Formaldehyde Levels Research Articles

Soaking Water Of Pineapple Peel (Ananas comocus L. Merr) Solution On Reducing Formaldehyde Levels In Salted Fish

ABSTRACT Formaldehyde in salted fish processing is used to extend the shelf life of salted fish, potentially causing harmful effects on health. Before processing, such as soaking using pineapple peels can be done to reduce formaldehyde levels so that it is not harmful to health. The purpose of the study was to determine the decrease in formaldehyde levels in salted fish before and after soaking using a pineapple peel solution. This research is a pre-experimental study with a group Pretest and Posttest Design. The object of research is salted fish soaked in pineapple peel solution concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% with 4 replications. Soaking time is done for 60 minutes. The method of checking formaldehyde levels using the spectrophotometer method. The data that has been obtained is then analyzed using a paired t-test. The results of the examination of formaldehyde levels of salted fish before soaking amounted to 13.30 mg/kg. In contrast, after soaking the pineapple peel solution concentration of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% respectively amounted to 6.58 mg/kg, 4.16 mg/kg, 0.15 mg/kg, and 0.11 mg/kg, and tap water of 8.14 mg/kg. The Paired t-test obtained the P < α (0.05), meaning there is a significant difference in decline. The highest formaldehyde content reduction of 99.14% occurred in the treatment of soaking in pineapple peel solution with a concentration of 80% with a soaking time of 60 minutes. There is a significant difference between formaldehyde levels in salted fish before and after soaking using a pineapple peel solution. The use of pineapple peel solution can be an alternative effort in reducing formaldehyde levels in salted fish before processing for consumption and using other fruit peels with different concentration variations and different soaking times in salted fish.

The Formaldehyde, TVOCs, PM2.5 and PM10 Concentrations at Outdoor Street Food in Kalasin, Thailand

Human health and well-being are directly impacted by air quality. Cardiovascular and respiratory problems have been linked to exposure to pollutants such as formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), and particulate matter 2.5 and 10 micrometers (PM2.5 and PM10). This study aimed to quantify formaldehyde, TVOCs, PM2.5, and PM10 levels in the outdoor air at street food vendors in Kalasin, Thailand. The study was conducted at street food vendors in the province of Kalasin. Formaldehyde values at the top five food stalls in Kalasin ranged from 0.58 to 1.41 mg/m3. The PM2.5 values ranged from 2.29 to 9.43 ug/m3, and the TVOC values ranged from 2.91 to 7.02 ug/m3, with PM10 concentrations ranging from 2.86 to 7.29 ug/m3. Drawing on data about these pollutant concentrations across five distinct locations, the following recommendations can be put forth: Elevated levels of formaldehyde, TVOCs, PM2.5, and PM10 in certain areas can have detrimental effects on the environment and human well-being.

Can indoor plants reduce formaldehyde levels in the anatomy dissection hall? A study to evaluate the practicality of using plants in reducing formaldehyde levels

Background Formaldehyde a commonly used embalming fluid for the preservation of cadavers, produces numerous short and long-term side effects on the students and staff working with it. Indoor plants have been shown to reduce atmospheric formaldehyde levels. The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy of indoor plants in reducing formaldehyde levels in ambient air to levels deemed safe by WHO standards Methods The study was conducted in the storage room of the Anatomical dissection hall. 7 potted plants of one variety were kept in the storage room for 14 days and the Formaldehyde reading was measured using a VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) monitor. Then the same was done with no plant. This cycle was repeated 2 more times, with two different plant species. The three spieces of plants used for this study were as follows: Dracaena trifasciata, Epipremnum aureum, Spathiphyllum. Results The results were analysed and compared and it was determined that the effect of having a plant present versus having no plant present on the Formaldehyde concentration in the air was inconclusive as Dracaena trifasciata failed to reject the null hypothesis altogether (p-value>0.05), while Epipremnum aureum and Spathiphyllum rejected the null hypothesis (p-value<0.05), however they both had a weak positive correlation with formaldehyde concentration. Conclusion The efficacy of indoor plants in reducing formaldehyde levels in ambient air needs to be further explored and validated since all the prior studies conducted were in controlled environment and should be done in a real time scenario for its practical and beneficial uses.

Method validation for the detection of formaldehydein fish using ultra performance liquid chromatography

Formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, tops the list of illegal and harmful food contaminants. Recently, formaldehyde has been used indiscriminately to preserve the freshness and quality of fish. Numerous incidents of formalin (a solution of formaldehyde) misuse during the storage and transportation of fish have been reported in several parts of India. In this context, it is pertinent to study formalin contamination in fish and shellfish. Protocol for detection of free and bound formaldehyde by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was attempted in the present study. Formaldehyde peak was observed in the expected retentiontime and standardisation of the protocol for formaldehyde determination was then carried out. UPLC method was developed and validated for specificity, repeatability, accuracy, and linearity. The average correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.99. The recovery rates of free and bound formaldehyde were 90.83 to 116.43% and 88.76 to 132.98%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.5 ppm. The study investigated free and bound formaldehyde levels in commonly traded fish species across five major fish markets inTamil Nadu, India. Sphyraena barracuda had the highest recorded concentrations of free and bound formaldehyde at 9.8 and 6.45 mg kg-1, respectively, while Lethrinus lentjan exhibited the lowest concentrations at 0.8 mg kg-1 for free formaldehyde and 0.5 mg kg-1 for bound formaldehyde. Keywords: Formalin abuse, Limit of detection, Method validation, Retention time UPLC

A novel fluorescent probe for formaldehyde based on hydrazone formation for real food samples detection and bioimaging

Formaldehyde (FA) is an active carbonyl structure that is widely used in people's daily life, such as preservatives and fixatives. Furthermore, formaldehyde is highly toxic and has been listed as one of the three major indoor pollutants. Therefore, the development of highly sensitive and selective fluorescent probes is of great biological importance. In this article, probe X is designed to identify formaldehyde by a light-induced electron transfer (PET) process between the naphthalimide derivative and the hydrazine group based on hydrazone formation. Moreover, the probe has good optical response and excellent linearity over a wide range of formaldehyde concentrations, ensuring that formaldehyde concentration values in real complex food samples can be quantitatively recorded. In addition, the probe can monitor the changes of formaldehyde levels in living cells with good biocompatibility and image resolution.

First exploratory study of gaseous pollutants (NO2, SO2, O3, VOCs and carbonyls) in the Luanda metropolitan area by passive monitoring

An air quality monitoring campaign for gaseous pollutants using passive sampling techniques was carried out, for the first time, at 25 locations in the metropolitan area of Luanda, Angola, in June 2023. Concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, trimethylbenzenes, SO2 and NO2 were generally higher in locations more impacted by traffic. Benzene, SO2 and NO2 levels did not exceed the World Health Organisation guidelines. Ozone concentrations surpassed those documented for other African regions. Higher O3 formation potential values were recorded at heavy-trafficked roads. The top 5 species with potential for ozone formation were m,p-xylene, toluene, formaldehyde, propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde. The Mulenvos landfill presented a distinctive behaviour with a very low toluene/benzene ratio (0.47), while values close to 5 were obtained at traffic sites. The maximum levels of α-pinene, D-limonene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, valeraldehyde, hexaldehyde and crotonaldehyde were recorded at the landfill. The formaldehyde/acetaldehyde ratio ranged from 0.40 at the Mulenvos landfill to 3.0, averaging 1.8, which is a typical value for urban atmospheres. Acetaldehyde/propionaldehyde ratios around 0.4–0.6 were found in locations heavily impacted by traffic, whereas values between 0.7 and 1.2 were observed in green residential areas and in places with more rural characteristics. All hazard quotient (HQ) values were in the range from 1 to 10, indicating moderate risk of developing non-cancer diseases. The exception was the Mulenvos landfill for which a HQ of 11 was obtained (high risk). The cancer risks exceeded the tolerable level of 1 × 10−4, with special concern for the landfill and sites most impacted by traffic. A mean lifetime cancer risk of 9 × 10−4 was obtained. The cancer risk was mainly due to naphthalene, which accounted, on average, for 94.6% of the total.

Preliminary Assessment of Tunic Off-Gassing after Wildland Firefighting Exposure

Evidence has previously shown that outer tunics (turnout coats) worn by firefighters at structural fires are contaminated with harmful chemicals which subsequently off-gas from the material. However, there is limited research on whether this phenomenon extends to wildland firefighter uniforms. This pilot study aimed to explore if the tunics of volunteer bushfire and forestry firefighters in Western Australia off-gas any contaminants after exposure to prescribed burns or bushfires, and whether there is a need to explore this further. Nine tunics were collected from firefighters following nine bushfire and prescribed burn events, with a set of unused tunics serving as a control. Chemical analysis was performed on these tunics to assess levels of acrolein, benzene, formaldehyde, and sulphur dioxide contamination. The assessment involved measuring chemical off-gassing over a 12 h period using infrared spectrometry. Tunics worn by firefighters appear to adsorb acrolein, benzene, formaldehyde, and sulphur dioxide from bushfire smoke and these contaminants are emitted from firefighting tunics following contamination at elevated concentrations. Further investigation of this research with a larger study sample will be beneficial to understand this phenomenon better and to determine the full extent and range of chemical contaminants absorbed by all firefighter clothing.

Determination of free formaldehyde in cosmetics products through derivatization with 2,4-DNPH using an optimized and validated HPLC-PDA method

AbstractFormaldehyde plays a significant role in the global economy due to its unique chemical properties and widespread use in both the medical field and various industrial sectors. However, formaldehyde (HCHO) is classified as a persistent organic pollutant and is known to be harmful. Exposure to formaldehyde, both direct and prolonged, can cause severe health issues and potentially lead to death. It is recognized as a human carcinogen by numerous organizations and can negatively impact the endocrine system, as well as having mutagenic or teratogenic effects. Formaldehyde has been detected in various matrices at levels exceeding those permitted by international health regulatory bodies. Chromatography, particularly high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with detection methods, is an analytical technique frequently used to determine volatile organic molecules, including formaldehyde. This investigation aimed to develop and validate an assay method to identify and quantify formaldehyde in cosmetic products using HPLC-PDA. The chosen isocratic system consisted of a ZORBAX RX-C8 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 μm) and a mobile phase mixture of acetonitrile and water in a 55:45 (v/v) ratio, with a flow rate of 1.5 mL min−1. Formaldehyde was detected at 353 nm after derivatization with a 0.1N 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution, with a retention time of approximately 5.0 min and a total run time of 7.0 min for formaldehyde. The method was validated according to ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. The validation parameters demonstrated high selectivity, precision (RSD <2%), accuracy (mean recovery of 101.3%), linearity (r > 0.995 in the 1,000–2,400 ppm range), and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1 ppm. The validated analytical method was applied to 35 cosmetic products. None of these products were labeled as containing formaldehyde, although 6 imported products were labeled as containing formaldehyde-releasing preservatives. The results indicated that 88.6% of the samples tested positive for formaldehyde, with free formaldehyde levels ranging from 20 to 981 ppm. All samples contained formaldehyde levels below the 2000 ppm threshold.

Formaldehyde quantification using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry reveals high background environmental formaldehyde levels

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a human toxin that is both a pollutant and endogenous metabolite. HCHO concentrations in human biological samples are reported in the micromolar range; however, accurate quantification is compromised by a paucity of sensitive analysis methods. To address this issue, we previously reported a novel SPME–GC–MS-based HCHO detection method using cysteamine as an HCHO scavenger. This method showed cysteamine to be a more efficient scavenger than the widely used O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine, and enabled detection of aqueous HCHO in the nanomolar range and quantification in the micromolar range. However, quantification in this range required immersive extraction of the HCHO-derived thiazolidine, while a high background signal was also observed. Following on from these studies, we now report an optimised head-space extraction SPME–GC–MS method using cysteamine, which provides similarly sensitive HCHO quantification to the immersive method but avoids extensive wash steps and is therefore more amenable to screening applications. However, high background HCHO levels were still observed A Complementary GC–MS analyses using a 2-aza-Cope-based HCHO scavenger also revealed high background HCHO levels; therefore, the combined results suggest that HCHO exists in high (i.e. micromolar) concentration in aqueous samples that precludes accurate quantification below the micromolar range. This observation has important implications for ongoing HCHO quantification studies in water, including in biological samples.

Urinary Thioproline and Thioprolinyl Glycine as Specific Biomarkers of Formaldehyde Exposure in Humans.

Assessment of personal formaldehyde (FA) exposure is most commonly carried out using formate as a biomarker, as it is the major product from FA metabolism. However, formate could also have originated from the metabolism of other endogenous and exogenous substances or from dietary intake, which may give rise to overestimated results with regard to FA exposure. We have developed and validated a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) coupled with an isotope-dilution method for rigorous quantitation of two major urinary FA conjugation products: thioproline (SPro) and thioprolinyl glycine (SPro-Gly), formed in the reaction between FA and endogenous cysteine or cysteinyl glycine, respectively, as marker molecules to assess personal FA exposure. Using this newly developed method, we measured the FA exposure levels in cigarette smokers, occupants of a chemistry research laboratory and typical domestic household, and visitors to a Chinese temple with a Pearson correlation coefficient greater than 0.94, showing a strong linear correlation between urinary adduct levels and the airborne FA level. It is believed that quantitation of urinary SPro and SPro-Gly may represent a noninvasive, interference-free method for assessing personal FA exposure.

Качество атмосферного воздуха и риск развития болезней системы кровообращения у населения крупного города европейского севера

Cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent causes of premature mortality associated with ambient air quality. In the Arkhangelsk region, population mortality caused by diseases of the circulatory system is higher than the national average. The aim of this study was to assess ambient air quality in Arkhangelsk and associated health harm in adult population. The study relied on using data of ambient air monitoring in Arkhangelsk collected over 2011–2022. We analyzed average annual levels of 23 pollutants and primary incidence of diseases of the circulatory system (CVD) and calculated hazard quotients under chronic inhalation exposure (HQ), hazard index (HI) for the cardiovascular system, and the number of attributable deaths associated with exposure to PM10 and PM2.5. Over the analyzed period, the average long-term concentrations of most pollutants met hygienic standards. Average levels of formaldehyde, chromium, copper and benzene were found to exceed the MPL by 1.5–2.3 times. Hazard coefficients for formaldehyde (HQ = 2.3), copper (HQ = 1.8) and PM2.5 (HQ = 1.7) were established to be above their permissible value. The risk of developing general toxic effects is determined to be high (HI = 6.6) for the cardiovascular system. The main contribution to the risk level is made by copper and PM2.5. Attributable outcomes of primary cardiovascular incidence among the adult population of Arkhangelsk associated with exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 equaled 10.7 and 2.9 ‰ cases per year. The greatest harm under exposure to PM2.5 is due to the development of coronary artery disease and amounts to 1.9 ‰ cases per year.

Ambient air quality and risk of circulatory diseases for population of a large city in the European north of Russia

Cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent causes of premature mortality associated with ambient air quality. In the Arkhangelsk region, population mortality caused by diseases of the circulatory system is higher than the national average. The aim of this study was to assess ambient air quality in Arkhangelsk and associated health harm in adult population. The study relied on using data of ambient air monitoring in Arkhangelsk collected over 2011–2022. We analyzed average annual levels of 23 pollutants and primary incidence of diseases of the circulatory system (CVD) and calculated hazard quotients under chronic inhalation exposure (HQ), hazard index (HI) for the cardiovascular system, and the number of attributable deaths associated with exposure to PM10 and PM2.5. Over the analyzed period, the average long-term concentrations of most pollutants met hygienic standards. Average levels of formaldehyde, chromium, copper and benzene were found to exceed the MPL by 1.5–2.3 times. Hazard coefficients for formaldehyde (HQ = 2.3), copper (HQ = 1.8) and PM2.5 (HQ = 1.7) were established to be above their permissible value. The risk of developing general toxic effects is determined to be high (HI = 6.6) for the cardiovascular system. The main contribution to the risk level is made by copper and PM2.5. Attributable outcomes of primary cardiovascular incidence among the adult population of Arkhangelsk associated with exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 equaled 10.7 and 2.9 ‰ cases per year. The greatest harm under exposure to PM2.5 is due to the development of coronary artery disease and amounts to 1.9 ‰ cases per year.

Methane slip and other emissions from newbuild LNG engine under real-world operation of a state-of-the art cruise ship

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) use as shipping fuel has increased in recent years. While LNG results in lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions as well as benefits in terms of air pollutants, the slip of unburned methane, the main component of LNG, has remained a concern. In this study, methane together with other climate warming agents, CO2 and black carbon (BC), as well as other emission compounds were characterized from 4-stroke low-pressure dual fuel engine on-board a newly build cruise ship utilizing LNG as well as marine gas oil (MGO). The brake specific methane slip was found to vary according to engine load, being 2.3–3.0 g/kWh at 54–80% loads, but increasing to 10 g/kWh at 25% load and 21 g/kWh at 12% load. The LNG combustion also resulted in higher formaldehyde emissions compared to MGO, but reduction in formaldehyde levels was observed over the SCR catalyst present in the exhaust line of the dual-fuel engine, without urea injection, suggesting it may provide a pathway for formaldehyde mitigation. In terms of particle emissions, LNG use reduced particle mass (PM) by 87–93% and BC by 94–99% compared to MGO combustion. Non-volatile particle number above 23 nm (PNnv,>23nm) and 10 nm (PNnv,>10nm) were reduced by 88–97% and 97–99%, except at lowest engine load where PNnv,>10nm increased by 26% compared to MGO utilization. When total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including CO2 and BC were considered, LNG use resulted in 13–15% lower GHG at high loads, but the benefit was undermined by the escaping methane at low load conditions. Following the engine activity profile during 8-months of vessel operation on the Mediterranean suggested, however, that in a diesel-electric cruise ship, low load conditions are used mainly during arrivals and departures from harbors, as the engine was operated at loads above 40% for 90% of the operation time. Weighted emission factor, representing the actual engine operation, resulted in methane slip of 2.8 g/kWh or 1.7% of the fuel use, which is below the value considered in the FuelEU Maritime. The results suggest that load specific methane slip, together with engine load profile should be considered when evaluating methane slip on vessel or fleet level.

Mapping air quality variations in industrial and agricultural zones: Understanding spatial and temporal patterns of selected air pollutants

With the escalating threat of air pollution on the biota, the need for research on pollutants has become imperative in industrial, urbanized and heavily populated cities. This study aimed to determine the level of major outdoor atmospheric pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, TVOCs, and HCHO) in specific locations including industrial and agricultural zones. Field measurements for this research, spanning 52 locations, were collected in the spring season using a portable instrument, and spatial variation maps were developed using ArcGIS software. The study measured PM10 concentrations ranging from 31 μg/m3 to 267 μg/m3 and PM2.5 concentrations ranging from 27 μg/m3 to 253 μg/m3. PM2.5 levels at most sites exceeded USEPA, WHO, and PEQS standards, while PM10 levels generally met these standards. The highest values of coarse and fine particulate matter were observed in areas dominated by emissions from the textile industry. Furthermore, particulate matter concentrations showed spatial variations, increasing towards the North and East directions. The Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs) concentrations, ranging from 0 mg/m3 to 4.019 mg/m3, exceeded Hong Kong SAR standards at five locations, thereby elevating health risks for residents in these areas. Similarly, formaldehyde levels, ranging from 0 mg/m3 to 0.754 mg/m3, surpassed the Hong Kong SAR standard at seven locations, indicating a substantial threat of exposure for the local population. In general, air quality at most field sampling sites was registered as UNQUALIFIED but was also observed to be FRESH at a few locations. This research is significant for understanding the levels of major pollutants so that the concerned authorities can take appropriate measures to tackle air pollution by introducing pollution control technologies in industries, switching to renewable energy options, and managing road dust.

Web-Based Formaldehyde Detection System in Chickens using IOT and Fuzzy Logic

Chicken is a widely consumed source of animal protein globally, valued for its high protein content and essential nutrients. Ensuring the freshness of chicken meat is crucial to guarantee its healthiness and prevent harm to consumers. Unfortunately, there are concerns about the use of hazardous substances like formaldehyde by some traders for meat preservation. Formalin, a clear liquid with a pungent odor, is commonly utilized as a food preservative. To address the misuse of formaldehyde in broiler chickens, an innovative solution is proposed involving IoT technology and Fuzzy Logic. The developed formaldehyde detection system employs an ESP8266 microcontroller and a TCS3200 sensor to assess color variations in chicken meat samples mixed with Schiff's reagent. The TCS3200 sensor detects color changes, and the ESP8266 Microcontroller converts measurements into RGB basic colors. Calibration of the sensor yielded a 98.30% relative accuracy at a 3 cm distance. Fuzzy Logic is then applied to determine formaldehyde levels, displayed on an LCD screen. The tool exhibits a 95% reliability for achieving a 0 ppm level, 93% for 40 ppm, 92% for 80 ppm, and 100% for 200 ppm

Formaldehyde and the transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 contribute to electronic cigarette aerosol-induced endothelial dysfunction in mice.

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) aerosol exposures can induce endothelial dysfunction (ED) in healthy young humans and animals. Thermal degradation of ENDS solvents, propylene glycol, and vegetable glycerin (PG: VG), generates abundant formaldehyde (FA) and other carbonyls. Because FA can activate the transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) sensor, we hypothesized that FA in ENDS aerosols provokes TRPA1-mediated changes that include ED and "respiratory braking"-biomarkers of harm. To test this, wild-type (WT) and TRPA1-null mice were exposed by inhalation to either filtered air, PG: VG-derived aerosol, or FA (5 ppm). Short-term exposures to PG: VG and FA-induced ED in female WT but not in female TRPA1-null mice. Moreover, acute exposures to PG: VG and FA stimulated respiratory braking in WT but not in TRPA1-null female mice. Urinary metabolites of FA (ie, N-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, TCA; N-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carbonyl glycine, TCG) and monoamines were measured by LC-MS/MS. PG: VG and FA exposures significantly increased urinary excretion of both TCA and TCG in both WT and TRPA1-null mice. To confirm that inhaled FA directly contributed to urinary TCA, mice were exposed to isotopic 13C-FA gas (1 ppm, 6 h). 13C-FA exposure significantly increased the urine level of 13C-TCA in the early collection (0 to 3 h) supporting a direct relationship between inhaled FA and TCA. Collectively, these data suggest that ENDS use may increase CVD risk dependent on FA, TRPA1, and catecholamines, yet independently of either nicotine or flavorants. This study supports that levels of FA in ENDS-derived aerosols should be lowered to mitigate CVD risk in people who use ENDS.

Assessing the impact of particulate matter and formaldehyde in atmospheric air on public health

Introduction. The urgent task at hand is to establish a causal link between the occurrence of public health risks to the public and the impact of air pollution. To ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the public, it is important to consider the intake and distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere. In addition to anthropogenic sources of pollution, it is also necessary to take into account natural sources. The purpose of the work is to assess the influence of atmospheric pollution with formaldehyde and particulate matter on public health. Additionally, it aims to propose measures and recommendations to improve the environmental, health, and epidemiological well-being of the population. Materials and methods. Quantitative chemical analyses of particulate matter (PM) and formaldehyde in atmospheric precipitation were performed using the gravimetric and fluorometric methods, respectively. The general trend of annual changes in the content of PM in the atmosphere is shown to be based on the results of a study of atmospheric precipitation and air. Data on morbidity in the population was obtained from annual government reports. Results. A high correlation was found between general morbidity and atmospheric particulate matter for all population groups. However, formaldehyde was not found to be correlated with the general morbidity of the population, except for children, who may develop respiratory diseases under the influence of formaldehyde. Adults are the most vulnerable population to developing circulatory diseases, due to their high susceptibility to atmospheric particulate matter. Limitations. The gradation of particulate matter into specific fractions (PM10, PM2.5) and <0.45 microns was not considered. Conclusion. The level of formaldehyde in the air does not significantly impact the environment or the health of the general population. However, an increase in airborne particulate matter can create an unfavourable environmental condition that poses a threat to public health. Adult populations are particularly vulnerable to these conditions, as they have a high risk of developing cardiovascular system diseases that are highly dependent on the content of particulate matter in the air. To reduce this negative impact, a number of measures need to be implemented including expanding monitoring of atmospheric air quality to monitor particles with sizes of PM10, PM2.5, notifying the public about predictions of particulate matter concentrations; conducting in-depth scientific research on the biomedical impacts of particulate matter on human health.

Estimation of Formaldehyde Levels in Indoor Air of Gross Anatomy Laboratory

Introduction: Medical students spend majority of their times in Anatomy lab during their first year MBBS. Formalin has attracted attention as a health hazard for students and instructors as formalin concentrations in air of gross anatomy laboratories are often higher than permissible limits. Despite the known toxicity of formaldehyde and its potential health effects, laboratory workers and others have little enthusiasm for reducing or replacing the formaldehyde working solution Materials and Methods: The FA concentration (in ppm) of indoor air in Anatomy laboratory was measured using a SMILEDRIVE Portable air quality pollution meter. The mean FA concentration was measured after 1 hour after the cadavers were shifted to dissection table at three different levels a. At the level of floor b. At the level of roof c. 2 feets above the table (Breathing Zone of medical students) Three air samples from the breathing zones were tested and mean concentration of FA was taken with exhaust fan on at the level of roof and recorded as a. S1R- First immediately before the dissection (Zero hour), b. S2R- Second sample was collected after one hour after first sample was taken (First hour) and c. S3R- Third sample after two hours after first sample was taken (Second hour). Three air samples from the breathing zones were tested and mean concentration of FA was taken with exhaust fan on at the level of floor and recorded as a. S1F- First immediately before the dissection (Zero hour), b. S2F- Second sample was collected after one hour after first sample was taken (First hour) and c. S3F- Third sample after two hours after first sample was taken (Second hour). Results: The vertical distribution of FA was measured by taking the mean air samples at the level of floor, at roof level and about 2 feet above dissection table immediately after the cadavers were shifted to tables. It was found to be about 0.54ppm at the level of floor, 0.52 at the breathing zone and 0.51 ppm at roof level. The FA concentration was highest at the level of floor and least at the level of roof. On comparing S2F and S2R the p value was 1.335. Thus, it was not statistically significant. On comparing S3F and S3R the p value was 0.411. Thus, it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The mean FA at the level of floor was 0.54 ppm. At the breathing zone the mean FA concentration was 0.51 ppm before the dissection was started. Exhaust fans at the level of roof were switched on and the second sample was taken after 1 hour. The FA concentration was 0.23 ppm. Third sample was taken at 2nd hour and FA concentration was 0.11 ppm. The exhaust fans at the level of floor were switched on. The air samples were measured at 0, 1st and 2nd hour at breathing zones. It was 0.51, 0.31 and 0,15 ppm respectively.

Initial formaldehyde generation as a predictive marker for long-term stability of Ni-rich Li-ion batteries under abusive conditions

Electrolyte decomposition significantly impacts the long-term stability of Li-ion batteries, generating liquid and gaseous byproducts. This study focuses on formaldehyde formation, a critical byproduct from CO2 reduction in Ni-rich Li-ion batteries. Through experimental and computational analyses, formaldehyde emerges from carbonate-based electrolyte decomposition. Examining overcharge, over-discharge, and fast charging conditions, formaldehyde concentration sharply increases under overcharge, indicating severe electrolyte breakdown, while over-discharge shows a gradual rise. Fast charging similarly elevates formaldehyde levels, underscoring the link between electrolyte decomposition and abusive conditions. Importantly, this research proposes utilizing formaldehyde concentration from the initial cycle as a predictive marker for assessing long-term Ni-rich Li-ion battery stability trends. Elevated initial formaldehyde indicates potential capacity fade and accelerated degradation, enabling proactive mitigation strategies. The study elucidates mechanisms governing formaldehyde formation, providing a foundation for developing electrolyte formulations and electrode materials with enhanced decomposition resistance and improved stability. This investigation contributes to the fundamental understanding of electrolyte decomposition in Ni-rich Li-ion batteries and presents a novel approach to predicting long-term performance based on initial formaldehyde measurements, advancing high-performance and reliable energy storage solutions.

Effect of formaldehyde exposure on phytochemical content and functional activity of Agaricus bisporus (Lge.) Sing.

In this study, the effect of formaldehyde on phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Agaricus bisporus was investigated. Synthetic compost based on wheat straw was prepared by fermentation and disinfection. After steam pasteurization, 5 g of A. bisporus mycelia were inoculated into 1 kg of compost. To determine the effects of formaldehyde, 2, 4, and 6% concentrations were added to the composts, while compost without formaldehyde was used for the control group. The harvesting period was set at 10 weeks. Total phenolic and flavonoid content, macro- and microelement profile, and phenolic content were analyzed in the harvested A. bisporus samples. Macro- and microelement content was determined by ICP-OES, and phenolic compound profile was determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. Formaldehyde levels in A. bisporus samples were determined by the acetylacetone spectrophotometry method. The antioxidant capacity of A. bisporus samples was determined by DPPH scavenging activity; antimutagenic effects of samples were determined by Allium test. Application of 2, 4, and 6% formaldehyde resulted in a 1.12-, 1.19-, and 2.07-fold reduction in total phenolic content, respectively. The total phenolic content was reduced between 34.4% and 71.8%. These changes were confirmed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Compounds such as protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, ferulic acid, and 4-OH benzoic acid, which were detected in the control group, could not be detected in the samples treated with 6% formaldehyde, and it was found that the application of formaldehyde reduced the phenolic content. Similar changes were also observed in macro- and microelements, and significant changes in elemental contents were observed after formaldehyde application. While the presence of formaldehyde at a low level, which may be due to natural production, was detected in the control group, a residue of 11.41 ± 0.93 mg/kg was determined in the 6% FMD applied group. All these changes resulted in a decrease in the antioxidant activity of A. bisporus. The DPPH scavenging activity, which was determined in the range of 21.6–73.3% in the control samples, decreased to 12.3–56.7% in the samples treated with formaldehyde. These results indicate that the application of formaldehyde at different stages of A. bisporus cultivation leads to significant changes in the nutritional value and biological activity of A. bisporus.