Levels Of Parental Control Research Articles

Latent profiles and transition of perceived parental control and their relationship with the psychosocial well-being among rural-to-urban migrant adolescents.

The present study examined what, if any, patterns of parental control are associated with multiple indicators of psychosocial well-being and whether changes in these patterns over time predict subsequent psychosocial well-being. Latent profile analyses and latent transition analyses were applied to identify subgroups of parental control and transitions of these patterns over time among rural-to-urban migrant adolescents who participated in two waves of surveys with 6-month interval in 2014 (NT1 =660, NT2 =553). Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to explore their relationship with psychosocial well-being. Four latent profiles were identified based on levels of parental control at wave 1 and wave 2, respectively. The high psychological and behavioral control (HPHB) group was associated with worse psychosocial well-being whereas the low psychological control and high behavioral control (LPHB) group exhibited opposite relationships. Six transitioning groups were identified: "stably low-risk" (14.92%), "stably medium-risk" (7.37%), "stably high-risk" (24.49%), "floating LPHB" (26.52%), "high-decreasing" (15.10%), and "low-increasing" (11.60%) groups. The "stably high-risk" and "low-increasing" groups showed a higher risk in psychosocial well-being. Youth exhibiting higher risks of parental control (i.e. individuals in HPHB groups and higher-risk transition patterns over time) should prioritize for interventions and services.

Dampak Penggunaan Gadget dan Tingkat Kontrol Orang Tua Terhadap Produktivitas Belajar pada Remaja

Learning productivity is very important for teenagers, especially students, because it will have an effect on future success. The low productivity of students is caused by several factors, namely external and internal. The use of gadgets and the level of parental control are factors in student learning productivity. This study aims to determine the impact of using gadgets and the level of parental control on learning productivity in adolescents. This research is a quantitative research that uses the explanatory method. The population of this study were students of class IX MTS N 1 Bandar Lampung. The sampling technique used was Proportional Stratified Random Sampling and 63 respondents were selected. Hypothesis testing was carried out using Multiple Linear Regression Test. The results show that there is an effect of the intensity of the impact of using gadgets and the level of parental control on learning productivity in adolescents. This research is expected to be able to provide understanding for all parties, from students, teachers and also parents so that they can play a role, maximize or utilize the use of gadgets for things that have a positive impact.

The Associations between Family-Related Factors and Excessive Internet Use in Adolescents

This study examined the relationship between Excessive Internet Use (EIU) in adolescents and their family environment, namely the family type, the family economic status, the effect of parental care, the level of parental control, the amount of parental monitoring, the quality of communication, and the time spent together. The study was based on data from an international survey, Health Behaviour in School Aged Children (HBSC), conducted in Slovakia. The sample representative for adolescents included 2547 participants (51% boys) aged 13–15. Multiple-step linear regression revealed that higher parental care and parental monitoring predicted lower EIU, while higher parental overprotection and lower socioeconomic status predicted higher EIU. The results suggest that both so-called optimal parenting (i.e., the balance of emotional warmth and protection) and the adolescent′s autonomy lower the risk of EIU. Family factors explained about 14% of the variance, which suggests that aside from personal, cognitive and affective factors, a close social environment also plays an important role in adolescence EIU.

Identity Status, Separation, and Parent-adolescent Relationships among Boarding and Day School Students

ABSTRACT The role of social environment in identity formation and separation has often been overlooked. In order to address this gap in the existing literature, we compared two groups of adolescent high school students aged between 17 and 18 years: those who lived at home and those who lived in a boarding school. We compared the two groups on identity achievement, psychological separation, and their perceptions of their relationships with parents. The findings revealed that boarding school students reported higher levels of foreclosure and emotional and attitudinal independence than did day school students. They also reported lower levels of parental control than did day school students. The findings reveal that the sense of volition that results from physical distance from parents is related to psychological freedom while preserving emotional closeness. These findings have practical implications for parents, teachers, and therapists because they reveal the means by which both identity development and healthy parent-adolescent relationships can be fostered. Implications of these finding for therapeutic boarding schools are discussed.

The Relationship Between Sensation Seeking and Tobacco and Alcohol Use Among Junior High School Students: The Regulatory Effect of Parental Psychological Control

The present study primarily aims to examine differences in the use of tobacco and alcohol by junior high school students under different parental control levels (including parental psychological control and parental behavioral control). It thus explores the regulatory effect of parental control on the relationship between adolescent sensation seeking and tobacco and alcohol use. A total of 1,050 junior high school students in Shandong province were surveyed using sensation-seeking scale, parental control scale, and adolescent health-related risk behavior questionnaire. As the results showed, (1) sensation seeking and gender had effects on the use of tobacco and alcohol among junior high school students; (2) parental psychological control can enhance and moderate the relationship between sensation seeking and the use of tobacco and alcohol; (3) parental behavioral control cannot regulate the relationship between sensation seeking and the use of tobacco and alcohol among junior high school students; and (4) no significant urban-rural differences were found regarding the regulatory effects of parental psychological control on sensation seeking and alcohol and tobacco use in junior high school students.

Loosening the Reins or Tightening Them? Complex Relationships Between Parenting, Effortful Control, and Adolescent Psychopathology

BackgroundAdolescents face major developmental tasks such as increasing individuation and establishing autonomy. These developmental tasks increase demands on adolescent self-control, hereby putting youth with poor effortful control at risk for psychopathology. Specific parenting behaviors might be warranted to buffer against this risk.ObjectiveThis study was designed to examine parenting-related risk and protective factors in the associations between effortful control and adolescent psychopathology. We hypothesized that youth with poor effortful control require more parental involvement (i.e., lower autonomy granting) to help complete these developmental tasks and subsequently avoid psychopathology.MethodsVia adolescent self-reports (N = 809), associations between effortful control, perceived parenting (i.e., psychological control and autonomy support), and externalizing (i.e., interpersonal aggression and rule-breaking) and internalizing problems (i.e., depressive and anxiety problems) were examined.ResultsRegression analyses supported our hypothesis in boys: higher levels of autonomy support exacerbated the negative association between effortful control and rule-breaking. In contrast, in girls this was the case for lower levels of autonomy support. For both genders, low autonomy support and psychological control exacerbated negative associations between effortful control and internalizing problems. No buffering effects of parenting were found.ConclusionsLow effortful control is associated with psychopathology in adolescents, but parenting can affect this association in several ways, depending on the type of psychopathology and the adolescent’s gender. Future research should focus on finding ‘optimal’ levels of parental control that can help avoid psychopathological problems in youth with poor effortful control.

Gender Difference in the Influence of Family Interaction and Parenting Behaviours on Youth Sexual Intention

This paper presents the differences in family interaction and parenting behaviours and their influence on sexual intention among male and female youths aged 18 to 22 years. The results presented are based on data collected from unmarried college students in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Despite being in a country where premarital sexual activity is not an accepted behaviour, 18% of the 422 male and 1.4% of the 566 female students indicated their intention to perform sexual activity. Compared to females, males had more allowance of autonomy from parents and lesser parental monitoring, paternal care, parent-youth communication on sexual issues, and family connectedness. Both genders perceived that they received similar levels of parental control. In male youths, having high maternal control (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03–1.38) and family modelling behaviour (OR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.19–4.25) increased their odds of having sexual intention while having high parent-youth communication on sex (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.81–0.99) reduced their odds of having sexual intention. For female youths, having a high level of family connectedness (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.59–0.97) was a protective factor against sexual intention. In conclusion, sexual intention is higher among males compared to females. The influence of family interaction and parenting behaviours on youth sexual decision varied across gender. This study highlighted the possibility of using different parenting approaches in tackling premarital sexual activity among youths.

Profiles of Internet use and parental involvement, and rates of online risks and problematic Internet use among Spanish adolescents

This study aimed to empirically identify the major adolescent Internet user profiles in Spanish secondary students based on self-reported pattern of use, level of parental control and parent-child conflict around use, and to characterize their demographics and rates of engaging in online risky experiences and screening positive for problematic Internet use (PIU). Students from 255 secondary schools throughout the Galicia region of Spain completed an anonymous, online survey in school, with 39,993 having sufficient data for analyses. We used two-stage cluster analysis to identify the groups, and then compared demographics, online risks and PIU rates across groups. We identified five clusters: occasional users (21.4%), moderate users with parental control (22.2%), moderate users without parental control (22.1%), habitual users with parent-child conflict (16.8%), and intensive users (17.5%). The heaviest user groups had the highest rates of any online risk (>60%) and PIU (>25%). The majority of adolescents with frequent Internet use have engaged in online risky experiences. Such behaviors, and problematic Internet use, are higher among adolescents without parental control over their use, so empowering parents to moderate their child's Internet use is encouraged. These findings highlight the need to support parents, schools, and policymakers in prevention, since it is a shared responsibility.

Kids, Streets, and Activities

Street activities are recognized as playing significant role in children and teenage socialization. However, the socialization mechanism of street activities is gradually changing. Active play and street gangs remain in past, as most parents today acknowledge. The present article investigates the forms of street leisure activities of Russian kids and teenagers born in different decades of late XX and early XXI centuries. The research is based on the answers of 251 participants to the two developed thematic questionnaires. Content-analysis of the answers allows to identify five principal categories of street leisure activities, namely: games, communication, exploratory activities, risk behaviors, and cultural activities. The article describes the main components of each of the categories and analyses their representation in both adult and teenage samples’ leisure time. The results allow to manifest the relation between children's leisure activities dynamics and their social environment, as regards increased social insecurity and uncertainty, urbanization rates, overpopulation, etc. The research also investigates the areas of street leisure activities, level of parental control, as well as types of rules and regulations set by parents regarding their children’s travel and leisure. The future research suggestions given the results are made.

‘Low Patriarchy’ and Feminine Emotional Intelligence in R. K. Narayan’s Grandmother’s Tale

Within patriarchy men enjoy almost absolute authority that relegates women to a seemingly powerless entity. India is a case in point. However, historically mothers have often been instrumental in parental control in Indian households. According to Hagan’s Powercontrol theory of gender difference in risk preference, sons are subjects to weaker maternal parental control because they are mostly occupied with the outer world. Hence, unlike daughters in a patriarchal household, they are more risk prone and delinquent. On the other hand, daughters are generally risk averse for their mothers’ direct instrumental control. They deploy a powerful emotional intelligence through strong interpersonal network. This paper argues that R. K. Narayan in Grandmother’s Tale takes such aspects of feminine strength into consideration and relays that through the story of Bala, as told to him by her grandmother; thereby revealing a kind of position of power for women in society which can be characterized as ‘low patriarchy’. By depicting different levels of parental control placed upon children in her story, Grandmother raises the narrator of the story in a female-headed household which induces him into understanding the differences between him and children brought up under patriarchy. This paper will explore how the narrator, along with his Grandmother, advocates a new domestic sphere where male and female children can be equally dutiful and well-behaved through the intervention of higher feminine intelligence and low patriarchy.Philosophy and Progress, Vol#55-56; No#1-2; Jan-Dec 2014

Assessing elements of a family approach to reduce adolescent drinking frequency: parent-adolescent relationship, knowledge management and keeping secrets.

AimsTo estimate (1) the associations between parent–adolescent relationship, parental knowledge and subsequent adolescent drinking frequency and (2) the influence of alcohol use on parental knowledge.DesignPath analysis of school based cohort study with annual surveys.SettingPost‐primary schools from urban and intermediate/rural areas in Northern Ireland.ParticipantsA total of 4937 post‐primary school students aged approximately 11 years in 2000 followed until approximately age 16 years in 2005.MeasurementsPupil‐reported measures of: frequency of alcohol use; parent–child relationship quality; subdimensions of parental monitoring: parental control, parental solicitation, child disclosure and child secrecy.FindingsHigher levels of parental control [ordinal logistic odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.78, 0.95] and lower levels of child secrecy (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.75, 0.92) were associated subsequently with less frequent alcohol use. Parental solicitation and parent–child relationship quality were not associated with drinking frequency. Weekly alcohol drinking was associated with higher subsequent secrecy (beta −0.42, 95% CI = –0.53, −0.32) and lower parental control (beta −0.15, 95% CI = –0.26, −0.04). Secrecy was more strongly predictive of alcohol use at younger compared with older ages (P = 0.02), and alcohol use was associated less strongly with parental control among families with poorer relationships (P = 0.04).ConclusionsAdolescent alcohol use appears to increase as parental control decreases and child secrecy increases. Greater parental control is associated with less frequent adolescent drinking subsequently, while parent–child attachment and parental solicitation have little influence on alcohol use.

Parental solicitation, parental control, child disclosure, and substance use: native and immigrant Dutch adolescents

ABSTRACTObjectives. The present study examined whether the relation of parental solicitation, parental control, and child disclosure with adolescent alcohol and cannabis use is similar for native and non-Western immigrant Dutch adolescents.Design. Questionnaire data from two study-samples were used with a combined sample of 705 adolescents (mean age 16.2 years; 47.2% female; 25.2% non-Western immigrant background).Results. Native Dutch adolescents reported more weekly alcohol use than immigrant adolescents, while rates of cannabis use by native and immigrant adolescents were similar. Immigrant females reported lower levels of parental solicitation and child disclosure, but higher levels of parental control than native females. There were no differences in the sources of parental knowledge between native and immigrant males. Regression analyses showed no significant interaction effects of parental solicitation, parental control, or child disclosure with ethnic background for both alcohol and cannabis use (all p values > .05).Conclusion. Despite mean level differences in various factors, we did not find evidence of an interaction effect of the sources of parental knowledge with ethnic background on alcohol and cannabis use. This suggests that theories and prevention strategies focusing on these sources of parental knowledge in relation to substance use can be applicable to both native and immigrant Dutch adolescents.

Perceived maternal and paternal psychological control by Ethiopian adolescents

The study primarily aimed to investigate the association between adolescents’ perception of parental psychological control and the adolescents’ self-esteem, school adjustment and depressive symptoms. Data were collected from 809 adolescents (females = 381 & males = 428; mean age = 16.8 years, SD = 1.58 years) from Ethiopian public schools. The data were analysed for differences in perceptions of parental control by gender. Results suggest higher perceived level of parental control to be associated with comparatively lower self-esteem and school adjustment as well as higher depressive symptoms in boys rather than girls. Gender equitable use of psychological control likely will result in positive social outcomes for adolescents.

Parental monitoring: a way to decrease substance use among Swiss adolescents?

The objective of this research was to determine whether the level of parental monitoring is associated with substance use among adolescents in Switzerland, and to assess whether this effect remains when these adolescents have consuming peers. For this purpose, we used a nationally representative sample from the Swiss participation in the 2007 European School Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs survey, which included 7,611 adolescents in public schools (8th-10th grades). Four levels of parental control were created and four substances (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and ecstasy) were analyzed. All significant variables at the bivariate level were included in the multivariate analysis. Most adolescents had a high level of parental monitoring and that was associated with younger age, females, high socioeconomic status, intact family structure, and satisfactory relationships with mother, father, and peers. Overall, substance use decreased as parental monitoring increased and high parental monitoring decreased as having consuming peers increased. Results remained essentially the same when the variable "having consuming peers" was added to the analysis. parental monitoring is associated to positive effects on adolescent substance use with a reduction of consumption and a lower probability of having consuming peers, which seems to protect adolescents against potentially negative peer influence. Encouraging parents to monitor their adolescents' activities and friendships by establishing rules about what is allowed or not is a way to limit the negative influence of consuming peers on adolescent substance use.

The Role of Parenting in Linking Family Socioeconomic Disadvantage to Physical Activity in Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Parents play an important role in influencing adolescent health behaviors and parenting practices may be an important pathway through which social disadvantage influences adolescent health behaviors that can persist into adulthood. This analysis uses the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine how parenting practices mediate the association between family socioeconomic disadvantage, measured as low parent education and family welfare/poverty status, and physical activity in adolescence and young adulthood for males and females. Results show that levels of parental control do not differ by family disadvantage. However, disadvantaged parents engage in lower levels of activities and communication with their children compared with nondisadvantaged parents. These behaviors serve to mediate the negative association between disadvantage and physical activity in adolescence, and are associated with physical activity in adulthood. Parenting is an important pathway through which disadvantage influences physical activity in adolescence and the transition to adulthood.

Parental Directiveness as a Predictor of Children’S Behavior at Kindergarten

Abstract The research aimed to describe the differences in preschool children’s families in terms of parental influence. One of the important factors predicting a child’s behavior at kindergarten was parental directiveness. Directiveness was conceptualized as one of the acts of speech by which the speaker coaxes another to do something. Two types of directiveness were distinguished: warm-hearted directiveness and aggressive directiveness. Two hundred and four participants, parents of kindergarten children, took part in the research. Selection for the research sample was conducted according to the teacher’s representation of a child’s behavior at kindergarten (well-behaved or badly-behaved). Parents completed psychological tests measuring their level of parental control (conceptualized as teaching the child the rules of social behavior) and, finally, the level and type of directiveness (warm-hearted or aggressive). The purpose of the analysis was to discover which of the enumerated variables best explained a child’s behavior at kindergarten. Canonical correlation, discriminant analysis and data mining methods were used for the analysis. Analyses were performed with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and STATISTICA Data Miner 8 software. The results indicate that the level and type of parental directiveness is the most important factor that distinguishes children in groups, the split being due to the children’s behavior at kindergarten.

P-379 - Parent-child interaction time and impact of parental control on cognitive function of primary school children in pakistan

Objectives The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of parent-child interaction and parental control on child cognition in Pakistan. Design This was a prospective observational study conducted in 2 governments and 2 low class private public schools in a small district of Pakistan. Method Two hundred children (90 male, 110 female), age 7–12 years class 3, 4 and 5 were assessed using McCarthy scale of child cognition. The purposeful educational and interaction time amongst parents and children recorded. Parental control on children was classified as 1= no/very minimal control, 5= very strict control (children with set timetables for study, play and entertainment activities). One way ANOVA test was applied using SPSS 18. Results Majority (80.5%) of the parents spent 1–3 hours with their children. (25% = 1 hr, 31% = 2 hours, 24.5% = 3 hours). The cognitive function improved with increased interaction time; however the average scores did were not significantly different in 2 to 4 (median 3 hr) hour interaction times. Only 4 children spend over 5 hours a day with their parents performed exceptionally well in reasoning compared to other children. Improved cognitive function observed with increasing level of parental control (all p values Conclusion Three hour parent-child interaction is required to achieve average cognitive score. A pragmatic approach to child education, play facilities and entertainment result in better cognitive score in primary school children in Pakistan. Local studies may be required to generalize these results.

Parental Communication Style's Impact on Children's Attitudes Toward Obesity and Food Advertising

There have been numerous discussions about what factors influence children's obesity level and their attitudes toward advertising. Among many possible factors, parental influence cannot be ignored, because children (7–12 years old) generally spend more time with their parents than with anybody else. This study investigates the possible influences of parental communication styles/patterns while watching TV with their children on their children's obesity level (body mass index) as well as parental influence's effect on children's attitudes toward TV snack/fast‐food ads. The results reveal that parental communication styles/patterns significantly influence children's obesity level and their attitude toward TV snack/fast‐food ads.

Do maternal parenting practices predict problematic patterns of adolescent alcohol consumption?

This study examines whether a mother's style of parenting at child age 5 years predicts problematic patterns of drinking in adolescence, after controlling for relevant individual, maternal and social risk factors. Data were used from the Mater-University Study of Pregnancy, an Australian longitudinal study of mothers and their children from pregnancy to when the children were 14 years of age. Logistic regression analyses examined whether maternal parenting practices at child age 5 predicted problematic drinking patterns in adolescence, after controlling for a range of confounding covariates. Physical punishment at child age 5 did not predict adolescent alcohol problems at follow-up. Results indicated that low maternal control at child age 5 predicted adolescent occasional drinking patterns at age 14. More frequent maternal partner change coupled with lower levels of control was the strongest predictor of more problematic patterns of drinking by adolescents. These findings highlight the importance of family structure and level of parental control in the development of problematic patterns of drinking in adolescence.

What influences parental controlling behaviour? The role of parent and child trait anxiety

The relative contribution of child and parent trait anxiety on paternal and maternal controlling behaviour was examined. Thirty-seven children, aged 8–11 years, completed two difficult Tangram puzzles, one with their father and one with their mother. Videotapes of the parent–child interactions were rated on parental control and child dependent and withdrawn behaviour. Results indicated that, opposite to expectations, higher mother and father trait anxiety was associated with lower levels of parental control, and that the relation between parent trait anxiety and parental control was curvilinear. Furthermore, a significant stronger effect between child trait anxiety and parental control was found for boys than for girls. Moreover, more child withdrawal during the parent–child interaction was related to more parental control. The findings offer new insights, which may guide future theories on child and parent anxiety and parental control. Specifically, the role of parent and child gender need further conceptualisation and research.