Levels Of Phenolics Research Articles

The effect of Coix lachrymal L. seed extract on the expression of inflammation and fibrogenesis genes in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a vision-threatening condition associated with retinal-detachment (RD), primarily caused by fibrocellular scar membrane formation. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of adlay seed extract fractions in mitigating PVR-associated pathways, focusing on oxidative stress, proliferation, inflammation, and fibrogenesis in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Adlay seed extract fractions (methanolic: MeOH and residual: Res) were obtained through solvent extraction and characterized for carbohydrate, protein, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. RPE cells were cultured, and their viability in response to adlay fractions was assessed using the MTT assay. Gene expression analysis of IL-1β, IL-6, LIF, TGF-β, Snail and α-SMA genes was conducted via real-time PCR after treatment with adlay fractions. The Res fraction exhibited higher levels of protein, carbohydrate, flavonoids, and phenols compared to the MeOH fraction, along with significantly enhanced antioxidant activity. Both fractions showed inhibitory effects on RPE cell viability, with the Res fraction demonstrating a more pronounced impact. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant decrease in IL-6 and TGF-β expression with the MeOH fraction treatment, while the Res fraction led to decreased expression of IL-6, LIF, TGF-β, Snail and α-SMA, indicating a more comprehensive modulation of PVR-associated pathways. This study highlights the potential therapeutic benefits of adlay seed extract fractions in mitigating PVR-associated pathways in RPE cells. The Res fraction, particularly rich in bioactive compounds and exhibiting potent antioxidant activity, shows promise in attenuating oxidative stress, proliferation, inflammation, and fibrogenesis, critical processes in PVR development. These findings underscore the potential of adlay seed extracts as a novel therapeutic strategy for PVR warranting further investigation and clinical validation.

Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril L.) Pod Residue: A Source of Phenolic Compounds as Valuable Biomolecules

This study aimed at investigating the chemical composition and a selected group of bioactivities of jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril L.) pod residue. An aqueous extract (deionized water; AE) and a hydroethanolic extract (ethanol: deionized water, 70:30 v/v; ETOH) were obtained via maceration. Ten phenolic compounds were characterized via LC-DAD-ESI/MSn: seven procyanidins, two quercetin derivatives and one taxifolin derivative, with dimers and trimers of procyanidins being the main components of both extracts. Total phenolic compound levels of 2.42 ± 0.06 and 11 ± 1 mg/g were found in AE and ETOH, respectively; however, only seven compounds were identified in ETOH. The jatoba pod residue extracts showed notable antioxidant activities: ETOH had greater antioxidant potential in the OxHLIA and DPPH assays (IC50 = 25.4 μg/mL and 0.71 μg/mL, respectively); however, EA demonstrated greater potential in the FRAP system (IC50 = 2001.0 µM TE/mg). Only AE showed antiproliferative potential, being effective against cell lines of gastric (GI50 = 35 ± 1 µg/mL) and breast (GI50 = 89 ± 4 µg/mL) adenocarcinomas. Likewise, only AE showed modest anti-inflammatory potential (IC50 = 225 ± 2 µg/mL) in mouse macrophages. Bacteriostatic effects against bacteria were exerted by both extracts. Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes (MICs = 2.5 mg/mL) were especially sensitive to the ETOH extract. Taken together, the results suggest potential for jatoba pod residue as a source of molecules with biological activities and with possible industrial applications.

Genotype and Organ-Specific Variability in Antioxidant Capacities as Well as Polyamine and Osmolyte Levels in Eleven Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Raf.) Cultivars with Different Flowering Periods

Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Raf. Shinn.) is a valued plant known for its diverse flower colors and long vase life. Despite considerable research on the physiological roles of osmolytes, polyamines, and phenolic compounds, there is a lack of understanding regarding their specific accumulation patterns across various lisianthus cultivars and organs. This study aims to compare eleven lisianthus cultivars with varying flowering periods according to their accumulation of osmolytes, polyamines, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacities and measure their resistance to abiotic stress factors. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescent detection was employed to quantify putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD), and spermine (SPM). In addition, proline (PRO), glycine betaine (GB), antioxidant capacities, phenolic content, and flavonoid contents were assessed spectrophotometrically. This comprehensive analysis allowed for a detailed understanding of the biochemical markers. The result indicates a significant genotype and organ-dependent variation in accumulation patterns of inspected metabolites and antioxidant activities. The petals of Rosita Green exhibited the highest levels of phenols and flavonoids, whereas the petals of Rosita Blue Picote demonstrated the highest concentrations of osmolytes. Polyamines were found to be more concentrated in the petals than in the leaves. The average values indicated high levels of polyamines in the Mariachi Carmine (PUT 186.72 nmol g−1 DW) and Mariachi Pink (SPD 227.4 nmol g−1 DW) cultivars. These findings underscore the significance of inspected compounds in stress tolerance among cultivars with different flowering periods, providing insights for optimizing cultivation strategies for lisianthus.

Nutritional, Biochemical, and Functional Properties of Spinach Leaf-Enriched Dough: A Healthier Alternative to Conventional Pasta

This study explored the effects of spinach flour (SF) enrichment on pasta, focusing on chemical, nutritional and sensory properties, cooking performance, and microbiological stability. SF was added at 12.5% (PSP12) and 25% (PSP25). The enriched pasta had a lower pH than the control (CP), due to spinach-derived organic acids, with PSP25 showing the highest fiber content. Enrichment increased B vitamins and minerals, especially calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. PSP25 had a shorter cooking time, higher water absorption, and greater cooking loss. Enriched pasta showed lower starch hydrolysis index and predicted glycemic index, suggesting potential benefits for managing postprandial blood sugar levels. SF significantly altered the free amino acid (FAA) profile, with PSP25 showing the highest concentration of total FAAs. Antioxidant assays demonstrated that spinach-enriched pasta retained higher levels of phenols and flavonoids, after cooking also, compared to CP. Sensory analysis indicated that while PSP12 had higher overall acceptability, PSP25 exhibited stronger herbaceous flavors, which could affect consumer preference. Microbiologically, all samples were stable for 110 days. The findings suggest that SF enrichment enhances the nutritional value, antioxidant potential, and sensory qualities of pasta, with potential for commercial applications, although consumer acceptance could be influenced by its non-traditional taste and texture.

Exploring the growth and phytoremediation efficacy of Suaeda fruticosa in agricultural soil contaminated by shrimp aquaculture

Plants face numerous environmental challenges from biotic and abiotic stressors, with soil salinization emerging as a significant global concern. The coastal regions of Tamil Nadu, face severe environmental challenges due to discharge of saline water from shrimp farms exacerbates this issue, compromising the viability of paddy and other crops in the vicinity. This study explores the phytoremediation potential of Suaeda fruticosa in addressing soil salinity resulting from shrimp farming activities under field conditions over a 120-day period to restore soil health in salt affected soil. This research demonstrates Suaeda fruticosa’s exceptional salt tolerance and bioaccumulation potential in facilitating soil restoration. Significant enhancements were observed in various growth parameters, including 466% increase in plant height, 338% in fresh weight and 387% in dry weight. Biochemical parameters also showed substantial enhancements with total chlorophyll, protein, proline, phenol, and glycinebetaine levels increasing by 655%, 588%, 690%, 153%, and 531%, respectively. Enzymatic activities exhibited notable elevations as well, with catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities escalating by 258%, 587%, and 121% respectively, indicating robust adaptation to saline environments. Moreover, Suaeda fruticosa exhibited remarkable bioaccumulation capabilities, accumulating 461 kg NaCl ha−1. This led to substantial improvements in soil characteristics, including a reduction in pH from 8.8 to 6.49, electrical conductivity from 5.7 to 1.53 dSm−1, and sodium adsorption ratio from 16.1 to 4.4 mmol L−1. The successive cultivation of Suaeda fruticosa in this study, has proven to be a viable strategy for reclaiming salt-affected lands, thereby alleviating a significant constraint on crop productivity.

Light intensity plays the key role in the regulation of leaf color, anthocyanin and polyphenol profiles, as well as antioxidant activity of Photinia × fraseri leaves

Photinia × fraseri is an important ornamental plant species widely cultivated in China with vibrant leaf color. However, there is limited information about the difference of phenolic constituents and bioactivity among P. fraseri leaves (PFL) with varied color, and the key factor which determines its color formation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was devoted to establishing the correlation among leaf color, anthocyanins and polyphenols profiles, together with antioxidant activity of PFL under varied light intensity. Results of color and pigment analysis on the four PFL groups indicated that total anthocyanins content was positively correlated with red color formation. Meanwhile, red leaves further exhibited a higher level of total anthocyanins (0.66 ± 0.02 mg/g), phenols (24.86 ± 1.33 mg/g), tannins (6.98 ± 0.23 mg/g), phenolic acids (73.60 ± 3.56 mg/g), condensed tannins (131.24 ± 5.51 mg/g), flavanols (3.42 ± 0.03 mg/g), flavonols (57.58 ± 0.19 mg/g), and antioxidant activities (0.17 ± 0.00 mmol/g for DPPH, 0.99 ± 0.06 mmol/g for ABTS, 1.73 ± 0.03 mmol/g for FRAP). Furthermore, a total of 11 phenolic compounds were identified from PFL, while caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were the key phenolic compounds rich in red leaves. Principal component, hierarchical cluster, and correlation analysis indicated that high light intensity was the key factor responsible for the red color formation, as well as the high levels of total anthocyanins, phenolic acids and flavanols and antioxidant activities in the red leaves. Overall, the present study shall contribute to the exploration of the medicinal potential of the important horticultural plant P. fraseri and provide theoretical guidance for its further industrial development and application.

Heterologous Expression of MYB Gene (Rosea1) or bHLH Gene (Delila) from Antirrhinum Increases the Phenolics Pools in Salvia miltiorrhiza

Phenolic acids have health-promoting properties, however, but their low concentrations in Salvia miltiorrhiza limit broader medicinal applications. MYB and bHLH transcription factors activate multiple target genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism, thereby enhancing the production of various secondary metabolites. We introduced the MYB transcription factor Antirrhinum Rosea1 (AmROS1) or Delila (AmDEL) into S. miltiorrhiza and observed that antioxidant activity in transgenic plants increased by 1.40 to 1.80-fold. The total content was significantly higher in transformants compared to the controls. Furthermore, heterologous expression of AmROS1 or AmDEL triggered moderate accumulations of rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid at various growth stages. Levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and anthocyanins were significantly elevated. These biological and phytochemical alterations were correlated with the upregulated expression of genes involved in phenolic acid biosynthesis. Our findings demonstrate that AmROS1 and AmDEL function as a transcriptional activator in phenolic acids biosynthesis. This study offers further insights into the heterologous or homologous regulation of phenolics production, potentially enabling its engineering in S. miltiorrhiza.

Evaluation of Dermal Wound Healing Potential: Phytochemical Characterization, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss. & Reut. Latex.

This study investigates the wound-healing potential of Euphorbia guyoniana latex (EGL) in male Wistar rats, along with its biochemical composition and biological activities. Phytochemical analysis identified moderate levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, with HPLC revealing five phenolic compounds. EGL demonstrated strong antioxidant activity in DPPH assays, surpassing ascorbic acid in protecting red blood cells. Its performance in the ß-carotene-linoleic acid assay was robust, though its FRAP assay results were weaker. EGL also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity, comparable to Acetylsalicylic acid, and showed antibacterial effects against Listeria innocua. In Vivo, EGL-infused ointments accelerated wound healing, reducing epithelialization periods to 12-16 days, with a higher wound contraction rate compared to controls. The study concludes that EGL, rich in bioactive compounds, holds potential as a promising natural agent for wound healing, owing to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.

The Impact of Supplemental UV-B Radiation on Growth and Biochemical Constituents in Vigna unguiculata L. Walp and Pisum sativum L.

This study investigates the impact of UV-B radiation on plant growth and biochemical constituents in Vigna unguiculata and Pisum sativum plants grown from non-irradiated and UV-B-irradiated seeds. The results show that plants grown from UV-B-irradiated seeds for 30, 60, and 90minutes experienced significant reductions in plant height, root length, and shoot length compared to non-irradiated seeds. Additionally, plants with UV-B-irradiated seeds had less fresh and dry weight. The decline was particularly pronounced in plants exposed to UV-B radiation for 90minutes. Chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll (a+b) dropped significantly in plants grown from seeds exposed to UV-B radiation for 30, 60, and 90minutes. The reduction was particularly significant in plants exposed to UV-B radiation for 90minutes. Moreover, plants with higher levels of total free phenolics and tannins had higher contents compared to non-irradiated seeds. The level of total free phenols is higher in irradiated seeds of P. sativum than V. unguiculata. The plants exposed to UV-B radiation for 90minutes showed a noticeable increase.

Melatonin application enhances salt stress-induced decreases in minerals, betalains, and phenolic acids in beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars.

Melatonin is a potentially active signaling molecule and plays a crucial role in regulating the growth and development of plants under stress conditions, alleviating oxidative damage, enhancing antioxidant defence mechanisms and regulating ion homeostasis. This study examined the effects of exogenous melatonin application on leaf biomass, ion concentrations, betalains, phenolic acid and endogenous melatonin contents comparing red beet (Beta vulgaris L. 'Ruby Queen' and 'Scarlet Supreme') and white beet ('Rodeo' and 'Ansa') cultivars under increasing salinity levels of 50, 150, and 250 mM NaCl. Exogenous melatonin increased salinity-induced reductions in fresh and dry weights and osmotic potential in leaves. Na+ concentrations rose significantly with increasing salinity, but cultivar-specific decreases were observed in K+ and Ca2+ concentrations. Additionally, melatonin application improved betalain, betanin and neobetanin contents induced by salt stress. Furthermore, melatonin application caused salt stress and cultivar-specific changes in phenolic acid contents e.g., ferulic acid, sinapic acid, or m-coumaric acid, in soluble free, ester- and glycoside-conjugated and cell wall-bound forms. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activities and compound contents increased significantly in the beets and were subsequently lowered in a cultivar-specific manner by salt stress + melatonin treatment. The current findings indicate that exogenous melatonin improved plant stress tolerance suppressing reactive oxygen species levels, increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities and compound contents and reducing the levels of Na+, maintaining an ionic homeostasis in the selected red and white sugar beet cultivars. It appears that melatonin application may help improve cultivar-specific salt tolerance by enhancing ion homeostasis and betalain and phenolic acid production levels in beets.

Evaluating the Impact of Pre-Fermentative and Post-Fermentative Vinification Technologies on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Teran Red Wine By-Products.

This study aimed to evaluate bioactive properties of Teran red wine by-products (grape skins, seeds, and wine lees) from six vinification treatments, including a control (7-day standard maceration). Pre-fermentative cryomaceration (8 °C; 48 h) and hot maceration (50 °C; 48 h), followed by the 13-day (CS15; C15; H15) and 28-day (C30; H30) period, considering fermentation/maceration and extended post-fermentative maceration, were conducted. In CS15, the saignée procedure was applied before fermentation/maceration. After maceration, the separation of by-products was performed, followed by lyophilization and solid-liquid extraction. Then, individual phenols were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (FRAP) were analyzed using UV/Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed grape skins and wine lees in all treatments had significantly increased TPC and FRAP values compared to the control. The highest concentration of total phenols (HPLC) in grape skins was found in CS15, at 978.54 mg/100 g DW. In wine lees, the highest concentration of total phenols was detected in the 30-day maceration treatments, at 582.04 mg/100 g DW in C30, and 595.83 mg/100 g DW in H30, despite the pre-fermentative procedure. In grape seeds, the highest concentration of total phenols was found in the control (K7), at 432.42 mg/100 g DW. Pre-fermentative heating together with extended 30-day maceration (H30) strongly reduced the total levels of phenols (HPLC and TPC) in grape seed samples. The findings implied an evident impact of pre- and post-fermentative technologies on phenols and antioxidant activity in wine by-products of cv. Teran (Vitis vinifera L.).

Ultrasonic‐assisted enhancement of malt characteristics in amaranth: A study on physicochemical, amino acid, sugar profile, rheological properties, and muffin making

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the potential of incorporating ultrasonication treatment into the soaking process before germination as a method to enhance the nutritional profile of amaranth. While ultrasound has been used to expedite germination in various grains, its impact on germinated grains from a food science perspective remains underexplored. The research focused on the effects of ultrasonication on the composition, functional, and rheological properties of amaranth grains post‐germination.FindingsThe study revealed that germination alone significantly increased γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), protein content, phenolic acids, amino acids, and total dietary fiber while reducing phytic acid and rheological parameters. Incorporating ultrasonication during soaking further elevated amino acids, GABA, protein, and phenolic acid levels. Notably, ultrasonication increased protein content by 25%, antioxidants by 35%, and dietary fiber by 20%, and attributed to cell wall breakdown and enhanced enzymatic activity during germination. Phytic acid levels decreased by up to 95% with prolonged ultrasonication, enhancing nutritional quality. Additionally, GABA levels revealed a significant rise, with an 82% and 87% increase in the Annapurna and Durga varieties, respectively. The study also found that ultrasonication led to reduced starch content, decreased pasting properties, and increased sugar content in the grains. Muffins made with ultrasonicated amaranth showed lower water activity levels, indicating better shelf stability, though specific volume decreased due to starch breakdown and increased amylase activity.ConclusionThe study demonstrates that ultrasonication combined with germination is an effective method for enhancing the nutritional and functional properties of amaranth grains. This method significantly boosts health‐promoting components like GABA, proteins, and antioxidants while also affecting key baking quality parameters.Significance and NoveltyThis research introduces a novel application of ultrasonication to improve the physiochemical, antioxidant, functional, and rheological properties of amaranth grains. The findings suggested a promising strategy for developing nutrient‐rich, functional food ingredients, addressing the growing demand for healthier food products.

Functional, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Activity of Edible Flowers

Edible flowers have been used since ancient times, but their potential for improving human health has not been explored. This study aimed to evaluate the profile of bioactive compounds (organic acids, phenolics, and carotenoids) and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of nine flower varieties with high concentrations of carotenoids or total phenolic compounds. Ninety-three edible flowers were analysed for physicochemical characteristics, total phenolic and carotenoid concentrations, and antioxidant activity (ABTS). Bioactive profiles were determined by rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC), and antimicrobial activity was determined against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Chrysanthemum x hybrid orange, Helianthus annuus yellow, Tagetes patula orange, Canna indica red, and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (orange1 and yellow) showed significant concentrations of total carotenoids. In contrast, Pelargonium hortorum orange2, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis red1, and Rosa x hybrid variety medium yellow showed high levels of total phenolics. The predominant compounds in these species were citric acid (991.4 mg/g DW in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis red1), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (936.2 mg/100 g DW in P. hortorum orange2), kaempferol (971. 9 mg/100 g DW in T. patula orange), quercetin glucoside (958.8 in C. x hybrid), quercetin (919.3 mg/100 g DW in T. patula), α-carotene, and β-carotene in T. patula orange (989.5 and 601.2 mg/100 g DW, respectively). Regarding antimicrobial activity, T. patula orange and P. hortorum orange2 inhibited bacterial growth, while C. x hybrid orange and P. hortorum orange2 inhibited Candida albicans, and the latter inhibited Candida tropicalis. These results indicate the potential of edible flowers as a natural source of bioactive compounds and as a tool in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.

Enhanced nutritional profile of dehulled peas through fungal fermentation: Impacts on protein, starch, saponins, and total phenolic content

AbstractDehulled peas (DHP) are increasingly popular in food applications, but their integration in food products is limited due to high starch and fiber causing gelling and aggregation during cooking. Additionally, DHP contains saponins (secondary metabolite), contributing to bitter flavors, yet they also hold health benefits. We hypothesize that fungal fermentation could enhance DHP nutritional profile and integration into food products. This study evaluated the effects of six fungal organisms (Aspergillus niger [An], Aspergillus oryzae [Ao], Aureobasidium pullulans [Ap], Neurospora crassa [Nc], Rhizopus microspores var. oligosporus [Ro], Trichoderma reesei [Tr]) on DHP over 120 h of submerged fermentation, evaluating total phenolics, starch, saponins, crude proteins, and overall mass balance. Results from the study demonstrated notable changes post‐fermentation, including increased overall protein content and solubility, decreased starch content, reduced overall mass recovery, and elevated levels of total phenolics and saponins. Filamentous fungi exhibited a significant reduction in starch content, contributing to a substantial reduction in mass recovery (31%–60%) compared to the control. Unexpectedly, saponin concentrations increased (1.5 to 3 folds) during fermentation, possibly attributed to the breakdown of the substrate matrix and release of bound saponins. Total phenolic levels varied among microorganisms, with An and Nc demonstrating the highest increases (6 to 10 folds) as compared to the control. Overall, these findings point to fungal fermentation as a tool for adding value to yellow peas and other crops facing similar processing challenges. Further research is warranted to understand the health impacts and value of these enhancements.

Phenolic compounds' stability in reduced-calorie plum spread fortified with freeze-dried plum pomace: Effects of processing techniques and pasteurization

Fortified reduced-calorie plum spreads (∼40°Brix), containing 10 % (w/w) freeze-dried plum pomace (FD-PP), were analyzed for phenolic compounds (spectrophotometrically and chromatographically determined) and antioxidant activity to evaluate the effects of processing and pasteurization during the transition from laboratory (LS-S) to industrial scale (IS-S) spread manufacturing. Additionaly, a control sample at an industrial scale (IS-CS) was prepared to estimate FD-PP's functional contribution. The physicochemical properties of spreads and plum materials used (FD-PP and plum purée, PP), were also investigated. IS-S exhibited increased levels of total phenols, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, quercetin, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, alongside higher antioxidant activity compared to IS-CS. LS-S retained more phenolics than IS-S, possibly due to the pasteurization step (85 °C, 1 h) introduced in IS-S processing. Although characterised by reduced phenolic and anthocyanins content upon pasteurization, appealing colour of the IS-S spread was retained. Significant correlations (p<0.05) were observed across most individual phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Standard score (SS) analysis showed that phenolic retention and antioxidant activity were highest in LS-S (SS=0.754), followed by IS-S (SS=0.490) and IS-CS (SS=0.163). Pasteurization and the use of FD-PP contributed to the microbiologically stable spread after 21 days of storage.

Effect of Bio-Agents on Enzymatic Activity and Nematode Management in Tomato Plants Infected with Meloidogyne javanica

The tomato (Solanum esculentum Mill.) is one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops worldwide. It serves as a favorable host for plant-parasitic nematodes, particularly the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica). Investigations were carried out to determine the effectiveness of bio-agents against root-knot nematodes in pot conditions. The bio-agents included Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus subtilis, Verticillium lecanii, Trichoderma harzianum and, Trichoderma asperellum) against root-knot nematode in pot condition. Effect of bio-agents was also estimated for accumulation of PPO and PAL and Root-knot nematode-infected tomato roots containing phenol. The results of the experiment showed that all the bio-agents significantly increased the levels of PPO, PAL, and phenol in tomato roots, improved plant growth parameters, and reduced nematode reproduction compared to the untreated control. The best treatment with the highest PPO, PAL, and phenol activity among the investigated bio-agents was determined to be Trichoderma harzianum at 3 gm/kg soil, followed by Bacillus subtilis and Metarhizium anisopliae. It improves the plant growth parameter and lowers the number of nematodes in the pot.

Evaluation of SO2, glutathione, and glutathione-rich inactive dry yeast as antioxidants on the fermentation properties of Roxburgh rose wine

Cili (Roxburgh rose) wine, which is rich in ascorbic acid, flavones, and polyphenols, presents unique challenges in wine production, including oxidation, aroma loss, and SO2 residues. This study investigated the effects of three antioxidants (SO2, glutathione (GSH), and GSH-rich inactive dry yeast (g-IDY)) on the fermentation properties of cili wine and evaluated the potential of g-IDY for addressing the aforementioned issues. g-IDY significantly enhanced the fermentation rate, as evidenced by increased CO2 production within 48 h, and maintained high levels of GSH, total phenolics, total flavones, and ascorbic acid, contributing to the antioxidant capacity and overall stability of the wine. g-IDY also improved the retention and concentration of key aromatic compounds, including higher alcohols, esters, and terpenes, thereby enhancing the sensory profile of the wine. Principal component analysis confirmed that different antioxidants significantly altered the volatile profile, with g-IDY demonstrating distinct improvements. The optimal concentration was 400 mg/L g-IDY. Compared with traditional antioxidants like SO2 and pure GSH, g-IDY offers a safer and more effective solution for preserving the quality of cili wine. This study provides experimental evidence for refining the fermentation process and promotes the use of g-IDY for enhancing the antioxidant capacity and sensory attributes of cili wine.

Photophysiological and Oxidative Responses of the Symbiotic Estuarine Anemone Anthopleura hermaphroditica to the Impact of UV Radiation and Salinity: Field and Laboratory Approaches.

The estuarine anemone Anthopleura hermaphroditica and its symbiont Philozoon anthopleurum are continuously exposed to intense fluctuations in solar radiation and salinity owing to tidal changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the tidal cycle, solar radiation, and salinity fluctuations on the photosynthetic and cellular responses (lipid peroxidation, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity) of the symbiont complex over a 24 h period in the Quempillén River Estuary. Additionally, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the specific photobiological responses to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and salinity. Our field results showed that the photosynthetic parameters of the symbiont complex decreased with increasing ambient radiation; however, no relationship was observed with changes in salinity. Increased peroxidative damage, total phenolic compound levels, and antioxidant activity were mainly related to increased UVR and, to a lesser extent, PAR. During the dark period, only PAR-exposed organisms returned to the basal levels of photosynthesis and cell damage. Laboratory exposure confirmed the deleterious effects of UVR on the photosynthetic response. The present study suggests that the ability of A. hermaphroditica to acclimate to natural radiation stress is mediated by the concerted action of various physiological mechanisms that occur at different times of the day, under varying levels of environmental stress.

Optimization of microwave parameters to enhance phytochemicals, antioxidants and metabolite profile of de-oiled rice bran

The current study explores the effects of microwave treatment at varying wattage and durations on the phytoconstituents, antioxidant status, anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), and metabolite profiles of de-oiled rice bran. The total phenolics and flavonoids showed both increases and decreases depending on specific microwave parameters, while flavonol content consistently increased across all treated groups compared to the control. The DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, FRAP, CUPRAC, metal chelating activity, and ascorbic acid content were enhanced in most of the microwaved samples; however, longer microwave exposure at higher wattage led to their reduction. A treatment-specific decrease in ANFs, including condensed tannins, oxalates, and phytates, was observed. HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics identified a diverse range of primary and secondary metabolites, which clustered in a group-specific manner, indicating notable group-wise metabolite variations. Analysis of discriminating metabolites revealed no significant differences in the overall levels of phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins and cofactors, sugars, amino acids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and their derivatives among the treated groups compared to the control; however, several individual metabolites within these metabolite classes differed significantly. These findings suggest that optimized microwaving of de-oiled rice bran can enhance phytochemicals and antioxidants while improving the metabolite profile.

Phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and tyrosinase inhibitor potential for both skin and physical health: test of extract, skin content and content of Garcinia Cowa fruit

Skin aging leads to reduced structural integrity and reduced skin function. Medicinal plant extracts that have antioxidant properties and are able to inhibit tyrosinase have become a trend in various uses for anti-aging. One of the commonly used plants in traditional medicine that grows in many Asian countries is garcinia cowa. Currently, no one has studied the fruit from two different aspects, namely for the skin and to help in physical improvement. The purpose of this study is to test the phenolic content, antioxidants, and tyrosinase inhibition activity of the extract from the skin and pulp of garcinia cowa as well as its effectiveness on the physical ability and function of the skin. The stages carried out start from the collection of garcina cowa fruits, the determination of total phenolic levels, the determination of antioxidant activity, and the determination of tyrosinase inhibition activity. The total phenolic content was determined by the folin-ciocalteu method. The phenolic content of garcinia cowa fruit peel extract is 17.789 mg of gallic acid equivalent extract (GAE)/g, while the meat extract is 12.078 mg GAE/g extract. Furthermore, the flesh of garcinia cowa showed weak antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 490.2 μg/mL, but the fruit peel extract showed moderate antioxidant activity at 243.3 μg/mL. The skin of garcinia cowa fruit shows tyrosinase inhibition activity in vitro, which is more significant than the pulp. Garcinia cowa peel and pulp extracts both contain phenolic compounds and show the antioxidant activity, but it was found that the fruit peel extract has a higher content. This means that with its antioxidant content, it can ward off free radicals, prevent cell damage, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The combination of phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and tyrosinase inhibitor potential provides significant benefits for skin health and overall physical health.