Insulin Resistance Levels Research Articles

Modified 9H-fluorene-9-carboxamides as MTP-inhibitors

Introduction Metabolic disorder is a cluster of disorder of metabolism like hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and obesity. Any of these alone or in combination can lead to high risk for the development of high levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and insulin resistance.

The impact of metabolic health on fibromyalgia: insights from insulin resistance and related indexes

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess the association between fibromyalgia (FM) and insulin resistance (IR) using multiple IR indices in FM patients and to investigate how these indices vary with the severity of FM. Methods This cross-sectional study included 70 female patients diagnosed with FM and 70 age-matched female healthy controls. The data collected included demographics, clinical characteristics, and laboratory parameters. FM severity was evaluated using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire-Revised (FIQR). The metabolic indices calculated were the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI), triglyceride – glucose index (TyG), triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C), and Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR). Results FM patients exhibited significantly higher HOMA-IR values (p = 0.002), and lower QUICKI values (p = 0.000) than controls. METS-IR also showed significant differences between FM patients and controls (p = 0.026). HOMA-IR and METS-IR values increased with FM severity, whereas QUICKI values decreased (p < 0.05). Duration of FM showed a moderately positive correlation with HOMA-IR (r = 0.249, p = 0.027). For TG/HDL-C and METS-IR, the correlations were weaker, but still positive (r = 0.094, p = 0.378, and r = 0.184, p = 0.056, respectively). Conclusion This study observed a significant association between FM and IR, as evidenced by metabolic indices in FM patients compared to controls. IR levels tended to increase with FM severity and duration. These findings suggest that IR could play a role in FM pathogenesis. Non-invasive and practical methods, such as METS-IR, may provide advantages for metabolic screening in FM patients; however, further studies are needed to establish their clinical utility.

Hyperandrogenemia impairs endometrial vitamin D receptor expression in polycystic ovary syndrome.

To determine the effects of hyperandrogenemia and other phenotypic parameters on endometrial vitamin D receptor (VDR-X2 and VDR-X4) expression in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing ovarian stimulation and total embryo freezing. Forty-four PCOS patients were divided into four phenotypes according to the criteria for hyperandrogenemia (HA), ovulatory dysfunction (OD), and polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM): phenotype A (HA+OD+PCOM), phenotype B (HA+OD), phenotype C (HA+PCOM), and phenotype D (OD+PCOM). Endometrial VDR expression was determined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Twenty age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched couples with male infertility were included as controls. VDR-X2 and VDR-X4 expression levels were significantly lower in the PCOS group than in the control group. A significant downregulation was detected in the relative VDR-X2 and X4 expression in phenotypes A, B, and C compared to the control group. VDR-X2 and X4 expression in phenotype D was significantly higher than in phenotypes A and B. A significant negative correlation was detected among VDR-X2, VDR-X4, serum testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), DHEAS, and insulin resistance (IR). Multivariate analysis revealed that serum T, A, DHEAS, and IR levels were independently associated with both VDR-X2 and VDR X4 relative gene expression after adjusting for age and BMI. The VDR mRNA and immunoreactivity of each phenotype overlapped. The clinical pregnancy rates for each phenotype were similar. VDR expression in the endometria of patients with PCOS was defective. Hyperandrogenemia and insulin resistance are the key drivers of defective VDR expression in the endometrium of patients with PCOS.

Adipose tissue insulin resistance in children and adolescents: linking glucose and free fatty acid metabolism to hepatic injury markers.

Obesity is one of the leading causes of the development of insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in children. With the progression of insulin resistance, both glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) plasma levels are elevated, leading to cardiometabolic complications such as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), type 2 diabetes, and liver fat accumulation. In this study, oral minimal models were used to estimate insulin sensitivity indexes (SI and SIFFA) in 375 adolescents with obesity. Differences between normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and IGT were assessed by using Mann-Whitney U test, while the relationship between insulin sensitivities and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) was assessed using Spearman correlation and linear regression model of the log-transformed variables. Also, 48 youths repeated the oral glucose tolerance test and the measurement of liver function test after ∼1.3 yr of follow-up. SI was statistically different between NGT and IGT (P < 10-6) and correlated with each other (ρ = 0.7, P < 10-6). Lipolysis was completely suppressed after 30 min in NGT, compared with 120 min in IGT. SI and SIFFA were both statistically correlated with ALT (ρ = -0.19, P < 10-3). Also, the percentages of variation of SIFFA and ALT between the first and second visits correlated significantly (ρ = -0.47, P = 0.002). FFA minimal model can be used to estimate adipose tissue lipolysis in youths with obesity. The relationship of SI and SIFFA with ALT, along with the progression of the impairment of adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, shows that systemic insulin resistance underlies the relationship of glucose and FFA metabolism with hepatic damage.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we applied glucose, Cpeptide, and FFA minimal models to assess insulin sensitivities, insulin secretion, and lipolytic flux in NGT and IGT in adolescents with obesity. The results show that glucose and adipose tissue insulin sensitivities are strongly correlated with each other and with ALT plasma level. The longitudinal results show that changes in FFA insulin sensitivity are inversely associated with changes of beta cell secretion and with biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.

The effects of acupuncture on patients with premature ovarian insufficiency and polycystic ovary syndrome: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Previous studies have suggested that acupuncture could improve the clinical outcomes of women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However recent meta-analyses have provided inconclusive findings. This umbrella meta-analysis aimed to explore the effect of acupuncture therapies on PCOS and POI outcomes. A systematic literature search was carried out in in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Chinese databases, including Wan Fang Data Knowledge Service Platform, CBM, CNKI, and VIP up until April 2024 to gather relevant studies. Inclusion criteria were meta-analyses on the effect of acupuncture or combined therapies with standard medications or traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on PCOS and POI. The outcomes were pregnancy rates, ovulation rates, hormone levels, glycemic indices, resumption of menstruation, endometrial thickness, live birth rates, abortion rates, and body mass index (BMI). Studies with irrelevant interventions, animal studies, reviews without quantitative analysis, and studies with insufficient data were excluded. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and relative risk (RR) with a 95% CI were used as effect sizes to pool the data using a random effects model. A total of 38 meta-analyses, 20 studies (sample size: 27,106 patients) for PCOS and 18 studies (sample size: 19,098 patients) for POI, were included. Overall, in women with PCOS, acupuncture therapies were significantly associated with a higher pregnancy rate, ovulation rate, and reduced serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, LH/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), insulin resistance, and BMI. Moreover, FSH, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin levels were improved in subgroup analyses. For POI, acupuncture significantly improved serum levels of LH, FSH, LH/FSH ratio, and estradiol. Acupuncture-related therapies improve pregnancy rate, and metabolic and hormonal imbalances in patients with POI and PCOS. The protocol of the study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024572893). Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024572893.

Antioxidant supplementation boosts the advantages of CrossFit workouts on oxidative and muscle damage markers in obese males

Supplementing with antioxidants may be one of the most efficient means of minimizing oxidative stress during workouts in obese individuals. The aim of this study is to identify the results after twelve weeks of CrossFit workouts combined with Spinach thylakoid extract on the levels of insulin resistance (insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR]), fasting blood sugar (FBS), malondialdehyde (MDA), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in obese males. Sixty-eight males with an average age of 27 ± 8 yrs and a BMI of 32.6 ± 2.6 kg.m− 2 were randomly split into four groups each consisting of seventeen individuals. : control group (CG), supplement group (SG), training group (TG), and training + supplement group (TSG). After initial assessments, the two training groups (TG and TSG) started on a 12 weeks of the CrossFit workouts program involving three sessions per week each lasting up to 60 min. Participants in supplement groups ingested 30 min before lunch, 5 gof Spinach thylakoid extract per day or one sachet of raw corn starch in the control group. Baseline and post-intervention measurements were performed 48 h pre- and post-last session, respectively. The findings revealed noteworthy relationships between the exercise groups and timefor TAC, SOD, GPx, MDA, CK, and LDH (p < 0.001, ES: 0.88, 0.88, 0.8, 0.4, 0.7, and 0.7, respectively). In addition, there were statistically significant differences among study groups after attending the intervention program in TAC (ES: 0.88), SOD (ES: 0.92), GPX (ES: 0.85), MDA (ES: 0.5), CK (ES: 0.7) and LDH (ES: 0.8). The effect sizes of insulin (0.77), glucose (0.21), and HOMA-IR (0.44) varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the groups. The results demonstrated that CrossFit workouts for 12 weeks combined with Spinach thylakoid extract in men with obesity may prevent oxidative damage caused by obesity and CrossFit workouts.

Study on the correlation between the level of insulin resistance and changes in the degree of cerebral atherosclerosis in non-diabetic patients.

Cerebral infarction is a health problem of global concern and brings a particular burden to medical treatment. To analyze the correlation between insulin resistance (IR) levels and changes in cerebral atherosclerosis (AS) degree in non-diabetic patients with cerebral infarction. A total of 134 non-diabetic patients with cerebral infarction who visited the Department of Neurology of our hospital from May 2019 to October 2020 were selected and underwent MRA/CTA (Magnetic resonance angiography/Computed tomography angiography) of cerebral arteries to refine the cerebrovascular imaging data, and according to the results of cerebral AS load, the patients were divided into mild AS group and severe AS group, and the insulin resistance index was calculated with HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) to evaluate the IR level and HOMA-IR was compared between the two groups. Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the levels of IR in patients and the changes in cerebral AS load. 54 individuals had severe AS and 80 patients had mild AS, according to an MRA/CTA of the cerebral arteries. There was a significant difference (P< 0.05) in HOMA-IR between the difficult and gentle AS groups. A significant link between HOMA-IR and the severity of cerebral AS in patients was found using Spearman correlation analysis (r= 0.850, P< 0.05). The IR phenomenon was prevalent in non-diabetic patients with cerebral infarction, and the level of IR was closely related to the severity of cerebral AS.

Assessment of Insulin Resistance, HOMA-IR, and QUICKI Levels in Patients with Endometrial Cancer and Hyperplasia

Aim: To analyze insulin resistance and related parameters in patients with endometrial cancer and hyperplasia. Methods: The study included 102 patients in 3 groups. Group I and II included patients with a histologic diagnosis of endometrial cancer (n=41, 40.2%) and endometrial hyperplasia (n=31, 30.4%) based on the final pathology report. Group III was the control group and included patients who had undergone surgery for a benign indication other than endometrial hyperplasia (n=30, 29.4%). Age, body mass index (BMI), menarcheal age, menopausal status, gravidity, parity score, diabetes, oral contraceptive status, fasting glucose levels, insulin levels, endometrial thickness, HOMA-IR and QUICKI scores were assessed. Results: The mean age of group I was statistically higher than that of group II (55.3±9.5 vs. 48.8±7.1, p=0.002). The average BMI of the two groups was similar (p=0.076). When fasting glucose values were evaluated, group I showed significantly higher values compared to group II. The mean insulin and HOMA-IR values in the control group were significantly higher than those in group I (p

Establishing a Female Animal Model of Prediabetes Using a High-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet.

Prediabetes is a condition that often precedes the onset of type 2 diabetes and is characterized by moderate levels of insulin resistance. This condition is well established in male animal models for diabetes; however, few female models exist. There is accumulating evidence that sex variations affect the pathogenesis, treatment, and consequences of numerous diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we sought to develop a diet-induced prediabetic female animal model to better understand prediabetes development and its effects in females. Female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated to one of two groups: the standard diet (SD) group fed a standard diet with normal drinking water, and the high-carbohydrate, high-fat (HCHF) group fed a high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet with drinking water supplemented with fructose. During induction, we measured food intake, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and oral glucose tolerance response (OGT). After the induction period, biochemical analyses were conducted to assess the levels of plasma leptin, ghrelin, insulin, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Glycogen concentrations were quantified in the liver and skeletal muscles. The HCHF diet-fed group presented higher body weight gain, food intake, and BMI levels, which were accompanied by elevated plasma insulin, ghrelin, and liver and skeletal muscle glycogen levels compared to the SD-fed group. In the HCHF diet-fed group, the HOMA-IR was above 1.9, suggesting the presence of moderate levels of insulin resistance. The OGT response was significantly higher in the HCHF-fed group versus the SD-fed group, suggesting impaired glucose tolerance, thus displaying the signs and symptoms of prediabetes. The HCHF diet with fructose led to the induction of prediabetes in female Sprague Dawley rats. This model could be used to investigate and outline the pathophysiological complications associated with prediabetes in females as a result of the prolonged ingestion of a high carbohydrate, high-fat diet with fructose. The development of this model could also serve as an effort to further bridge the gap regarding the inclusion of females in biomedical research, thus providing advancements in deriving better, specified treatment strategies for women.

Korean Red Ginseng Extract Powder Mitigates Fasting And Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetic Mice.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) involves insulin resistance and elevated blood sugar levels, causing complications. Red ginseng extract powder (RGEP) from Panax ginseng Meyer shows promise for diabetes treatment. However, its efficacy in managing T2DM remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of RGEP in a mouse model of T2DM. The efficacy of RGEP in treating T2DM was assessed in db/db mice. Mice were divided into seven groups: control, db/db, metformin, and RGEP at 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Administered orally for 9 weeks, RGEP effects on glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity were assessed through various metabolic parameters. In addition, mRNA expression levels of genes associated with hepatic gluconeogenesis and insulin sensitivity were examined. Fasting blood sugar showed a significant decrease in all RGEP concentration groups, but OGTT and insulin tolerance test showed a significant decrease at the RGEP concentration of 400 mg/kg, indicating enhanced glycemic control. Moreover, RGEP dose-dependently decreased serum glucose, HbA1c levels, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance values, suggesting its effectiveness in reducing insulin resistance in db/db mice. Furthermore, RGEP downregulated mRNA expression of key components in the gluconeogenesis pathway (G6Pase, FOXO1, GLUT4, and PEPCK), insulin sensitivity (leptin, insulin1, PTP1B, GLP-1, and DPP-4), and mitochondria energy metabolism (PGC1) in either the liver or pancreas, while simultaneously upregulating GLP-1 expression. In conclusion, these findings highlight the potential of RGEP as a complementary therapy for T2DM, indicating therapeutic efficacy in managing diabetic complications through improved metabolic parameters.

Understanding the Role of the Complement System in Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

The complement system has been associated with the etiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are prevalent among patients with RA. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between a comprehensive evaluation of the complement system and IR, as well as MetS, in patients with RA. A total of 339 nondiabetic patients with RA were recruited. Functional assays of the 3 complement pathways were assessed. Additionally, serum levels of the following individual components of the complement system were measured: C1q (classical); lectin (lectin); C2, C4, and C4b (classical lectin); factor D and properdin (alternative); C3 and C3a (common); C5, C5a, and C9 (terminal); as well as the factor I and C1 inhibitor regulators. IR and β cell function indices were calculated using the homeostatic model assessment. Criteria for MetS were applied. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between the complement system and IR in patients with RA. Many elements of the upstream and common complement pathways, but not the functional tests of the 3 routes, correlated positively with higher levels of IR and β cell function. However, after multivariable adjustment for factors associated with IR, these relationships were lost. Conversely, the presence of MetS in patients with RA maintained a relationship with higher levels of C1q, C4, C3, properdin, and factor I after adjusting for confounders. There is a positive correlation between the complement system and MetS among nondiabetic patients with RA. This association is independent of traditional IR factors.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 1008 Enhances Testicular Function and Spermatogenesis via the Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Male Mice with High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity.

Our study was designed to investigate the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 1008 (LP1008) on testicular antioxidant capacity, spermatogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolic function in male mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity. A total of thirty-six male C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal diet (denoted as the NC group) or a high-fat control diet (denoted as the HFC group) for 16 weeks, then half of the HFC group was randomly chosen and subsequently fed with LP1008 for the final 8 weeks (high-fat diet + LP1008; denoted as the HFP group). The HFP group expressed improved blood cholesterol, insulin resistance, hepatic function, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels compared to the HFC group. Meanwhile, the HFC group displayed decreased testicular testosterone levels, sperm quality, and 17β-HSD protein expression, which were rescued after LP1008 treatment. Moreover, the HFC group had lower superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzyme activities. After LP1008 treatment, enhanced antioxidative activities and decreased lipid peroxidation were observed. The HFC group also exhibited aggravated apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy proteins in the testis, which were ameliorated by LP1008 supplementation. Furthermore, the gut microbiota analysis results revealed that the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was significantly elevated in the HFC and HFP groups compared to the NC group and that LP1008 treatment diminished Ruminococcaceae and enhanced Bifidobacteriaceae diversity. In summary, LP1008 treatment strengthened antioxidative enzyme levels and regulated microbiota-ameliorated HFC-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy, and thus improved testicular function and semen quality.

The Relationship Between Lycopene and Metabolic Diseases.

Background: Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes are closely related. They are characterized by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Obesity is the most important risk factor for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels, among other conditions. These disorders contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, which can exacerbate other metabolic problems. Methods: Numerous studies indicate that diet and nutrients can have a major impact on preventing and treating these conditions. One such ingredient is lycopene. It is a naturally occurring carotenoid with a unique chemical structure. It exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties due to its conjugated double bonds and its ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species. Its properties make lycopene indirectly affect many cellular processes. The article presents studies in animal models and humans on the activity of this carotenoid in metabolic problems. Results: The findings suggest that lycopene's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities make it a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: This review underscores the potential of lycopene as a beneficial dietary supplement in improving metabolic health and reducing the risk of associated chronic diseases. The conditions described are population diseases, so research into compounds with properties such as lycopene is growing in popularity.

VEGFB ameliorates insulin resistance in NAFLD via the PI3K/AKT signal pathway

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most universal liver diseases with complicated pathogenesis throughout the world. Insulin resistance is a leading risk factor that contributes to the development of NAFLD. Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB) was described by researchers as contributing to regulating lipid metabolic disorders. Here, we investigated VEGFB as a main target to regulate insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.MethodsIn this study, bioinformatics, transcriptomics, morphological experiments, and molecular biology were used to explore the role of VEGFB in regulating insulin resistance in NAFLD and its molecular mechanism based on human samples, animal models, and cell models. RNA-seq was performed to analyze the signal pathways associated with VEGFB and NAFLD; Palmitic acid and High-fat diet were used to induce insulin-resistant HepG2 cells model and NAFLD animal model. Intracellular glucolipid contents, glucose uptake, hepatic and serum glucose and lipid levels were examined by Microassay and Elisa. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, Oil Red O staining, and Periodic acid-schiff staining were used to analyze the hepatic steatosis, lipid droplet, and glycogen content in the liver. Western blot and quantitative real-time fluorescent PCR were used to verify the expression levels of the VEGFB and insulin resistance-related signals PI3K/AKT pathway.ResultsWe observed that VEGFB is genetically associated with NAFLD and the PI3K/AKT signal pathway. After VEGFB knockout, glucolipids levels were increased, and glucose uptake ability was decreased in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, body weight, blood glucose, blood lipids, and hepatic glucose of NAFLD mice were increased, and hepatic glycogen, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity were decreased. Moreover, VEGFB overexpression reduced glucolipids and insulin resistance levels in HepG2 cells. Specifically, VEGFB/VEGFR1 activates the PI3K/AKT signals by activating p-IRS1Ser307 expression, inhibiting p-FOXO1pS256 and p-GSK3Ser9 expressions to reduce gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis in the liver. Moreover, VEGFB could also enhance the expression level of GLUT2 to accelerate glucose transport and reduce blood glucose levels, maintaining glucose homeostasis.ConclusionsOur studies suggest that VEGFB could present a novel strategy for treating NAFLD as a positive factor.Graphical

Correlation Between Diverse Smoking Habits and the Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes: A Comparative Analysis.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent metabolic illness that arises as a result of a complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and lifestyle choices. The precise mechanisms elucidating the association between smoking and the onset of DMremain incompletely understood, despite the proposal of several ideas. The objective of this study ‎was to conduct a comparative analysis of blood glucose levels, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, insulin hormone levels, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) ‎levels in diabetic patients who smoked and those who did not. The study included a total of 320 volunteers divided into four groups, with each group consisting of 80 volunteers. The first group served as the control group and consisted of ‎healthy individuals. The remaining three groups consisted of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, categorized based on their smoking habits. The second ‎group comprised T2DM patients who did not smoke, the third group consisted of T2‎DM patients who smoked cigarettes, and the fourth group included T2DM patients ‎who smoked e-cigarettes.‎At recruitment, data on age, fat %, waist circumference (cm), and body mass index (kg/m2) was collected. Biochemical markers measured were fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, insulin, and HOMA-IR‎ levels. The findings demonstrated a statistically significant increase (P<0.001) in the levels of each parameter, particularly among patients with T2DM who engaged in e-cigarette smoking, compared to the control group.‎ It was found that engaging in dual smoking, which involves the use of both traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes, was associated with a higher likelihood of elevated HbA1c levels and other negative health effects. When it comes to the management of diabetic patients, abstaining from smoking and participating in smoking cessation programs, for patients who smoke, should be the essential approaches. It was found that dual smokingled to a higher likelihood of elevated HbA1c levels and this association was most pronounced among male individuals, those who were physically inactive, and thoseclassified as obese. Further studies should be conducted on the detrimental health consequences associated with e-cigarettes, with a particular focus on enhancing the awareness of healthcare professionals and their patients of the potential risks. This is particularly significant due to the prevailing perceptionthat e-cigarettes are inherently "safe".

Role of Katankateriyadi Kwatha in the Management of Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus Type II)

High blood sugar levels are a hallmark of a verity of metabolic disease together referred to as Diabetes mellitus (DM). It is divided into two categories: (type 1 DM) and (type 2 DM). Type 1 diabetes results from a complete or nearly complete lack of insulin, while type 2 diabetes includes various disorders marked by differing levels of insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and increased glucose production. This report presents a case of a newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patient who received three follow-ups with Katankateriyadi Kwatha over three months (90 days). Following treatment, there were reductions in the patient's fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels. Further-more, no adverse effects were observed. The finding in this clinical study are encouraging and provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of Katankateriyad Kwatha in reducing type 2 diabetes mellitus in a patient.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Improves Endometrial Homeostasis in a Rat Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Decreasing Insulin Resistance and Regulating the Glylytic Pathway.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that can lead to insulin resistance (IR) and dysregulation of glucose metabolism, resulting in an imbalance in the endometrial environment, which is unfavorable for embryo implantation of PCOS. This study aims to investigate whether nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) improves the stability of the endometrium in a rat model of PCOS and identifies whether it is related to reduce IR and increase glycolysis levels and its potential signaling pathway. Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats are fed letrozole and a high-fat diet (HFD) to form the PCOS model, then the model rats are treated with or without NMN. It randomly divided into control, PCOS, and PCOS-NMN groups according to the feeding and treating method. Compared with the PCOS group, the regular estrous cycles are restored, the serum androgen (p<0.01) and fasting insulin levels (p<0.05) are reduced, and endometrial morphology (p<0.05) is improved in NMN-PCOS group. Furthermore, NMN inhibits endometrial cell apoptosis, improves endometrial decidualization transition, reduces IR, restores the expression of glycolysis rate-limiting enzymes, and activates the PI3K/AKT pathway in the uterus. These results suggest that NMN enhances endometrial tissue homeostasis by decreasing uterine IR and regulating the glycolysis through the PI3K/AKT pathway.

The associations of the triglyceride-glucose index and its combination with blood pressure on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in hypertension: a national study.

The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a reliable surrogate biomarker of insulin resistance (IR), is highlighted recently as related to cardiac disorders. However, the associations of the TyG index and its combination with blood pressure (BP) on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in hypertension remain unclear. In this study, we included 9,635 hypertension patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2018. During a median follow-up of 8.00 years, a total number of 853 and 2,489 in cardiovascular and all-cause deaths occurred, respectively. After full adjustments, the individual TyG index was positively associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality with J-shaped dose-response relationships. The lowest risk thresholds of the TyG index for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality were 9.5551 and 9.3405, respectively. In joint analyses, the highest risks of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality were observed among those with elevated levels of both BP and IR [1.64 (1.18, 2.28), P = 0.0031; 1.39 (1.14, 1.70), P = 0.0011; respectively]. In sensitivity and subgroup analyses, the results were generally robust. Our data appeal a hypothesis that future treatments for hypertension may require a combination of BP controlled and IR improvement.

Atractylodes Lancea and Its Constituent, Atractylodin, Ameliorates Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease via AMPK Activation.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), which encompasses a spectrum of conditions ranging from simple steatosis to hepatocellular carcinoma, is a growing global health concern associated with insulin resistance. Since there are limited treatment options for MASLD, this study investigated the therapeutic potential of Atractylodes lancea, a traditional herbal remedy for digestive disorders in East Asia, and its principal component, atractylodin, in treating MASLD. Following 8 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, mice received oral doses of 30, 60, or 120 mg/kg of Atractylodes lancea. In HFD-fed mice, Atractylodes lancea treatment reduced the body weight; serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and alanine aminotransferase levels; and hepatic lipid content. Furthermore, Atractylodes lancea significantly ameliorated fasting serum glucose, fasting serum insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels in response to HFD. Additionally, a glucose tolerance test demonstrated improved glucose homeostasis. Treatment with 5 or 10 mg/kg atractylodin also resulted in anti-obesity, anti-steatosis, and glucose-lowering effects. Atractylodin treatment resulted in the downregulation of key lipogenic genes (Srebf1, Fasn, Scd2, and Dgat2) and the upregulation of genes regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. Notably, the molecular docking model suggested a robust binding affinity between atractylodin and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Atractylodin activated AMPK, which contributed to SREBP1c regulation. In conclusion, our results revealed that Atractylodes lancea and atractylodin activated the AMPK signaling pathway, leading to improvements in HFD-induced obesity, fatty liver, and glucose intolerance. This study suggests that the phytochemical, atractylodin, can be a treatment option for MASLD.

The effect of hydrophilic statins on adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, and vaspin levels in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats.

Statins may affect glucose metabolism through adipokines. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of hydrophilic statins on the levels of several adipokines in diabetic rats. Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: healthy control, untreated diabetic, diabetic treated with pravastatin, and diabetic treated with rosuvastatin. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Thereafter, 20 mg/kg/day doses of either pravastatin or rosuvastatin were administered to the treated diabetic rats for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the body weights, fasting blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, and insulin resistance, as well as the serum adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, and vaspin levels, were measured. Fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance levels were significantly higher, whereas insulin levels and body weight were significantly lower in the untreated diabetic group than in the control group. Diabetes caused significant decreases in adiponectin, leptin, and vaspin levels but a significant increase in visfatin levels. Pravastatin treatment significantly increased body weight and decreased fasting blood glucose levels, whereas rosuvastatin decreased body weight but did not affect fasting blood glucose levels. Pravastatin caused significant increases in both adiponectin and vaspin levels. However, rosuvastatin did not affect the adiponectin level but caused a significant decrease in the vaspin levels. Both pravastatin and rosuvastatin treatments decreased the leptin and visfatin levels. In conclusion, pravastatin is more effective at improving fasting blood glucose levels and body weight in diabetic rats, probably by increasing adiponectin and vaspin levels.