewish women. The following measures were compared: demographic and socioeconomic measures; measures relating to the characteristics of the violence, that is, the three types of violence (physical, emotional, and verbally threatening), sense of danger, and history of violence in childhood; family support levels; and perpetrator characteristics. The sample consisted of 154 Israeli born Arab women and 149 Israeli born Jewish women who were staying in shelters for victims of domestic violence in Israel. A comparison of the two groups revealed that the Arab women were exposed to more physical violence and received less family support than did their Jewish counterparts. The proportion of Arab perpetrators with access to weapons was higher than that of Jewish perpetrators, whereas the proportion of police complaints against Jewish perpetrators was higher than that against Arab perpetrators. Arab women were also younger, less educated, and less a part of the workforce than Jewish women. The contribution of the woman's age to the variance in levels of physical violence was negative and significant. In contrast, the contribution of her sense of danger, and various perpetrator characteristics, was positive. Moreover, the interaction between sense of danger × ethnicity contributed significantly to levels of violence. This study extends the existing knowledge about the contribution of ethnicity as one of many variables that play a role in the lives of women who are victims of domestic violence and highlights the need to develop, in particular, unique individual, community, and social interventions for Arab women in Israeli society.

The Limitations of Law as a Tool for Responding to Violence Against Women

In their article, Hudson, Bowen, and Nielsen (2011) argue that inequities in family law codify an evolutionary legacy of male control over female reproduction that correlates with increased rates of violence against women. Their general argument is comprised of three fundamental premises. First, the authors provide empirical evidence indicating a relationship between inequities in family law, defined as “state regulation of marriage, parenthood, dissolution of marriage, custody of children, and transmission of goods across generations” (454), and levels of physical violence against women in particular societies. Second, the authors anchor their general argument in a feminist evolutionary analytic approach (FEAA). They contend that evolutionary forces are an ultimate cause of patriarchy and violence against women, even as they acknowledge the importance of more proximate causes of specific forms of violence against women. According to the authors, an FEAA approach can help explain “persistent patterns of patriarchy throughout human history” (464) and “…tells us that there is a strong evolutionary component to violence, and that its origin is male-female conflict over reproduction, and that these influences will be mirrored in human systems of family law” (468). Finally, the authors draw upon the two previous premises to build the third and most critical premise of their argument. Because the authors believe that evidence showing a correlation between inequities in family law and levels of physical violence are ultimately rooted in evolutionary dynamics, they conclude that “[s]ocieties that persist in safeguarding inequitable family law are societies built upon evolutionary male reproductive strategies of structural control and higher levels of coercion of women by men” (470).

Gender and Violence in Dyadic Relationships

In responses to the questions of whether individual distress, severity of violence, and dyadic adjustment vary according the gender, we explored how gender and reported level of physical violence relate to relational and individual adjustment in males and females. Using data from a clinical sample of 604 adults, 2 × 3, between-subjects MANOVA indicated that when the respondent is the perpetrator of physical violence, ratings of individual and dyadic distress are significantly greater for cases classified as severely violent in comparison to no and mild violence cases. We also found that when the respondent is the victim of physical violence, females reported greater individual distress in comparison to males across all three levels of violence.

The relationship between spiritual development and ethnicity in violent men

There is a dearth of empirically based literature on spirituality and how it impacts the behavior of violent men. In fact, domestic violence practitioners and researchers often diminish the influence of spirituality in the lives of violent men and assume that violent men, regardless of their ethnicity, can be accurately understood using Eurocentric paradigms that de-emphasize the importance of spirituality. This article reveals that the lack of attention that has been given to spirituality may be negating a significant resource for violent men, especially among African American men. It provides empirical data on the spiritual perspectives of African American and European American men. It also shows that the spiritual energies that promote a sense of wholeness have a significant influence on the level of physical violence used by violent men, regardless of their ethnic identity.

Sexual robbery: The missing concept in the search for an appropriate legal metaphor for sexual aggression.

Political efforts by feminists in the 1970s and early 1980s resulted in the redefinition of rape as physical in Canada's 1983 rape law in the Criminal Code. This paper argues that treating a woman's sexuality as as did the rape law prior to 1983, was correct. Redefining rape as sexual assault, and measuring the severity of the crime by the level of physical violence, established the legal and social expectation that the woman must be injured to be a legitimate victim. While suggesting rape is akin to means that a woman's sexuality is treated as property, the study believed it would achieve reform by shifting ownership from the domain of a male, as was the case under the old law, to the woman herself. Robbery implies the use or threat of force, but unlike assault, does not require harm to the victim as evidence of the robbery. The document examined every case of sexual assault, physical assault, and that appeared before the Halifax Law Courts between 1983 and 1988 to evaluate the proposition that conceptualizing the essence of sexual aggression as assault has failed and that robbery may be more appropriate. The article provokes discussion about the nature of rape and societal and legal responses to it in law-related education (LRE) settings at secondary, college, or adult education levels. (LH) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Sexual Robbery: The Missi g Concept In The ,/earch For An Appropriate Legal Metaphor for Sexual Agression 0:CIF V,AR1 T Cw EDUCATION EouCAT ON At HFSOUKE.S INFORMATION CENTER t ERIC ...,,1 has tver, ep. iC2 as pe,:n ., otgawatt,.. Z, 4.1;0 1 0 !,' , Ver, 1C. 10 er,se-t OE RI ;., /..,, K. Edward Renner and Kathaleen A. Yurchesyn Department of Psychology Dalhousie University Halifax, N. S. Abstract PE-Hts1110N TO fiEPHCEUCE AND DISSEMINAIE THiS rOATERIAL HAS BEEN ,-111ANTED E=,)'PE-Hts1110N TO fiEPHCEUCE AND DISSEMINAIE THiS rOATERIAL HAS BEEN ,-111ANTED E=,)' 70 THU EDUCAli0,,A: INF-OnmApot; cujEk Beginning in the late 1970s and continuing into the early years of the next decade, feminists provided compelling evidence that under the existing rape laws a woman's sexuality was treated as belonging to a man. They emphtsized that rape was an aggressive invasion of a person's physical integrity and in 1983 rape was redefined in the Criminal Code as a form of assault. The use of physical as a metaphor had the effect of shifting the emphasis of the essence of sexual aggression away from a woman's sexuality as property to the coercive nature of the act. A decade later, the evidence suggests this was an illconceived change. Redefining rape as a sexual assault, and measuring the severity of the crime by the level of physical violence, has established the legal and social expectations that the woman must be injured to be a legitimate victim. This paper advances the proposition that treating a woman's sexuality as property, as did the old rape law, was correct, and that a more appropriate metaphor is robbery. The metaphor of treats a woman's sexuality as property. but achieves reform by shifting ownership from the domain of a male to the woman herself. Robbery implies the use or threat of force, but, unlike assault, does not require harm to the victim as evidence of the robbery. The theoretical proposition that conceptualizing the essence of sexual aggression as assault has failed and that robbery may be more appropriate was evaluated by examined every case of sexual (n=50), physical (n=158) and (n=82) that appeared before the Halifax Law Courts between 1983 and 1988. This legal profile of sexual was compared to the alternative profile created by examining every case (n=593) of sexual reported to the local sexual service during the same time period. Beginning in the late 1970s and continuing into the early years of the next decade. feminists provided compelling evidence that under the existing rape laws a woman's sexuality was treated as belonging to a man (Brownmiller. 1875; Clark & Lewis, 1977). They emphasized that rape was an invasion of a person's physical integrity and sought to have rape redefined as a form of (e.g., Advisory Council on the Status of Women, 1976),