Levels Of Parental Supervision Research Articles

Pengaruh Faktor Lingkungan terhadap Perilaku Kriminalitas Anak

This study aims to evaluate the impact of environmental factors on children's criminal behavior. The underlying problem of this study is that the increase in criminality among children is often influenced by the environment in which they grow up. Environmental factors such as the family's economic situation, social environment, quality of education and level of parental supervision are the main focus of this study. Based on social and child development theories, the environment plays an important role in shaping individual behavior, including the tendency to commit criminal acts. This research uses the literature study method. Data were collected without directly involving the research subjects, but rather through data collection methods. The research adopted a comprehensive literature review approach with a focus on in-depth analysis and synthesis of findings from various relevant literatures. The results show that children raised in an environment with low economic conditions, lack of attention from parents, and exposure to negative social environments tend to be more prone to engage in criminal behavior. As a solution, this study recommends improving the quality of education, educating parents on the importance of supervision, and effective social rehabilitation programs for children involved in criminal acts. It is hoped that these findings can contribute to efforts to prevent criminality among children through a more comprehensive environmental approach.

Marriage Anxiety of University Students in Terms of Family Belonging and Parental Attitude

In today’s modern societies, marriage is less and less preferred by young people. Marriage anxiety is one of the reasons for this. This study examined the correlation between the level of marriage anxiety of university students and two main factors related to it: family belonging and parental attitudes. The sample consisted of 992 university students from public universities in Turkey. It was found that the students with high marriage anxiety had a low sense of belonging to the family and a low level of family affiliation. In addition, the students with high marital anxiety perceived their parents' attention as low and their psychological autonomy was low. It was also found that the attention of parents was perceived as high in students with a high level of family affiliation, that their psychological autonomy was low, and that their level of parental supervision was high. According to the results of multiple linear regression analysis, it was found that family membership status and parental attitude explained 0.5% of the total variance of marriage anxiety. In conclusion, family belonging and parental attitudes are parallel, affecting individuals' marriage anxiety. Parental attitudes seem to reduce / trigger marriage anxiety in university students.

The structural relationships among parenting practice, children's media device addiction, and language development

연구목적 : 본 연구는 부모의 양육실제, 아동의 미디어기기 중독, 언어발달 간의 관계를살펴보고, 아동의 안전한 미디어 사용 및 지도를 위한 정책개발의 기초자료를 제공하는데목적이 있다. 방법 : 한국아동패널 10차 년도에 응답한 초등학교 3학년 자녀를 가진 1,484가구의 자료를 구조방정식 모형을 활용하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 부모 감독 수준이 높을수록 아동의 미디어기기 중독수준이 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 아동이 하루 중 성인이 없이 지내는 시간이 많을수록 미디어기기 중독 수준이 증가하였다. 또한 아동의 미디어기기 중독 수준이 높을수록 의사소통 수준이 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 아동의 미디어기기 중독 수준이 높을수록 비속어 사용 수준이 증가하였다. 결론 : 미디어 중독이 아동의 의사소통의 어려움을 초래하고 아동의 비속어 사용증가로이어지지 않도록 미디어 사용에 대한 부모교육과 언어문화 개선방안이 필요하다.Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the structural relations among parenting practice, children s media device addiction, and language development. The objective is to provide basic data for children s safe media use policy. Methods: Data from 1,484 households with 3rd grade children who responded to the 10th year of the Korean Children s Panel were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The level of parental supervision over the media devices used by their children was significantly associated with the level of addiction to children s media devices. The level of media addiction is higher when more time is spent without adult supervision during the day. The higher the children’s media device addiction level, the lower the communication level and the higher the children’s media addiction level, the more they use slang words. Conclusions: In order to prevent difficulties in communication of children and the increase of children s use of slang words, due to media addiction, parents education and media culture improvement methods are needed.

Parent insights into atypicalities of social approach behaviour in Williams syndrome.

Individuals with Williams syndrome have been reported to show high levels of social interest and a desire to interact with others irrespective of their familiarity. This high social motivation, when combined with reduced intellectual capacity and a profile of atypical social behaviour, is important in terms of social vulnerability of individuals with the disorder. Therefore, social approach to unfamiliar people and the role of this behaviour within the Williams syndrome (WS) social phenotype warrant further research to inform social skills' intervention design. The current study used parent interviews (n = 21) to probe aspects of social behaviour and interactions with strangers, as well as the impact of such behaviour on the family. Using thematic analysis, it was possible to explore themes that emerged from the interviews, offering qualitatively rich insight into the variability of social approach behaviour in WS. Thematic analysis confirmed a significant desire to interact with strangers as well as a lack of awareness of appropriate social boundaries. However, parental reports about their child's social approach behaviour varied considerably. The within-syndrome variability of the sample was emphasised in parental reports of their child's personality characteristics (e.g. levels of impulsiveness), as well as the level of parental supervision employed. These in-depth parent insights can help target the needs of individuals with WS and emphasise that an individual approach to intervention will be essential because of the heterogeneity of the WS social profile.

Factors influencing sexual initiation, multiple partners and condom use among male slum youth in Pune, India

This study examines the factors that influence sexual behaviours among young unmarried males living in urban slums in India, a population characterised by high vulnerability to STI and HIV infections. Data were collected from 600 unmarried male slum youth to examine the relationships between three outcomes of heterosexual behaviour (age at sexual initiation, number of sexual partners and condom use at first intercourse) and factors within the family/household social environment, peer environment and individual level during the respondents’ formative years. Regression analyses found factors within the family and peer-level domains such as growing up in a two-parent household, having adequate levels of parental supervision, experiencing violence in the home and having peers who drank significantly impact the age of sexual debut and the subsequent number of lifetime partners. Condom use at first intercourse appears to be significantly influenced by age of sexual debut and type of sexual partner. These findings indicate that in low-resource urban settings, the influence of family and friends as role models can play an important role in determining the initiation of sexual behaviour among male youth and in making behaviour choices that result in favourable health outcomes.

Older siblings and adolescent risky behavior: does parenting play a role?

Children with older siblings are more likely to engage in risky behavior than their firstborn counterparts. Although the relationship between birth order and risky behavior may reflect the influence of older siblings, it is also possible that parents supervise later-born children less than firstborns. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine whether the association between birth order and risky adolescent behavior is driven by differences in the level of parental supervision. Firstborns are supervised more than their later-born siblings, but this difference does not explain the relationship between having an older sibling and risky behavior.

And My Mama Said

Many studies have been conducted to examine the predictors of fear of crime among adults, but feelings of insecurity among children and adolescents have been practically ignored. The aim of this study is to search for relevant determinants of fear of crime in a representative sample of 1,212 Flemish (Belgian) adolescents, age 14 to 18, and one of their parents. The effect of parenting styles on the child's level of fear is investigated by means of (multi-group) structural equation modeling. The level of parental supervision (especially fathers) is associated with more fears being experienced by children. Active parental stimulation of participation in organized leisure activities results in lower levels of fear among female children. Parents who focus on independence and autonomy, in contrast, seem to raise boys who have lower degrees of fear. Other findings that relate to fear of crime in adolescence, such as gender differences and socialization, media and leisure patterns, and victimization and personal adjustment, are also discussed.

What Mediates the Macro-Level Effects of Economic and Social Stress on Crime?

Social disorganisation theorists maintain that structural variables, such as poverty, ethnic heterogeneity and geographic mobility, exert their effects on crime by reducing the level of informal social control or collective efficacy in a neighbourhood. There is a large body of individual level evidence, however, which suggests that structural variables exert their effects on offending by disrupting the parenting process (e.g., by reducing the level of parental supervision).The purpose of this article is to report the results of an aggregate-level study designed to investigate whether the aggregate-level effects of poverty, ethnic heterogeneity and geographic mobility on rates of juvenile participation in crime are produced by raising the level of child neglect in a neighbourhood. The results support this hypothesis. Possible limitations of the study are discussed and suggestions for more definitive research are put forward.

Incidence and Cluster Occurrence of Palatal Fistula After Furlow Palatoplasty by a Single Surgeon

Fifty-seven cleft palate patients underwent primary repair with Furlow palatoplasty by the same surgeon from January 2001 to January 2005. There were 8 fistulae, 7 of which occurred out of 9 patients treated between July 2003 and January 2004 when operations were resumed after the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong; 1 minute fistula occurred after this period and closed spontaneously. Longer operation time and higher proportion of Veau classes III and IV clefts were noted in the fistula group. The high incidence and cluster occurrence immediately after SARS could be related to changes in the provision of nursing care and the level of parental supervision, in addition to more difficult operations encountered as reflected by more extensive clefts and longer operation time. We would like to emphasize that expert nursing care and close supervision with the help of parents play a very important role in achieving the best possible clinical outcome from cleft palate surgery in pediatric patients.

Bicycle-Related traumatic brain injury in children seen in a pediatric emergency department: 1997-2003

Study objectives: We examine differences in the occurrence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children who were injured while riding bicycles and were treated in a pediatric emergency department (ED) during a 6-year period. Methods: A retrospective review of patient data collected from an urban pediatric ED for children aged 0 to 16 years between 1997 and 2003 was carried out. The search tracked International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes consistent with TBI as defined by Guidelines for Surveillance of Central Nervous System Injury. The external cause-of-injury codes (E-codes) linked to these ICD-9 codes were examined for those consistent with TBI that occurred while the child was riding a bicycle. The E-codes included were E-826.1 and E-810 to E-825, all with .6 as a fourth digit modifier. Patients' personal identifiers were removed, and then the remaining data were sorted according to age, sex, and admission status. The data were separated by age group: 8 years and younger, 9 to 11 years old consistent with grades 4 to 6, 12 to 14 years old consistent with middle school (grades 7 to 9), and 15 to 16 years. The 2 groups of particular interest were the 9- to 11-year-old group and the 12- to 14-year-old group. They were contrasted to determine whether there is a statistical difference in the incidence of TBI caused by injuries obtained while riding a bicycle. The incidence of TBI was also examined as it related to sex across the age groups. Results: From 1997 to 2003, there were 4,509 pediatric ED visits for TBI, with 175 (3.9%) for bicycle-related TBI. There were 42 bicycle-related TBIs in the 9- to 11-year-old group and 66 bicycle-related TBIs in the 12- to 14-year-old group, which accounted for 24% and 38%, respectively, of all bicycle-related TBI. The difference between the 2 age groups was statistically significant (χ 2 [1]=5.33; P =.02.) The difference between boys and girls was also of interest. Male patients were treated more frequently than female patients across all ages in the study. An examination of data from all children 0 to 16 years showed that male patients were nearly 5 times as likely to visit the ED because of bicycle-related TBI. Male patients accounted for 146 visits and female patients, 29. The difference was statistically significant (χ 2 [1]=78.2; P Conclusion: The study suggests that children of middle school age have an increased incidence of bicycle-related TBI, which could be due to differences in helmet use, riding styles, riding frequency, distance traveled, safety measures observed, or level of parental supervision, all of which needs to be delineated with further research. Boys were much more likely to sustain TBI than their female peers, which correlates with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance data for TBI that demonstrate that males are more likely to sustain TBI. Adolescents have been defined as particularly noncompliant in helmet use compared with younger children, which may explain increased TBI in this age group. Increased risk-taking in this age group could also have played an important role in the difference. These results identify children of middle school age to be particularly at risk for bicycle-related TBI. The study also demonstrates that males across all ages are at higher risk than females for bicycle-related TBI. Therefore, it may be useful to implement injury prevention techniques targeted toward this high-risk group.

Hanging out with the wrong crowd: how much difference can parents make in an urban environment?

This longitudinal study of youths growing up in an urban area tests whether and by how much increased levels of supervision and monitoring by parents might influence levels of affiliation with delinquent and deviant peers--possibly our most sturdily replicated proximal determinant of early-onset illegal drug use and associated conduct problems in adolescence, aside from aggression and rule-breaking in childhood. Standardized interviews were used to assess parenting, affiliation with deviant peers, and other characteristics of the urban-dwelling youths in this epidemiologically defined sample (>70% African American heritage). Longitudinal analyses and generalized estimating equation (GEE) methods were used to estimate prospective relationships across the transition from late childhood into early adolescence. Results from the longitudinal analyses showed that higher levels of monitoring signaled later lower levels of affiliation with deviant peers, even with statistical adjustment for multiple covariates (beta=-0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]=-0.07 to -0.02; P=.001). Closer parental supervision at ages 8-9 years was linked to subsequently lower levels of deviant peer affiliation (beta=-0.05; 95% CI=-0.08 to -0.01), and subsequent age-associated increases in levels of parental supervision from year to year were followed by decreases in levels of affiliation with deviant peers (beta=-0.12; 95% CI=-0.15 to -0.09). The main evidence from this study indicates that maintenance of parental supervision and monitoring through the transition from childhood to adolescence may yield important reductions in levels of affiliation with deviant peers, even in the context of our urban and sometimes socially disadvantaged community environments.

Labor Markets, Delinquency, and Social Control Theory: An Empirical Assessment of the Mediating Process

The emerging labor market stratification and crime perspective has drawn on dual labor market theory and social control theory to examine the influence of labor market stratification and resulting job characteristics on criminal behavior. With empirical studies finding consistent support for this relationship, it has been suggested that parents' work experience may also influence their children's law-violating behavior. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households, the current research examines whether parents' job characteristics, indicative of the primary- and secondary-sector labor market division, influence children's bonds to conformity and resulting levels of delinquency. The findings suggest that parents' job characteristics have significant effects on levels of parental supervision, children's feelings of attachment and efficacy, as well as educational aspirations and grade point averages, all of which directly or indirectly affect levels of delinquency

Gender differences in injuries among rural youth.

This paper presents injury data from the first year of a three year longitudinal study of risk taking behaviors among adolescents. Study subjects were a cohort of 758 rural students from Maryland's Eastern Shore who were in the eighth grade in 1987. Students completed a 45 minute, self administered survey in which they reported numbers of injuries experienced in the past year, risk taking behaviors, anger expression, delinquency, alcohol and drug use, physical exercise, work experience, and level of parental supervision. In addition, students had their height and weight measurements taken by trained research staff and completed a self rating of pubertal development using Tanner drawings. Slightly more than half (53.2%) of the boys and over one third (37.7%) of the girls reported experiencing one or more medically attended injuries during the last year. Poisson regression analyses were conducted to estimate the extent to which gender differences in injuries could be accounted for by adolescent behaviors. Gender effects became non-significant when adjustments were made for risk taking, school discipline problems, and exercise frequency. Gender differences in injuries were reduced but remained significant when substance use, employment, and anger were controlled. Poisson regression analyses were conducted separately for males and females to assess whether factors associated with injuries were similar across genders. For boys, risk taking, anger, and school discipline problems were significantly related to number of injuries. Boys with a low body mass index and late pubertal development (mean ratio 3.09), as well as those with high body mass index and early pubertal development (mean ratio 2.16), reported greater numbers of injuries than average boys. For girls, substance use, cruising, risk taking, anger, and exercise frequency were significantly associated with injuries. Girls with an early onset of menses reported, on average, twice the number of injuries than those who were on time. Girls with high body mass index who were late in their pubertal development reported, on average, five times more injuries than other girls. Although gender is a significant risk factor for injuries, certain behaviors like risk taking, school related delinquency, and physical exercise partially explain the higher number of injuries among adolescent males in this study. For both males and females, indicators of pubertal and physical development are important factors to consider in studies of injuries during early adolescence.