Levels Of Indoor Air Pollution Research Articles

Environmental house calls can reduce symptoms of chemical intolerance: a demonstration of personalized exposure medicine.

The goals of this investigation were to 1) identify and measure exposures inside homes of individuals with chemical intolerance (CI), 2) provide guidance for reducing these exposures, and 3) determine whether our environmental house calls (EHCs) intervention could reduce both symptoms and measured levels of indoor air contaminants. CI is an international public health and clinical concern, but few resources are available to address patients' often disabling symptoms. Numerous studies show that levels of indoor air pollutants can be two to five (or more) times higher than outdoor levels. Fragranced consumer products, including cleaning supplies, air fresheners, and personal care products, are symptom triggers commonly reported by susceptible individuals. A team of professionals trained and led by a physician/industrial hygienist and a certified indoor air quality specialist conducted a series of 5 structured EHCs in 37 homes of patients reporting CI. We report three case studies demonstrating that an appropriately structured home intervention can teach occupants how to reduce indoor air exposures and associated symptoms. Symptom improvement, documented using the Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory Symptom Star, corresponded with the reduction of indoor air volatile organic compounds, most notably fragrances. These results provide a deeper dive into 3 of the 37 cases described previously in Perales et al. (2022). We address the long-standing dilemma that worldwide reports of fragrance sensitivity have not previously been confirmed by human or animal challenge studies. Our ancient immune systems' 'first responders', mast cells, which evolved 500 million years ago, can be sensitized by synthetic organic chemicals whose production and use havegrown exponentially since World War II. We propose that these chemicals, which include now-ubiquitous fragrances, trigger mast cell degranulation and inflammatory mediator release in the olfactory-limbic tract, thus altering cerebral blood flow and impairing mood, memory, and concentration (often referred to as 'brain fog'). The time has come to translate these research findings into clinical and public health practice.

Ambient smoke exposure and indoor air quality in eastern Massachusetts during the 2023 wildfire season

ABSTRACT Widespread North American wildfires in 2023 led to exposure to ambient wildfire smoke outside of traditionally wildfire-prone regions. The objective was to evaluate levels of indoor air pollutants in relation to ambient wildfire smoke exposure in eastern Massachusetts. Using a real-time multipollutant sensor system in five Boston area households, this study assessed indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and total volatile organic compound concentrations (TVOC) two days before and during days of hazardous wildfire smoke exposure (smoke days). The relationship between ambient PM2.5 from regulatory monitors and indoor PM2.5 before and during smoke days was investigated by mixed effects linear regression. During smoke days and the preceding non-smoke days, median indoor PM2.5 was 9.9 µg/m3 and 3.5 µg/m3 (p < 0.001), respectively; median NO2 was 20.5 ppb and 18.4 ppb (p = 0.11); median TVOC was 6,715 µg/m3 and 5,361 µg/m3 (p = 0.35). A 1% increase in ambient PM2.5 was associated with a 0.93% increase in indoor PM2.5 on smoke days (95% CI, 0.54%–1.32%) and a 0.34% increase on non-smoke days (95% CI, 0.17%–0.66%), though interaction testing of smoke day status was not statistically significant (p = 0.14). In Northeastern US homes, indoor PM2.5 increased significantly during ambient wildfire smoke exposure, which may reflect increased infiltration and increased indoor particle-generating activities during smoke days. Implications: This study reports on household exposure to wildfire smoke in eastern Massachusetts, finding that indoor PM2.5 more than doubled compared to preceding non-smoke days, while indoor NO2 and TVOC did not significantly rise. Though the generalizability of this study is limited by the small number of homes studied, the findings suggest that more investigation is needed to understand indoor air pollution during future wildfire smoke exposure in regions not traditionally wildfire-prone and to inform mitigation efforts.

Analysing Indoor Air Pollution: A Study on Pollutant Levels and Air Quality Assessment in Social Housing Properties

Amid growing concerns over Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of pollutants to assess the environmental health in a few Case Study Buildings (CSBs). The main objectives were to evaluate the levels of key Indoor Air Pollutants (IAPs) (PM10, PM2.5, CO, CO2, TVOCs) and relative humidity across multiple social housing properties and to analyze how occupant behaviormay affect IAQ. Utilizing quantitative measurements, the study investigates the range and exposure of the building occupants to IAPs. The methodology involves the systematic measurement of IAPs through the installation of data loggers, focusing on pollutant levels to evaluate air quality across multiple CSBs. Findings show fluctuation in pollutant levels, with some IAPs demonstrating consistently within the acceptable range while others exhibit sporadic spikes in pollutant concentrations. The results indicate that significant attention should be given to PM10, CO, and VOCs. This study underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and targeted interventions to mitigate poor IAQ and ensure healthier indoor environments for building occupants. Further research and implementation of effective measures are imperative to safeguard public health and well-being.

Determinants of indoor air quality in Korean households: A nationwide study using the Eighth KNHANES

This study aimed to elucidate the determinants of indoor air quality in Korean households, analyzing data from the Eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Measurements focused on Particulate Matter 2.5, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde (HCHO), and total volatile organic compounds. We analyzed the impact of household characteristics and lifestyle factors on indoor air pollutant levels. Key factors such as household composition, the floor of residence, floor area, and living room floor material were significantly associated with pollutant concentrations. Additionally, lifestyle choices including type of cooking fuel, ventilation habits, cleaning frequency, usage of air fresheners, presence of smokers, use of humidifiers, and air purifiers were linked to variations in air quality. These findings highlight the importance of both architectural modifications and lifestyle adjustments in mitigating indoor air pollution. This study contributes to the existing knowledge on indoor air quality determinants, offering pivotal insights for public health strategies aimed at reducing exposure to indoor air pollutants.

Socio‐economic impact of solar cooking technologies on community kitchens under different climate conditions: A review

AbstractResidential cooking with non‐renewable energy sources, such as firewood, charcoal, natural gas, participate in the emission of more than a gigaton of CO2 per year, which represents 2% of the global CO2 emissions. Additionally, toxic particles including sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and mercury are released leading to elevated levels of indoor air pollution, and adversely affecting the health of the inhabitants. The residential sector's non‐renewable energy cooking devices also pose significant problems, consuming approximately 30%–40% of global energy usage, with over 80% dedicated to cooking applications. To mitigate the negative impacts of traditional cooking on health and the environment, various renewable energy‐based cooking technologies have been developed recently. The primary contributions of our paper are to: (a) present a comprehensive review of concentrated solar thermal cooking technologies, assessing their social, economic, and environmental impact across different climatic zones in developing countries like India; (b) classify and compare different solar cooking technologies, highlighting their advantages and limitations in various scenarios; (c) evaluate the energy efficiency of diverse solar cooking technologies; (d) analyze the impact of solar cookers on communities in developing countries; and (e) identify the challenges and future directions for solar cooker technologies, particularly in solar community kitchens. Our novel findings demonstrate that using solar cooking devices can reduce energy consumption by up to 56% in Indian schools. Moreover, the payback period ranges from 3 to 6 years, contingent on the technology's cost, climatic conditions, and available subsidies. Consequently, significant positive impacts on society, the economy, and the environment are observed when traditional cooking devices are replaced by solar cooking devices. This study provides a unique and thorough analysis, contributing to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable cooking solutions and their potential to transform energy consumption patterns in developing regions.

Impact of indoor air pollutant concentration levels on the health of press operators of printing facilities in Zaria Metropolis, Nigeria

Impact of indoor air pollutant concentration levels on the health of press operators of printing facilities in Zaria Metropolis, Nigeria

Assessing the risks associated with indoor and outdoor air quality in relation to the geographic placement of nursing home

Indoor air quality significantly impacts the well-being and health of elderly residents in nursing homes. This study was conducted to explore the connection between indoor and outdoor PM (Particulate Matter) concentrations in nursing homes and their association with the facilities' location and construction characteristics. The findings revealed that indoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 124 μg/m3 and 2–188.4 μg/m3, respectively, which were approximately 12.67 and 1.25 times higher than their outdoor counterparts. A strong correlation (P < 0.05) was identified between indoor PM levels and various factors, including proximity to parks, passenger terminals, and gas stations, as well as building attributes such as single-glazed windows, ceramic floor coverings, and the use of radiators. The risk assessment indicated that carcinogenic risk factors were well within acceptable limits for all nursing homes. However, it's important to note that certain PM components, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), may have long-term adverse effects on the health of nursing home residents. Even though indoor PM levels met the standards established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for particulate matter risk assessments, the study emphasized that even low levels of indoor air pollutants can affect the health and well-being of older adults, particularly considering the increased vulnerability associated with aging. Consequently, the study underscores the importance of nursing home location selection and the regular monitoring of particulate matter concentrations. These measures are essential for enhancing air quality within nursing homes, ultimately contributing to the improved well-being and health of their residents.

Impact of indoor air pollution on DNA damage and chromosome stability: a systematic review.

Indoor air pollution is becoming a rising public health problem and is largely resulting from the burning of solid fuels and heating in households. Burning these fuels produces harmful compounds, such as particulate matter regarded as a major health risk, particularly affecting the onset and exacerbation of respiratory diseases. As exposure to polluted indoor air can cause DNA damage including DNA sd breaks as well as chromosomal damage, in this paper, we aim to provide an overview of the impact of indoor air pollution on DNA damage and genome stability by reviewing the scientific papers that have used the comet, micronucleus, and γ-H2AX assays. These methods are valuable tools in human biomonitoring and for studying the mechanisms of action of various pollutants, and are readily used for the assessment of primary DNA damage and genome instability induced by air pollutants by measuring different aspects of DNA and chromosomal damage. Based on our search, in selected studies (in vitro, animal models, and human biomonitoring), we found generally higher levels of DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage due to indoor air pollutants compared to matched control or unexposed groups. In summary, our systematic review reveals the importance of the comet, micronucleus, and γ-H2AX assays as sensitive tools for the evaluation of DNA and genome damaging potential of different indoor air pollutants. Additionally, research in this particular direction is warranted since little is still known about the level of indoor air pollution in households or public buildings and its impact on genetic material. Future studies should focus on research investigating the possible impact of indoor air pollutants in complex mixtures on the genome and relate pollutants to possible health outcomes.

Indoor air quality prediction modeling for a naturally ventilated fitness building using RNN-LSTM artificial neural networks

Indoor air quality prediction modeling for a naturally ventilated fitness building using RNN-LSTM artificial neural networks

Analysis of air quality and ventilation systems in production working areas of PT. A

PT. A is a manufacturing industry specializing in plastic-based cosmetic packaging. The work area of blow molding and injection molding 1 &amp; 2 is the center of the company's main activity, involving many employees with diverse roles. The high density of work activity and heat-generating machines pose significant challenges to the workspace temperature, impacting worker health and well-being. Indoor air pollution levels, 2 to 10 times higher than outside, raise serious concerns, given people's prolonged indoor exposure. Poor air quality can lead to discomfort, health issues, and work accidents, affecting company operations and customer confidence. Three production units of PT. A were analyzed, focusing on air quality and ventilation systems. Primary data collection involved observations and interviews with four company informants regarding the ventilation system. Secondary data included direct measurements of air pollutants, dust particles, and environmental conditions by designated third parties. PT. A has implemented multiple mechanical ventilation systems to enhance airflow within the production area. Although the air quality in the blow molding and injection molding 1&amp;2 workspaces meets the standards of the Minister of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5 of 2018, the working climate in these three production areas exceeds the specified thresholds. Engineering interventions are recommended to address this issue and improve worker safety, health, comfort, and productivity without long-term consequences.

Development and Performance Evaluation of Biomass-Based Injera Baking Gasifier Stove: A Case Study of Clean Cooking Technologies in Ethiopia.

The primary energy source in Ethiopia is biomass. Over 80% of Ethiopians are rural dwellers who rely on biomass energy for lighting and cooking. In most parts of Ethiopia, injera is traditionally baked using an open fire, a three stone, or a device using woody biomass. These baking stoves have very low efficiency and consume a significant amount of fuel. Moreover, these traditional baking stoves have released large amounts of indoor air pollution, which has led to different types of health-related risks, especially for women and children in the country. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate efficient and fuel-saving injera baking technologies. Rigorously, an injera baking gasifier stove was designed, developed, and characterized in detail through water boiling and control cooking test methods. The indoor air pollution level was evaluated using particulate matter measuring instruments. The result indicated that the developed gasifier stove had a thermal efficiency of 21.8%. Furthermore, an 86% fuel savings performance was demonstrated by the controlled cooking test for the injera baking gasifier stove. The average emission concentrations of particulate matter and carbon monoxide were 608 µg/m3 and 9 ppm, respectively, during indoor air pollution determination. The study showed that injera baking gasifier stoves are a promising cooking technology for societies where baking is mostly dependent on traditional biomass fuel.

Household air pollution and attributable burden of disease in rural China: A literature review and a modelling study

Household air pollution prevails in rural residences across China, yet a comprehensive nationwide comprehending of pollution levels and the attributable disease burdens remains lacking. This study conducted a systematic review focusing on elucidating the indoor concentrations of prevalent household air pollutants—specifically, PM2.5, PAHs, CO, SO2, and formaldehyde—in rural Chinese households. Subsequently, the premature deaths and economic losses attributable to household air pollution among the rural population of China were quantified through dose-response relationships and the value of statistical life. The findings reveal that rural indoor air pollution levels frequently exceed China's national standards, exhibiting notable spatial disparities. The estimated annual premature mortality attributable to household air pollution in rural China amounts to 966 thousand (95% CI: 714–1226) deaths between 2000 and 2022, representing approximately 22.2% (95% CI: 16.4%−28.1%) of total mortality among rural Chinese residents. Furthermore, the economic toll associated with these premature deaths is estimated at 486 billion CNY (95% CI: 358–616) per annum, constituting 0.92% (95% CI: 0.68%−1.16%) of China's GDP. The findings quantitatively demonstrate the substantial disease burden attributable to household air pollution in rural China, which highlights the pressing imperative for targeted, region-specific interventions to ameliorate this pressing public health concern.

Nexus of Gender and Renewable Energy: Importance and Trends in Global and National context

This is an article on “Nexus of Gender and Renewable Energy: Importance and Trends in Global and National context”. Here, as per objectives of the study, literatures on the respective issues have been reviewed by a desk review process. This paper has highlighted the issues on importance and trends of gender-energy nexus. The reviews have tried to show association between SDG 7: "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.” SDG: 5 is "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls" for sustainable development. The major highlight of the paper is effective Policy implication, participation, importance and trends, poverty and energy justice and transitions are inseparable entities of gender energy nexus. Energy access saves time, reduces drudgery, reduces indoor air pollution levels, improves education and improves health of women, alleviates poverty etc. Energy access creates new opportunities for income generating activities.

Experimental Investigation and Performance Evaluation of Jatropha Oil-Biodiesel Blending with Kerosene for Domestic Cooking and Lighting Applications.

Reducing indoor air pollution and the related costs requires developing efficient cooking and lighting technologies as well as alternative energy sources. The appropriateness of virgin jatropha (Jatropha curcas) oil, its biodiesel, and the blending of these fuels with kerosene for wick stove lighting and cooking was examined in this study. To describe the fuel performance, a range of blending ratios were examined and characterizations were made of the fuel's density, calorific value, boiling point, viscosity, and rate of fuel consumption. To assess the fuels' thermal degradation behaviors, thermogravimetric and water boiling tests were performed. An air pollution meter was used to describe the levels of indoor air pollution. According to the findings, the virgin oil from Jatropha has a kinematic viscosity of 30.1 mm2/s. The 50% jatropha oil and 80% biodiesel blended with kerosene showed a reduction in viscosity of 72.6% and 46.8%, respectively. The thermal efficiency of the virgin oil, its biodiesel, and blending of these fuels with kerosene was in the range of 10-48%. Complete degradation of jatropha oil, its biodiesel, and 40 : 60 ratio of jatropha biodiesel and kerosene blend was conducted in the temperature range of 480-700 k, 185-280.6 K, and 100-300 K, respectively. The activation energies of jatropha oil, biodiesel, and kerosene blend (40 : 60) were 191.3, 73, and 25 kJ/mol, respectively. The average concentrations of particulate matter and carbon monoxide for pure jatropha oil biodiesel were 209.71 µg/m3 and 5.5 mg/kg, respectively. Thus, jatropha biodiesel and its blending with kerosene are suitable fuels for cooking and lighting operations in rural communities who are living far from the electrical grid compared with virgin oil fuel.

Indoor particulate matter concentrations and air cleaner intervention association with biomarkers in former smokers with COPD

BackgroundIndoor pollutants have been associated with worse clinical outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Elevated biomarkers are associated with ambient pollution exposure, however the association with indoor pollution remains unclear. MethodsFormer smokers with spirometry-confirmed COPD were randomized to portable air cleaner or placebo. Indoor particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, and ultrafine particles [UFP; PM<0.1]) and biomarkers were measured longitudinally at pre-specified intervals and course PM fraction (PM10-2.5) was calculated. Biomarkers were categorized based on associations with biologic mechanisms: inflammation (white blood cell count, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, serum amyloid A), platelet activation (P-selectin, CD40 ligand [CD40L], 11-dehdydro-thromboxane-B2 [11dTxB2]), endothelial dysfunction (Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule [VCAM]-1, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule [ICAM]-1), and oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS], 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 8-isoprostane). Associations between PM concentrations and each biomarker were analyzed using multivariable linear mixed models. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed to evaluate the air cleaner intervention on the biomarker levels longitudinally. ResultsFifty-eight participants were randomized to each group. Finer PM was more strongly associated with higher IL-8 (mean difference per doubling: UFP 13.9% [p = 0.02], PM2.5 6.8% [p = 0.002], PM10-2.5 5.0% [p = 0.02]) while interferon-γ was associated with UFP and IL-1β with PM10-2.5. UFP and PM2.5 were associated with elevated levels of the oxidative stress biomarkers TBARS and 8-isoprostane respectively. For platelet activation markers, UFP was associated with higher 11dTxB2 while PM2.5 was associated with higher P-selectin and CD40L. Pollutants were not associated with biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction. In intention-to-treat analysis there was no association of the air cleaner intervention with any of the biomarkers. DiscussionAmong former smokers with COPD, elevated levels of indoor air pollutants, particularly ultrafine particles (PM<0.1), were associated with elevated biomarkers of inflammation, platelet activation, and oxidative stress. However, an air cleaner intervention that reduced PM did not significantly reduce biomarker levels.

Analysis of inequalities in personal exposure to PM2.5: A modelling study for the Greater London school-aged population

Exposure to air pollution can lead to negative health impacts, with children highly susceptible due to their immature immune and lung systems. Childhood exposure may vary by socio-economic status (SES) due to differences in both outdoor and indoor air pollution levels, the latter of which depends on, for example, building quality, overcrowding and occupant behaviours; however, exposure estimates typically rely on the outdoor component only. Quantifying population exposure across SES requires accounting for variations in time-activity patterns, outdoor air pollution concentrations, and concentrations in indoor microenvironments that account for pollution-generating occupant behaviours and building characteristics. Here, we present a model that estimates personal exposure to PM2.5 for ~1.3 million children aged 4–16 years old in the Greater London region from different income groups. The model combines 1) A national time-activity database, which gives the percentage of each group in different residential and non-residential microenvironments throughout a typical day; 2) Distributions of modelled outdoor PM2.5 concentrations; 3) Detailed estimates of domestic indoor concentrations for different housing and occupant typologies from the building physics model, EnergyPlus, and; 4) Non-domestic concentrations derived from a mass-balance approach. The results show differences in personal exposure across socio-economic groups for children, where the median daily exposure across all scenarios (winter/summer and weekends/weekdays) is 17.2 μg/m3 (95%CIs: 12.1 μg/m3–41.2 μg/m3) for children from households in the lowest income quintile versus 14.5 μg/m3 (95%CIs: 11.5 μg/m3 – 27.9 μg/m3) for those in the highest income quintile. Though those from lower-income homes generally fare worse, approximately 57 % of London's school-aged population across all income groups, equivalent to 761,976 children, have a median daily exposure which exceeds guideline 24-h limits set by the World Health Organisation. The findings suggest residential indoor sources of PM2.5 are a large contributor to personal exposure for school children in London. Interventions to reduce indoor exposure in the home (for example, via the maintenance of kitchen extract ventilation and transition to cleaner cooking fuels) should therefore be prioritised along with the continued mitigation of outdoor sources in Greater London.

Exposure of Elderly People to Indoor Air Pollutants in Wanxia Nursing Home

The elderly residing in nursing homes are typically more advanced in age, have more health issues, and spend more time indoors than other elderly people. This study explored the indoor air quality in the Wanxia nursing home, the largest private nursing home in Chengdu, China, based on long-term measurement data. Air pollutant sensors measured the level of air pollution in the Wanxia nursing home from March 2021 to February 2022. This study obtained several important results: (1) The indoor air quality index (IAQI) of the Wanxia nursing home was at a low pollution level in spring, summer, and autumn, and at a moderate pollution level in winter. PM concentration played the most important role in determining indoor air quality; (2) During winter, the 24 h mean indoor concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were close to or even exceeded the standard limits. During winter and summer nights, indoor CO2 levels were very close to or greater than 1000 ppm. During spring and summer nights, the indoor TVOC concentrations exceeded the limit (0.45 mg/m3); (3) Apart from HCHO concentrations in autumn, the levels of other indoor air pollutants were significantly influenced by their outdoor levels. In addition, the seasonal indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of CO2 and TVOCs exceeded 1; and (4) Indoor CO2 levels were closely related to indoor temperature (Ta) and relative humidity (RH) in each season. PM10 concentration correlated with Ta and RH in summer, while PM2.5 concentration did not correlate with Ta and RH in winter. The indoor TVOC level positively correlated with RH. Lastly, the indoor HCHO level was minimally influenced by changes in Ta and RH. Due to the above results, this study proposes targeted strategies for improving indoor air quality in nursing homes.

Effects of indoor air quality and home environmental characteristics on allergic diseases among preschool children in the Greater Taipei Area

Indoor air quality and home environmental characteristics are potential factors associated with the onset and exacerbation of allergic diseases. Our study examined the effects of these factors on allergic diseases (i.e., asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and atopic dermatitis) among preschool children. We recruited a total of 120 preschool children from an ongoing birth cohort study in the Greater Taipei Area. A comprehensive environmental evaluation was conducted at each participant's residence and included measurements of indoor and outdoor air pollutants, fungal spores, endotoxins, and house dust mite allergens. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the allergic diseases and home environments of participants. Land-use characteristics and points of interest in the surrounding area of each home were analyzed. Other covariates were obtained from the cohort data. Multiple logistic regressions were used to examine the relationships between allergic diseases and covariates. We observed that all mean indoor air pollutant levels were below Taiwan's indoor air quality standards. After adjustment for covariates, the total number of fungal spores and the ozone, Der f 1, and endotoxin levels were significantly associated with increased risks of allergic diseases. Biological contaminants more significantly affected allergic diseases than other pollutants. Moreover, home environmental characteristics (e.g., living near power facilities and gas stations) were associated with an increased risk of allergic diseases. Regular and proper home sanitation is recommended to prevent the accumulation of indoor pollutants, especially biological contaminants. Living away from potential sources of pollution is also crucial for protecting the health of children.

Indoor air pollution in India: sources to solution

The indoor air pollution is important area of concern in modern times where we spent most of time indoors after our daily routine. This is also a serious public health concern in India with more than half of the Indian households relying on solid fuel use. The important sources for indoor air pollution include PM 2.5, VOCs and biological pollutants. Three pronged strategy of source reduction through certain changes, adequate ventilation of living spaces and correct methods of cleaning the indoor air by use of air purifiers and indoor plants will help to reduce the indoor air pollution levels thereby decrease its impact on our health. In this article, we reviewed these strategies. Though all standardised survey shows decreasing trend in the tobacco consumption, it is still at higher level that affects the community. Policy makers should channelize their efforts to use innovative ways for IEC and for controlling addiction.

Calculate modeling of the level of indoor air pollution during its cleaning with air purifiers

The article proposes a computational method for determining the concentrations of pollutants inside a ventilated or cleaned room, taking into account the initial conditions and parameters of the flow rate, incoming or purified air, the volume of the room, the initial concentrations of the pollutant in the atmospheric air and in the room air, the parameters of the efficiency of the air cleaner. The article proposes the solution of two mass transfer equations under known initial conditions for two methods of cleaning rooms. When solving the first equation, a direct mass transfer calculation was carried out, which makes it possible to determine the effect of natural or artificial ventilation used indoors with small linear dimensions on the change in the concentration of the selected air polluting substance in the form of a chemical compound or an aerosol containing biological or chemical pollutants. When solving the second equation, a direct mass transfer calculation was carried out, which makes it possible to determine the effect of the operation of an air purifier used indoors with small linear dimensions on the change in the concentration of the selected air polluting substance in the form of a chemical compound or an aerosol containing biological or chemical pollutants. Calculations allow us to determine the time during which a residential office or industrial space is saturated with pollutants or cleaned to the required air quality standards, taking into account the influence of factors such as pollution of the surface layers of atmospheric air, the appearance of pollutants inside the room, the performance and efficiency of ventilation or air purification systems. The proposed calculation methods can be used to determine changes in the quality of indoor air over time, including taking into account changes in oxygen concentrations and pollutants indoors, determining the effectiveness of ventilation and air purification systems of various capacities in residential, office, medical and industrial premises. Ethics. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.