Levels Of Housing Affordability Research Articles

ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ МЕХАНИЗМ ИНЖЕНЕРНОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНЫХ УЧАСТКОВ МАЛОЭТАЖНОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА

The article touches upon the urgent issue of the need to develop a segment of low-rise housing construction. The indicators of apartment prices in St. Petersburg and Moscow over the past year are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn about the low level of housing affordability in cities for citizens at the present stage. One of the key barriers to the development of the potential of the low-rise housing construction market, namely the acute shortage of engineering-prepared land plots for construction, is considered. The values of indicators characterizing the state of engineering networks in rural areas are presented. The author's organizational and economic mechanism for the development of a system for providing engineering infrastructure for land plots has been developed. The presented mechanism consists of four stages: planning, organization, control, monitoring, and is also structured according to the priority of sites and methods of financing.

Can community land trust models work in Peru? Researching community-based land tenure models for affordable housing

Purpose In pursuit of affordable housing, the Sustainable Urban Development Act of 2021 contains regulations for community land trusts (CLTs) in Peru. This study aims to assess whether the CLT model can be an effective tool for low-income housing generation in the Peruvian context. Design/methodology/approach This study draws upon information collected from qualitative research and official statistical data to identify the main problems in the Peruvian housing sector. The authors gathered evidence from specialised literature to examine the benefits and drawbacks of CLT implementation and functionality as experienced in the USA, England and Canada in contrast to Puerto Rico and Brazil. To assess the potential effectiveness of the CLT model in Peru, the results from the examination of both groups of countries are analysed and contrasted with the evidence from the Peruvian experience. Findings Through micro-scale interventions in places with a consolidated sense of community, the CLT model can be an effective tool for affordable housing generation. However, no robust evidence suggests that the CLT model could be an effective tool for large-scale intervention in cities with disorganised and accelerated growth. Moreover, the level of housing affordability defined by the CLT model may be insufficient for people from the lowest-income percentiles. Originality/value Peruvian CLT adaptation will require a shift in individual property mind-sets. Furthermore, the model should be enhanced by governmental support through public subsidies and backed by mortgage loans and land grant programmes.

Regional spillover of housing (un)affordability: an empirical study on the residential housing markets for first-time buyers in the U.K

ABSTRACT This study examines the lead–lag relationships between the levels of housing affordability of different regions of the U.K. By utilizing government data, a number of housing affordability indicators are constructed to explore whether spatial diffusion exists between different regional submarkets of first-time homebuyers over the period of 2000 – 2021. The results reveal that during periods of economic expansion, housing unaffordability tended to diffuse from regions of slower economic growth to regions of higher economic development. It is further evident that in the aftermath of the GFC, the London housing market Granger-caused other regional markets in terms of housing (un)affordability. Lastly, the U.K’.s decision to leave the EU in 2016 seems to have led to more divergence between the submarket regions, which in a Granger causal sense, have become less causally correlated in terms of pricing. We conjecture that the causal interactions between the different regional housing submarkets exist with the lead–lag relationships governed primarily by their underlying macroeconomic fundamentals.

Analysis of factors affecting the level of housing affordability in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Currently, the availability and provision of housing for citizens of the country are becoming one of the priority issues for Kazakhstan. With the instability of the economic situation, there is a need to ensure the effective implementation of state actions to provide citizens with affordable housing. The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of housing market and identify factors affecting the level of its availability. In assessing the current state of Kazakhstan's affordable housing market, the following problems were identified: non-compliance with the UN standard and imperfection of the construction materials market, which showed the immaturity of this market and sensitivity to new changes and needs further development. In assessing the development of the Kazakhstan’s housing market, the mathematical model showed that the factor most affecting the price of housing is the average monthly income of households and it was found that an increase in average household wages by 1 thousand tenge will lead to an increase in housing prices by an average of 984 tenge, indicates the need to increase the volume of supply compared to the support of demand in this market. It was found that in the studied conditions 96.94% of the total variability of Y is explained by a change in X factors. The research methodology includes an analysis of factors affecting the price, supply and demand in the housing market, an assessment of HPI indicators showing how affordable housing is for citizens, and a qualitative indicator – the housing supply coefficient.

MAPPING THE HOUSING AFFORDABILITY IN BEKASI CITY

High urban population growth increases the housing demand and housing prices due to its limitations. These increasing urban housing prices affect housing affordability, especially for urban families with low and medium incomes. If people could buy a house with a large area in the past, now they need years to save money to buy a house with a smaller plot area. This study aims to study the level of housing affordability in Bekasi City based on current property prices. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method with three stages of analysis, namely property price analysis based on location, purchasing power analysis, and affordability analysis of house prices in Bekasi City. For buildings area up to 60m2, the price ranges from 350 to 800 million rupiahs, while the house purchasing power is less than 2.5 million per month. This research shows that most of the residents of Bekasi City cannot afford housing prices not only because of high land prices but rather its location.

Housing Affordability as a Social Problem of Russian Society: Assessment of the Population and Experts (on the Material of the City of Kazan)

The social position of an individual in society depends on the degree of reach of individual social benefits. The presence of low accessibility to significant objects, in particular, to vital values, housing, can provoke deprivation processes. According to official data on housing affordability, on average, Russian agglomerations have a housing market characterized as a market with not very affordable housing. Against the background of the “corona crisis” of 2020, there was a decrease in housing affordability. An analysis of housing affordability based on objective indicators cannot always fully reflect the complex nature of this problem; therefore, it seems relevant to study the level of housing affordability based on subjective indicators (opinions, assessments of the population, specialists). The purpose of the work is to identify the degree of affordability of purchasing housing, the possibilities for its improvement for Kazan citizens, and to characterize the factors that have a negative impact on the possibilities of acquiring housing. Based on the author's mass survey of the population of Kazan (n=1,076), a survey of Kazan realtors (n=348) and an expert interview (n=5), it was revealed that many Kazan families are quite limited in the possibilities of acquiring new housing or improving it: the average value The coefficient of affordability for acquiring new housing ranges from 2 (acquisition of housing is seriously complicated) to 1 (acquisition of housing is practically inaccessible). Negative factors for improving the living conditions of Kazan citizens are: the high market cost of acquiring property, low incomes, income instability, the threat of job loss and unfavorable mortgage lending conditions. Single-parent families and young families with children, pensioners, the disabled, orphans, and students remain among the socially vulnerable groups of the population. In recentyears, this list has been supplemented by public sector employees. For the optimal solution of the housing issue, federal and regional authorities need to pay attention to the growth of real incomes of the population and the regulation of housing prices.

АКТУАЛЬНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ЖИТЛОВОГО ФОНДУ В УКРАЇНІ

The study emphasizes certain prerequisites that create significant obstacles in the development of the housing stock in Ukraine. The analysis of the latest researches and publications proved the high interest of scientists in the study of trends and problematic aspects of the establishment and development of state housing policy. An analysis of the state and trends of the housing stock, its provision with the necessary equipment was carried out, and it was concluded that despite the fairly significant volumes of housing construction in Ukraine, which were characteristic especially for 2010-2012, the country’s total housing stock over the past 20 years (2000-2020) has practically not changed. In the structure of the domestic housing stock, the urban housing stock dominates – 61.6% in 2020. However, its share decreased slightly during the analysed period. In general, the predominance of urban housing stock is a natural characteristic. Indicators of the provision of the population of the regions of Ukraine with the housing fund have been calculated. It is positive that the growth of both the total area of residential premises and the directly residential area of residential premises in 2019-2021 is typical for the vast majority of regions of Ukraine. It was emphasized that the amount of dilapidated housing stock in both Ukraine and its regions remains large (in terms of physical indicators). As of 2020, this figure was 3.3 million m2 in the country as a whole, and in some regions it was from 100 to 300 thousand m2. The situation in such regions of our country as Kharkiv (712.8 thousand m2), Odesa (329.2 thousand m2), Vinnytsia (221.4 thousand m2), Donetsk (236.4 thousand m2) and Poltava region (201.5 thousand m2) should be considered especially critical. It is suggested that the main vectors of the state housing policy include increasing the level of housing affordability for the population, development of the housing market, formation and development of housing policy infrastructure

ДОСТУПНОСТЬ ЖИЛЬЯ В РЕГИОНАХ РОССИИ: АНАЛИЗ И ИНТЕГРАЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА

Housing affordability in the regions of Russia based on the calculation of indicators that characterize the ability of citizens to improve housing conditions in the housing market and in the rental market is analyzed in this paper. Approach to a comprehensive assessment of housing affordability in the regions based on determining the aggregate rating of the region by the level of housing affordability is developed by the authors. The proposed approach is based on the method of sums of ranks – the aggregate rating of the region by housing affordability is determined by using the total rank of the region by the level of housing affordability. Sum of ranks of region by indicators of housing affordability is total rank of the region. The approach developed by the authors allows for a comprehensive analysis of housing affordability in the regions, taking into account the investment opportunities of the population in the primary and secondary housing market, in the rental housing market, as well as the availability of housing mortgage lending in Russia. Assessment of the aggregate housing affordability rating is the basis for analyzing housing affordability at different stages of housing reproduction. The proposed approach also allows to analyze the relationship between the comprehensive level of housing affordability in the regions and other parameters that characterize the development of the housing sector. The proposed approach is tested in this article. Significant differences in the level of investment opportunities for households in the regional housing markets was shown based on the determination of the aggregate rating of housing affordability in 78 regions of Russia. The influence of housing affordability in the regions on the volume of housing construction based on the analytical grouping of data was shown.

Determinants of housing affordability in the region

The issue of providing the population with affordable housing is one of the most pressing social concerns. Each region necessitates a distinct approach. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors that influence a housing affordability level in the region, analyze the impact mechanisms inherent in them, and assess the quantitative impact of these factors on the housing affordability index. The following factors have a direct impact on housing affordability: the rate of inflation, the population size, the cost of housing, the loan interest rate, the rate of housing construction, the investment scale, the income level of the population, and the economic system's overall development level. The quantitative assessment of the cumulative impact of these factors on the level of housing affordability is based on building a regression model describing how the housing affordability index in the region depends on multiple factors and assessing its reliability. The simulation model confirmed that the supply, demand, and housing market conditions have the greatest impact on housing affordability in the region.

Affordable Housing for Young Adults in Latvia

Abstract The topic is related to the need for housing as a social need for every member of society and its inaccessibility, mainly due to lack of finance. Housing affordability is a concept that indicates whether households are able to purchase or rent a home, maintain it and cover other non-housing expenses. Housing is one of the most important basic human values, but in the housing market, young households, whose incomes tend to be lower and more volatile, often face difficulties in finding affordable housing. For this reason, young adults are often considered high-risk tenants. Uncertainty in the rental market, restrictions on buying a home, and financial difficulties have a significant impact on young people’s ability to buy or rent their own home and often lead to short-term renting and regular housing changes. Various events that have a significant impact on the national economy, e.g., the financial crisis, have affected all the population in different countries over time, but it is believed that these events have had the most significant impact on young people’s living standards and on the level of housing affordability for youth. Therefore, it has been decided to evaluate the economic situation in the European Union, to analyse the socio-economic indicators for young people aged 20 to 34 years, and to study the concept of housing affordability both in Latvia and in the EU. The goal of the research is to analyse the possibilities of increasing the housing affordability for youth.

Recent housing affordability in urban China: A comprehensive overview

In this study, we provide a comprehensive overview of housing affordability in China from both the macro and micro perspectives. We extend the scope of housing affordability analysis to all Chinese cities based on a unique panel dataset in 275 Chinese prefecture cities from 2014 to 2018. We also make a novel methodological contribution to the literature by employing micro-level data from an anonymous major Chinese city in 2015. Our results suggest that the overall level of housing affordability in Chinese cities remained relatively stable or even improved during the sample period. However, we identify a few “superstar cities,” such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Xiamen, which are associated with a serious housing affordability problem. This problem arises from both a shortage of supply in the space market and a potential mispricing in the asset market, and may have a spillover effect on surrounding cities due to home purchase restrictions in the superstar cities. Within these cities, the housing affordability problem leads to longer commuting time due to the separation of home and workplace, and lower housing space consumption for the residents.

Housing market in rural areas of Russia: developmental factors and problems of study

The rural housing market traditionally performs important socio-economic functions by meeting the demand of population for housing. The level of housing affordability for the population and the level of housing improvement are indirect factors for the development of agricultural production, as they contribute to creating comfortable conditions for everyday life in rural areas. The authors of this article analyzed main problems associated with the study of the rural housing market in Russia, and concluded that the informational base that is formed in the public statistical system deemed is insufficient. The authors also conducted an analysis of scientific publications in relation to the topic and identified factors that can be considered as the basis of the development of rural housing market in Russia.

County-level housing affordability in relation to risk factors for cardiovascular disease among middle-aged adults: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979.

Housing is a fundamental social determinant of health yet housing affordability has diminished over much of the twenty-first century. Research on housing affordability as a determinant of health is limited, but studies to date have shown correlations with mental health. However, few studies have examined the relationship between housing affordability and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Americans. Using a nationally-representative sample of middle-aged adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979 (NLSY79) and exploiting quasi-experimental variation before and after the Great Recession, we estimated the associations between the change in median county-level percentage of household income spent on housing (rent/mortgage) between 2000 and 2008 and individual-level risks of incident hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and depression from 2008 to 2014. We employed conditional fixed effects logistic regression models to reduce bias due to time-invariant confounding. Each percentage point increase in county-level median percentage of household income spent on housing was associated with a 22% increase in the odds of incident hypertension (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.42; p = 0.01), a 37% increased odds of obesity (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.00-1.87; p = 0.049), and a 15% increased odds of depression (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.01-1.31; p = 0.03), controlling for individual- and area-level factors. These associations were stronger among renters than homeowners, and among men compared to women. Our findings suggest that lower levels of housing affordability contribute to worse risk profiles for cardiovascular disease. Policies that make housing more affordable may help to reduce the population burden of cardiovascular disease.

Abstract MP49: Lower Levels of County Housing Affordability Are Linked to Worse Cardiometabolic Risk Profiles in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Introduction: Housing is a fundamental social determinant of health. Past studies have shown that high levels of unaffordable housing raise residents’ chances of moving, often redistributing individuals into socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods and dwellings. This may simultaneously expose individuals to health-detrimental factors while limiting their exposure to health-promoting factors. Residents within unaffordable housing areas may also experience adverse physical and mental health outcomes through various psychosocial, behavioral and material pathways. Yet few studies have examined the relationship between housing affordability and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Americans. Hypothesis: We investigated the hypothesis that lower levels of county housing affordability are linked to higher odds of incident hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and depression. Methods: Using a nationally-representative sample of 3,722 middle-aged to older adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979 and exploiting quasi-experimental variation before and after the Great Recession, we estimated the associations between the change in median county-level percentage of household income spent on housing (rent, mortgage) between 2000 and 2008 and individual-level odds of incident hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and depression during the follow-up period 2008-2014. Incidence of hypertension and diabetes was assessed through survey-reported physician diagnosis. Obesity was defined as a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 , and depression was measured using the 7-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and designated based on a cut-off score of 7. We employed fixed effects logistic regression models to reduce bias due to time-invariant confounding. Results: Each percentage point increase in the median county-level percentage of household income spent on rent or mortgage was associated with a 17% increase in the odds (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.39; p = 0.047) of incident hypertension, a 37% increase in the odds (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.87; p = 0.049) of obesity, and a 15% increased odds (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.31; p = 0.030) of depression, controlling for individual- and area-level demographic and socioeconomic factors. No association was observed for diabetes. These associations were stronger among renters than among homeowners, and in men compared to women. In sensitivity analyses, these findings were robust when we limited the sample to non-movers and when we used alternative depression score cut-points. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that lower levels of housing affordability contribute to worse risk profiles for cardiovascular disease. Policies that make housing more affordable may help to reduce the population burden of cardiovascular disease.

Abstract 016: Lower Levels of County Housing Affordability Are Linked to Worse Cardiometabolic Risk Profiles in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Introduction: Housing is a fundamental social determinant of health. Past studies have shown that high levels of unaffordable housing raise residents’ chances of moving, often redistributing individuals into socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods and dwellings. This may simultaneously expose individuals to health-detrimental factors while limiting their exposure to health-promoting factors. Residents within unaffordable housing areas may also experience adverse physical and mental health outcomes through various psychosocial, behavioral and material pathways. Yet few studies have examined the relationship between housing affordability and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Americans. Hypothesis: We investigated the hypothesis that lower levels of county housing affordability are linked to higher odds of incident hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and depression. Methods: Using a nationally-representative sample of 3,722 middle-aged to older adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979 and exploiting quasi-experimental variation before and after the Great Recession, we estimated the associations between the change in median county-level percentage of household income spent on housing (rent, mortgage) between 2000 and 2008 and individual-level odds of incident hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and depression during the follow-up period 2008-2014. Incidence of hypertension and diabetes was assessed through survey-reported physician diagnosis. Obesity was defined as a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 , and depression was measured using the 7-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and designated based on a cut-off score of 7. We employed fixed effects logistic regression models to reduce bias due to time-invariant confounding. Results: Each percentage point increase in the median county-level percentage of household income spent on rent or mortgage was associated with a 17% increase in the odds (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.39; p = 0.047) of incident hypertension, a 37% increase in the odds (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.87; p = 0.049) of obesity, and a 15% increased odds (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.31; p = 0.030) of depression, controlling for individual- and area-level demographic and socioeconomic factors. No association was observed for diabetes. These associations were stronger among renters than among homeowners, and in men compared to women. In sensitivity analyses, these findings were robust when we limited the sample to non-movers and when we used alternative depression score cut-points. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that lower levels of housing affordability contribute to worse risk profiles for cardiovascular disease. Policies that make housing more affordable may help to reduce the population burden of cardiovascular disease.

Cultural Lineage Constraints to Public Housing Affordability in Papua New Guinea

<p><em>This paper investigates the impact of cultural lineage (wantokism) in Papua New Guinea on public housing affordability and sustainability in the country, using the two largest cities of Port Moresby and Lae as case studies in a country that has maintained strong cultural bonds of families, clans and tribes for centuries to support each other in the Melanesian way. In principle, public housing units are subsidised by government and other public institutions to cushion the harsh effects of inflation and property market externalities on low- and middle-income civil servants who can hardly afford market rentals. However, other factors such as cultural lineage (wantokism)</em><em> </em><em>tend</em><em> </em><em>to wipe off the intended benefits of the so-called subsidy. A study of eight (four from each city) randomly selected public housing areas in the two cities of Port Moresby and Lae was carried out in 2016witha representative, stratified random sample of 157 sitting tenants. The stratification of the population was based on low, medium and high</em><em> </em><em>income groups using the country’s public servants’ performance salary scale 2012-2013, which is a secondary database. Data collection instruments were structured questionnaires, formal and informal interviews combined with simultaneous field observations through transact walk. Based on a theoretical framework gleaned from the General Systems Theory, findings indicate that the “cultural lineage” of the indigenous people of PNG has a significant negative impact on public housing affordability exacerbated by adverse economic factors including low</em><em> </em><em>income and low housing allowances paid to public housing tenants by public employers, including the government. The study also reveals that cultural lineage has a significant negative impact on the aggregate income of households due to</em><em> </em><em>extended family size, high incidence of family members who are not gainfully employed,</em><em> </em><em>high dependency rate in the extended families with expected responsibilities as guardians,</em><em> </em><em>marital status of many tenants with many children who attend schools, and the low educational qualifications of some tenants with daunting commitments to the lineage group. The paper makes strategic recommendations including speedy codification of PNG customs, mass empowerment, and improved economic emancipation of the general public for purposes of raising housing affordability levels in PNG in general and in the two cities of Port Moresby and Lae in particular.</em><em></em></p>

ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF ENTRY IN ACTION OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSES IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The level of housing affordability shows the economic opportunities of the population, the strategic activities of the state aimed at improving the lives of citizens. In this article as object of research dynamics of volumes of the put into operation houses in urban and rural areas of the Russian Federation, and also dynamics of volumes of the houses constructed by the population at the expense of own and attracted means in an urban area was considered. The article considers the characteristics of basic and chain indicators. The forecast for 2020 of volumes of the entered housing is made.

Housing Affordability in Urban China: A Comprehensive Overview

In this study, we provide a comprehensive overview of housing affordability in China from both the macro and micro perspectives. We extend the scope of housing affordability analysis to all Chinese cities based on a unique panel dataset in 275 Chinese prefecture cities from 2014 to 2018. We also make a novel methodological contribution to the literature by employing micro-level data from an anonymous major Chinese city in 2015. Our results suggest that the overall level of housing affordability in Chinese cities remained relatively stable or even improved during the sample period. However, we identify a few “superstar cities,” such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Xiamen, which are associated with a serious housing affordability problem. This problem arises from both a shortage of supply in the space market and a potential mispricing in the asset market, and may have a spillover effect on surrounding cities due to home purchase restrictions in the superstar cities. Within these cities, the housing affordability problem leads to longer commuting time due to the separation of home and workplace, and lower housing space consumption for the residents.

Housing, debt and the economy: a tale of two countries

In housing affordability levels and volatility, there could hardly be a greater contrast than between the UK and Germany. Differences in history, institutions and policies are explored in this paper. Residential housing supply has been far more expansionary in Germany and mortgage credit more tightly regulated. A sensibly regulated rental market and stable German house prices have combined to leave the rental sector with over half of tenures. Policy failures in the UK have resulted in widening intergenerational inequality, increased social exclusion, adversely affected productivity and growth and raised the risk of financial instability. Policy lessons are drawn for the UK, which go far beyond the remit of the immediately responsible Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government.

Affordability Measurement among Public Housing Tenants In Ipoh, Malaysia

Affordability issues are frequently debated by housing policy makers. These debates on housing affordability issues occur not only in developing countries, but have attracted attention even in developed nations. Housing affordability requires careful consideration since housing forms one of the biggest expenditure that needs to be allocated for by a family, especially those from the low-income bracket. As not all households can afford to own a house, renting is the last resort for such households. Some of them must rely on public housing tenancies. It is thus crucial for housing management to use a discerning selection process for eligible tenants for the public housing due to the limited supply. Hence, a suitable method of measuring affordability needs to be adopted by the housing management. Affordability measurement methods offer various benefits not only to the policy makers; they also help households determine their own housing affordability levels. The approaches employed in this study are through literature review, reviews of tenant selection forms and interviews with the housing management. Data collated will then be analysed using content analysis method. It is hoped that the findings of the study will aid public housing management to revise the existing tenant selection policies especially on aspects of selecting the most eligible tenants to occupy public housing.