Levels Of Job Creation Research Articles

Role of development finance institutions on sustainable development goals: poverty eradication

Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) deliver services which aim at Sustaining Development Goals (SDGs) towards poverty eradication. The services delivered by DFI are quite unique and interesting. The study investigated role of DFI on SDGs with regards to poverty eradication. The study adopted critical review of recent works of literatures to identify the success factors of DFI’s as regards it role on the SDGs. In conclusion, undoubtedly, DFIs are becoming a key asset and a driving force for poverty eradication over the world. They share a common focus on fostering SDGs. Their mission lies in servicing the investment shortfalls of developing countries and bridging the gap between commercial investment and state development aid. The reviews of the previous literatures showed that that DFIs significantly impact on the level of job creation thus enhancing the standard of living and by helping countries catalyze the private investment required to meet the United Nations’ SDGs. The study therefore recommends amongst others that government should ensure that the money from DFIs are utilized efficiently and effectively for only the purpose it is meant for, to increase the level of infrastructural development and there is also need to address and resolve the growing policy contradiction between multilateral agencies as last resort sources of finance to cater for well-being, in order to reduce poverty and thus improve the standard of living of the people.

Employment in Ontario’s Industrial Heartland: Evidence of Economic Decline in a Mid-Sized Industrial City

As the “second wave” of globalization commenced in the late 1970s and early 1980s, countries around the world underwent economic restructuring. Canada, as one of the nodes in an integrated global economy, was no exception. In particular, the province of Ontario, which was and still is the biggest manufacturing hub in Canada, experienced a decline in terms of manufacturing employment. Inevitably, for London, a mid-sized industrial city located in Southwestern Ontario, this transition had major implications, a reality that it shared with several other cities in the southwest. As closely integrated with the broader North American economy, London’s loss of jobs due to outsourcing and other technological and global forces was certainly not unique. Yet as demonstrated in this paper, London’s labour market has performed particularly poorly since 2001 relative to most other census metropolitan areas (CMAs) across Ontario, or for that matter, across Canada. This is true in terms of overall levels of job creation, as well as growth in the types of jobs that are generally considered desirable in the 21st century, i.e. jobs in higher skilled occupational categories.

Funding Challenges Facing SMEs’ Growth in Lebanon

Building the capacity of small and medium-sized enterprises is at the heart of the concerns of modern economies. These types of enterprises are the engine of growth through the creation rate, explained by the low level of investment they require, the level of job creation and the low level of technology that gives them adaptability to Changes. In most developing countries, the problem of funding is common for SMEs. The funding challenge is the main barrier to the growth of SMEs, either due to lack of internal or external funds or due to the difficulty of the processes to be followed for loans’ approval. What is most worrying in Lebanon is that SMEs are fundamentally opportunities to get out of underdevelopment. Today, banks are finding it extremely difficult to finance SMEs in terms of the problems of informalities, weak guarantees and low capitalization. SMEs represent a significant share of banks' customers; that is why banks need to give more attention to the SME sector, seeking to meet at its best their needs and expectations. A survey was carried out on a sample of 110 Lebanese SMEs working in different regions in Lebanon and in various sectors. In addition to the questionnaire, we met qualified bankers from the five top leading banks in Lebanon to highlight lending requirements and procedures, risk assessment and management, approval and rejection decisions related to loans. As a result, limitation of access to funds were mentioned with different ways of solutions, requesting a real support and cooperation between actors: public authorities, central bank, financial institutions and SMEs.

IMPACT OF STATUTORY RETIREMENT AGE ON YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

Youth unemployment is a pressing problem in both the advanced and developing countries of this world of which Nigeria is not an exception. More worrisome is the few research works linking Statutory Retirement Age (SRA) to youth unemployment. However, to add to the growing concern on the subject matter, the current study empirically examines the impact of statutory retirement age on youth unemployment rate in Kwara State. The study used simple random sampling technique to select a sample size of 390 civil servants from Kwara State Civil Service Commission (KWCSC). It also interviewed a focus group of graduates undergoing the One-Year program of the Kwara Bridge Empowerment Scheme (KWABES). Data obtained were presented using both descriptive and inferential statistics of simple percentage. Regression Analytical tool was used to test the hypotheses formulated for the study. The results indicate that the variability changes in the rate of youth unemployment could be accounted for by approximately 84.3% of increase in statutory retirement age. Also, the variability changes in the level of job creation opportunities could be accounted for by approximately 63.2% of factors related to statutory retirement age This established that increase in statutory retirement age have effect of increasing youth unemployment and the level of job creation depends on factors that are related to SRA. Base on this conclusions, it was recommended that the KWCSC should focus on strict implementation of SRA policies and Programmes and by this, the state government can deal decisively with the problems of youth unemployment through the Statutory Retirement Age. Keywords: Statutory, Retirement, Youth, unemployment, Kwara, Nigeria

Empleo, salarios y desigualdad en Argentina: análisis de los determinantes distributivos

Following the 2001–2002 crisis, the economy of Argentina experienced a strong recovery, which extended throughout the time period from 2003 to 2011. Looking at levels of job creation and salary dynamics, the labor market also showed favorable behavior. One of the unique features of the labor market in these years was the marked increase in the relative share of employed individuals with high levels of education. However, this did not lead to an increase in salary dispersion; rather, on the contrary, there was an ostensible reduction in salary inequality.

A Flexicurity Labour Market in the Great Recession: The Case of Denmark

Flexicurity labour markets are characterised by flexible hiring/firing rules, a generous social safety net, and active labour market policies. How can such labour markets cope with the consequences of the Great Recession? This paper takes a closer look at this question considering the case of Denmark. It is found that employment adjustment is not particularly large in international comparison, but a larger burden of adjustment is along the extensive (number of employees) rather than the intensive (hours) margin. The level of job creation is high, and remains so despite the crisis, although job creation is pro-cyclical and job-separation counter-cyclical. As a consequence most unemployment spells remain short. Comparative evidence does not suggest that flexicurity markets are more prone to persistence. Crucial for this is the design of the social safety net and in particular the active labour market policy. However, it is a challenge to maintain the efficiency of the activation system in a period with high unemployment.

Unemployment: Structural vs. Cyclical – and Globalization's Adverse Impact

The U.S. economy continues to be characterized by a persistently-high rate of unemployment, with at least another three years before attainment of the pre-recession unemployment rate. Six significant structural trends are identified and their impacts discerned. The pernicious impact of globalization on U.S. employees, as manifested by the post-2000 business practices of America’s multinational corporations (MNCs), has seen multinationals shifting and growing their workforces overseas. Between 1999 and 2008, U.S. non-bank MNCs cut their domestic employment by 1.9 million while increasing their foreign-based employment by 2.4 million. After a decade, it is apparent globalization has yet to come full circle and bestow its gains to American workers. Offshoring by U.S. companies is also having a deleterious effect on the level of domestic employment, particularly in manufacturing and data processing. Advances in technology are serving to replace domestic employees with software or lower-paid foreign-based workers. In 2000-08, domestic spending on capital expenditures by U.S. MNCs grew at an annual rate of 1.1 percent while their foreign-based affiliates invested at an annual rate of 6.2 percent. A need for more highly-educated employees has manifested itself by consistently-favorable wage patterns. The low levels of monthly job creation and a declining labor force participation rates, particularly for prime-age men, since the turn of the century left workers vulnerable to the harshest post-World War II recession. The decreasing participation rate after 2000 may also reflect harmful impacts of globalization, with discouraged laid-off U.S. workers no longer looking for jobs. Over 23 million people – 50 percent of the increase in the U.S. population between 2000 and 2009 – were classified by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as “not in the labor force”. And the detrimental effect of long-term unemployment is a structural impediment to becoming well-positioned to compete for available jobs. The six structural factors – globalization, technological advances, the need for a highly-educated and skilled workforce, declines in the labor force participation rates, particularly for prime-age men, the relatively-low levels of job creation and the effects of long-term unemployment – seem to be currently dominated by cyclical causes. However, if unemployment rates remain elevated for an extended period, structural causes of unemployment will likely predominate.

Avaliação da aplicabilidade de um modelo de credit scoring com varíaveis sistêmicas e não-sistêmicas em carteiras de crédito bancário rotativo de pessoas físicas

As concessões de crédito rotativo às pessoas físicas (cheque especial e cartão de crédito) vêm crescendo significativamente nos últimos anos, o que, em parte, é explicado pela relativa estabilização da economia, maior geração de empregos e êxito no controle da inflação - fatores que interferem diretamente na capacidade de pagamento dos tomadores. Paralelamente, observa-se uma maior exposição histórica dos Bancos ao risco de inadimplência, ou seja, o do não-recebimento (parcial ou total) de créditos rotativos utilizados pelas pessoas físicas. Considerando o tamanho e a importância desse mercado aos grandes Bancos Comerciais e a economia como um todo, direciona-se essa pesquisa para: 1. detalhar os processos de análise subjetiva e objetiva de crédito realizada pelos principais Bancos privados nacionais; 2. abordar a função seletiva das taxas de juros em créditos rotativos; 3. destacar as principais características dos modelos de credit scoring e 4. propor um modelo de credit scoring para créditos rotativos composto por variáveis sistêmicas e não-sistêmicas, direcionado à redução do risco de inadimplência. A aplicabilidade do modelo proposto de credit scoring em uma amostra extraída da carteira de crédito de pessoas físicas de um importante Banco Comercial privado nacional de médio porte (Banco X - nome fictício), apresentou satisfatório índice de acerto na identificação de clientes prospectivos (96%) e não-prospectivos (92%), levando à conclusão de que incluía e ponderava, adequadamente, as variáveis representativas da capacidade de pagamento dos tomadores.

The scope and extent of home-based business income relative to employment earnings in financing household expenditures: a study undertaken in a subeconomic housing area within the Cape Metropole

This study was undertaken to examine the scope of home-based businesses in poor neighbourhoods and the extent to which household income is derived from them. The aim was to determine the ratio of home-based business income to wage earnings, in order to understand its relative importance in augmenting primary employment (wage-based) income. The size, necessity and importance of self-generated (business-derived) income in augmenting primary income was measured in a selected subeconomic housing area within the Cape Metropole. The significance of this analytical research is the determination of income data and the levels of poverty. This paper provides the primary data (base information) for policy formulation relating to social and economic development in this subeconomic area. The findings add to the debate for the provision of a Basic Income Allowance (grant) for those people experiencing poverty. The results correlate with findings of national longitudinal studies. The level of job creation through businesses is minimal and the extent of unemployment is much greater than anticipated.

Job Flows and Establishment Characteristics: Variations Across U.S. Metropolitan Areas

This paper addresses the role played within metropolitan areas by heterogeneous agent models of constant churning. The evidence shows positive relationships between job turnover, young establishments, and metropolitan employment growth. Most areas, however, differ in their levels of job creation rather than job destruction. Results persist after controlling for regional differences in industry, but less so when controlling for differences in the establishment age distribution, and are consistent overall with standard models of creative destruction. Evidence from several entering cohorts, however, contradicts the vintage replacement process of creative destruction models. Namely, job destruction decreases as establishments age and there is no clear inverse relation between establishment entry rates and exit ages. These patterns are instead consistent with a turnover process seen in standard models of firm learning. Further evidence suggests that these patterns vary systematically with the overall employment growth of a region. Together, the results suggest that (i) processes of both creative destruction and firm learning may matter for local labor dynamics, but future models will have to reconcile with this new evidence, and (ii) intrinsic local factors, such as the business climate, may affect the dynamics of both processes.