Levels Of External Regulation Research Articles

Attrition of older adults in web-based health interventions: Survival analysis within an observational cohort study.

To identify demographics and personal motivation types that predict dropping out of eHealth interventions among older adults. We conducted an observational cohort study. Participants completed a pre-test questionnaire and got access to an eHealth intervention, called Stranded, for 4 weeks. With survival and Cox-regression analyses, demographics and types of personal motivation were identified that affect drop-out. Ninety older adults started using Stranded. 45.6% participants continued their use for 4 weeks. 32.2% dropped out in the first week and 22.2% dropped out in the second or third week. The final multivariate Cox-regression model which predicts drop-out, consisted of the variables: perceived computer skills and level of external regulation. Predicting the chance of dropping out of an eHealth intervention is possible by using level of self-perceived computer skills and level of external regulation (externally controlled rewards or punishments direct behaviour). Anticipating to these factors can improve eHealth adoption.

Simulation Analysis of the Evolution of Sustainable Operation of Transport Infrastructure Projects under Government Regulation Based on Prospect Theory and BP Neural Network

The decisions and actions of operators in the operation of transport infrastructure play a crucial role in the sustainability of the project but are influenced by factors such as the strength of government regulation and the frequency of use by users. The influence of social recognition and acceptance by the authorities on the decisions of the various parties involved in a project is becoming increasingly significant. To address this issue, this paper attempts to apply prospect theory to characterize the impact of changes in recognition on the decisions of project managers and the government from the perspective of recognition and to construct a tripartite evolutionary game model for the government, the operator, and the users, taking into account the combined effect of multiple factors, to explore the evolutionary law of the operator’s strategy choice. Evolutionary game theory, in which each person is considered irrational and behavior is changeable, is more realistic. The addition of prospect theory allows the model to more realistically reflect the decisions of each participant in the game process when faced with risk. The results of the study show that there is an optimal level of external regulation to maximize the benefits for all three parties in the game, strong government regulation does not necessarily improve service quality, operators tend to provide low-quality services in the game process and incentives should be increased, and that attempts should be made to provide users with a variety of transport infrastructure options to ensure that users’ interests are maximized. The paper further analyzes the indicators established by sensitive factors using BP neural networks on the basis of the analysis of transportation infrastructure operation and impact sensitive factors using evolutionary games and finds that the conclusions obtained by deep learning algorithms are more consistent with those obtained using evolutionary games, achieving cross-validation of the results. The reliability of the result is improved, and it is demonstrated that deep learning algorithms can be introduced as a supplement in the process of future analysis of transportation infrastructure operations. Finally, management suggestions are made in light of the actual situation.

Labor Segmentation and Dualisation in Hong Kong

With a strong adherence to liberalism, the labor market in Hong Kong is character-ized by a low level of external regulation and an emphasis on self-adaptation as coping. The government mainly attend to the quality of manpower supplied meet-ing the market need, as well as peaceful industrial relations. Segmentation of labor is a natural result of this lowly regulated liberal market. Benefited from a relatively stable economy, unemployment in the past two decades mainly contained, but dualisation observed with widening income gap, as well as an emerging sector of insecure labor. The recent COVID-19 pandemic is leading to a sudden and unex-pected economic crisis. Though with more ad hoc measures, cautious in regulating the labor market maintained. While we are waiting for further government initia-tives, the ending of the employment subsidy from December will certainly worsen the situation. Further dualisation will be the result.

Older Adults’ Attrition to Web-Based Health Interventions: Survival Analysis Within an Observational Cohort Study

Background: Drop-outs within eHealth interventions often reach a high number, which impacts their added value on a population level. To improve eHealth adoption, it is necessary to know which demographics predict dropping out of an eHealth intervention in order to develop countermeasures. Objective: The goal of this study is to identify demographics and personal motivation types that predict dropping out of eHealth interventions among older adults. Methods: An observational cohort study was conducted with older adults in the Netherlands. Participants completed a pre-test questionnaire and got access to an eHealth service, called Stranded, for four weeks. With survival and Cox-regression analyses, demographics and types of personal motivation were identified that affected drop-out. Results: Ninety older adults started using Stranded. 45.6% of these participants continued their use for four weeks. 32.2% of the 90 participants dropped out in the first week (N=29). The remaining 22.2% dropped out in the second or third week of this study (N=13 in week 2, N= 7 in week 3). The final multivariate Cox-regression model which predicts drop-out, consisted of the following variables: perceived computer skills (HR=0.69, BI=0.49-0.99, P=.04) and level of external regulation (HR=1.19, BI=1.03-1.37, P=.02). Conclusions: Predicting the chance of dropping out of an eHealth intervention is possible by using their level of self-perceived computer skills and their level of external regulation (externally controlled rewards or punishments direct behavior). Anticipating to these factors can improve eHealth adoption.

Effects of Self-Regulation vs. External Regulation on the Factors and Symptoms of Academic Stress in Undergraduate Students.

The SRL vs. ERL theory has shown that the combination of levels of student self-regulation and regulation from the teaching context produces linear effects on achievement emotions and coping strategies. However, a similar effect on stress factors and symptoms of university students has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to test this prediction. It was hypothesized that the level of student self-regulation (low/medium/high), in interaction with the level of external regulation from teaching (low/medium/high), would also produce a linear effect on stress factors and symptoms of university students. A total of 527 undergraduate students completed validated questionnaires about self-regulation, regulatory teaching, stress factors, and symptoms. Using an ex post facto design by selection, ANOVAs and MANOVAs (3 × 3; 5 × 1; 5 × 2) were carried out. The results confirmed that the level of self-regulation and the level of regulatory teaching jointly determined the level of stress factors and symptoms of university students. Once again, a five-level heuristic of possible combinations was configured to jointly determine university students’ level of academic stress. We concluded that the combination of different levels of student regulation and regulation from the teaching process jointly determines university students’ level of academic stress. The implications for university students’ emotional health, stress prevention, and well-being are established.

The Relationship Between Avoidance Goals and Goal Attainment: A Moderated Mediation Analysis

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine how the combination of “what” (e.g., mastery- and performance-avoidance goals) and “why” (e.g., external regulation) are related to sport participant’s goal attainment. To examine this phenomenon, we used achievement goal theory (AGT) and self-determination theory (SDT). Past research has shown that avoidance goals generally are associated with negative outcomes. In this study, we hypothesized that avoidance goals would positively generate goal attainment through the pathway of effort. Moreover, the indirect association would be moderated by the level of external regulation. Method: Based on a sample of sport participants (N = 390), mediation and moderated mediation analyses were used to test the hypotheses. Result: Both mastery- and performance-avoidance goals were positively related to goal attainment through effort. These relationships were moderated at the value of high and moderate levels of external regulation. Conclusions: The results suggest that, in contrast to the general assumption, avoidance goals are not always detrimental. Rather, the research showed that the combination of avoidance goals and external regulation would be positively associated with goal attainment. This may be the reason that coaches’ controlling behaviors (e.g., punishment or reward) are commonly utilized, and some people believe that external regulation is effective in sport. However, the relationships should be carefully interpreted because the associations should not last long and may be an unhealthy way to improve athletes’ performance.

Motivation to engage in communication skills training by oncology specialty.

29 Background: The present study aimed to assess oncology fellows’ motivation to participate in communication skills training by specialty. Methods: Oncology fellows attending communication skills training were invited to participate in program-evaluation research. Before each workshop, participants provided demographic information and completed subjective communications skills and motivation questionnaires. Following the workshop, the subjective communication skills survey was repeated. Results: Fifty physician trainees participated. Half were female. Most were first-year fellows (81%), White/Caucasian (56%), non-Hispanic (92%). Mean age was 32 years ( SD= 3.63). Motivation for attending the workshop was most commonly external regulation (e.g., required participation; M= 5.66, SD= 1.38), followed by identified regulation (e.g., belief the workshop will be helpful; M= 4.30, SD= 1.26) and intrinsic motivation (e.g., interest in topic; M= 3.76, SD= 1.15). Amotivation was less common ( M= 2.47, SD= 1.35). All scales rated 1-7. A one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in levels of identified regulation ( F(4,44) = 3.26, p= .020) and external regulation ( F(4,45) = 3.47, p= .015) between fellows of different specialties. Post-hoc comparisons revealed that Hematology Oncology fellows reported significantly lower levels of identified regulation than Hospice & Palliative Medicine fellows ( M difference = -1.35, p= .024). Hematology Oncology ( M difference = 1.60, p= .012) and Surgical Oncology fellows ( M difference = 1.67, p= .043) both reported significantly higher levels of external regulation than Hospice & Palliative Medicine fellows. However, there were no significant differences between specialties with regard to post-workshop preparedness or pre-post change in preparedness ( ps > .05). Conclusions: There is opportunity to create targeted interventions to improve physician motivation to participate in communication skills education by matching messaging to each specialty’s motivation type.

Comparison of students' motivation at different phases of medical school.

Knowledge about student motivation allows educators to broaden their understanding and to establish strategies that make it possible to enhance motivation. To investigate the levels of student motivation at different phases of medical education, comparing incoming students' motivation with that of those at the end of their studies, as well as during the different preclinical, clinical, and clerkship cycles. Cross-sectional study including students from a Brazilian public university. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data and the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS). Student motivation was compared at different phases of the medical course. 710 students were included. Students in the preclinical phase (1st-2nd years) had higher levels of integrated regulation AMS (e.g.,"Education is a privilege."), introjected regulation AMS (e.g."I come because it is what is expected of me."), and intrinsic motivation AMS (e.g."School is a pleasure"). Students in the clinical phase (3rd-4th years) had higher levels of amotivation (e.g., "I'm wasting my time at school.") and external regulation AMS (e.g., "I'm coming to school to earn a degree"). AMS levels of external regulation, introjected relation, and integrated regulation were different for Clerkship students (5th-6th years) compared to preclinical students, but not for clinical students. Comparing only the first and last years, incoming students had higher levels of integrated regulation AMS and lower levels of amotivation AMS and external regulation AMS. Important motivational changes were found during different phases of medical school, with higher levels of motivation during the course's initial semesters. These findings can aid in developing educational strategies to stimulate self-determined education.

The motivational profile of professional male Fijian rugby players and their perceptions of coaches' and managers' cultural awareness

Approximately 500 Fijian men play rugby professionally overseas, and the aim of this study was to examine the motivational profile of these athletes. Given the ever-increasing number of athletes looking to follow in their footsteps, these players' perceptions of how coaches and club management affected their performance and welfare were deemed important. A total of 45 professional Fijian rugby union players working for clubs overseas completed the Sports Motivation Scale (SMS) and a 28-question Cultural Awareness Questionnaire that included three qualitative questions. The Fijian rugby players recorded significantly higher levels of external regulation (M = 4.38, SD = 1.33, p < .01) when compared with professional New Zealand rugby players (Creswell & Eklund, 2005b). They also displayed significantly higher levels of intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (M = 5.59, SD = 1.18, p < .01) compared with amateur New Zealand rugby players (Creswell & Eklund, 2005a). Fijian rugby players also exhibited s...

Needs satisfaction, self-determined motivation and health-enhancing physical activity

Background: Previous studies have assessed physical activity participation from a self-determination theory perspective. However, no study has yet determined whether individuals who engage in sufficient physical activity to obtain substantial health benefits (i.e., health-enhancing physical activity or HEPA) differ from those who do not engage in such physical activity in terms of their motivational regulations and psychological needs satisfaction. Purpose: The primary purpose of the current study was to determine whether differences in motivation and psychological needs satisfaction exist between individuals who engage in HEPA and those who do not. Secondarily, we assessed whether each of the motivational regulations would mediate the relationships between needs satisfaction and HEPA. Method: The study employed a cross-sectional design, as 332 participants completed questionnaires assessing their psychological needs satisfaction, motivation to exercise, and self-reported physical activity. Results: As hypothesized, in comparison to the minimally active group, the HEPA group showed significantly greater levels of identified, integrated, and intrinsic regulations; lower levels of external regulation; and greater satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Simultaneous multiple mediator analyses revealed that external and integrated regulation mediated the autonomy – HEPA relationship, as well as the relatedness – HEPA relationship; the relationship between competence and HEPA was only mediated by external regulation. Conclusion: These results support self-determination theory by demonstrating that individuals who participate in HEPA have higher levels in the theory’s key variables. In addition, the process by which to increase the likelihood of participating in HEPA was also partially supported.