Levels Of Essential Fatty Acids Research Articles

New insights into transcriptional and metabolic differences between pregnant males and embryos in seahorses

Seahorses exhibit a unique reproduction mode of male pregnancy. Successful gestation plays a crucial role in the seahorse reproduction process and the aquaculture industry. However, the substantial paternal-embryo differences in seahorses remain largely unexplored. In the present study, transcriptomic and metabolic differences between pregnant males and embryos during gestation were explored to investigate the roles of key genes and metabolites in pregnant males and embryos in seahorses. Higher levels of essential amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in embryos compared to fathers may indicate their vital role in embryonic development. The high expression of immune-related genes (CCLs and CCRs) and downregulation of antioxidants in fathers may provide immune protection and reduce the immunological rejection of embryos during gestation. The transcript-metabolite correlation network during pregnancy further indicated the role of key genes and metabolites during embryonic eye (N-acetyl-L-histidine, PAX6, and FZT4) and tail (WNT5 and WNT8) development. The findings of the present study not only provide valuable data on differences between pregnant males and embryos in seahorse, but also lay foundation for future research on seahorse aquaculture.

Sequential high-pressure extraction using green solvents to recover bioactive compounds from sesame cake

Sesame cake was submitted to pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) for process optimization. Then, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), followed by optimized PLE were applied to recover the oily fraction and the polar extract, respectively. PLE samples, at optimized condition and from SFE deffated cake, showed high levels of TPC (33.15 and 31.86 mg GAE/g), DPPH (97.64 and 94.38 µmol TE/g), FRAP (46.12 and 46.69 mg TE\\g), flavonoids (2.26 and 2.31mgQE/g extract), yield (13.76 and 16.25 %) and protein (56.52 and 54.08 mg BSA/g), respectively. The oily fraction presented high levels of carotenoids and essential fatty acids, while PLE extracts presented higher concentration of ferulic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, and quercetin compared to Soxhlet extract. Total Reduced Sugar (TRS) content suggests sesame cake as good biomass for bioethanol production. The sequential process (SFE + PLE) was efficient to recover two bioactive fractions from sesame cake, contributing to improve the value of this co-product.

Effect of parenteral lipids on essential fatty acid deficiency in pediatric intestinal failure: A retrospective cohort study.

Pediatric patients with intestinal failure require long-term parenteral nutrition owing to impaired enteral nutrition absorption. A potential complication is essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), resulting from decreased linoleic and α-linolenic acid concentrations and defined by an increased triene:tetraene ratio (TTR; Mead acid:arachidonic acid). Historically, soybean oil lipid emulsion (SOLE) was the only commercially available parenteral lipid in the United States. Recently, a composite lipid emulsion (CLE) and fish oil lipid emulsion (FOLE) received US Food and Drug Administration approval. This study investigated whether lipid emulsion regimen impacts EFAD incidence in pediatric patients with intestinal failure. This study was a 10-year retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients with intestinal failure who received parenteral SOLE, CLE, or FOLE. The primary outcome was EFAD incidence, defined as a TTR ≥ 0.2. Secondary outcomes included TTR ≥ 0.05, cholestasis incidence, lipid dose effect on EFAD incidence, and fatty acid parameter differences. A total of 144 fatty acid profiles from 47 patients were reviewed. EFAD did not occur in any lipid emulsion group. There were no differences in the incidence of TTR ≥ 0.05 or cholestasis. The effect of dose could not be evaluated because of no EFAD incidence. Lastly, although each group had varied fatty acid parameters, none saw decreased essential fatty acid levels. This study found that, with close monitoring, the lipid emulsion regimen did not impact EFAD incidence. This suggests that FOLE and CLE do not increase EFAD risk compared with SOLE in pediatric patients with intestinal failure.

Trash Fish Floss Provides High Levels of Minerals and Essential Fatty Acids for Food Supplementation

Trash Fish Floss Provides High Levels of Minerals and Essential Fatty Acids for Food Supplementation

Comparative Nutritional and Histological Analysis of Malabar Red Snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) and Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer).

This study offers a comprehensive morpho-histological analysis of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the Malabar red snapper. A comparison of its GIT morphology with that of the Asian seabass reveals similarities and differences between the two species. Additionally, the moisture content, crude protein, and ash in the fillets of Malabar red snapper and Asian seabass were slightly different, with Malabar red snapper exhibiting higher levels of essential fatty acids. Furthermore, higher levels of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio, and a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio, were observed in Malabar red snapper compared to Asian seabass. The Malabar red snapper's esophagus featured protective mechanisms such as simple columnar epithelial cells, mucous-secreting glands, and goblet cells that were predominantly stained for acid and neutral mucosubstances. Furthermore, its stomach, with mucus cells that were weakly stained for acid mucosubstances, exhibited distinct regions with varying glandular densities, with the pyloric region featuring few glands. The pyloric caeca of the fish were composed of five finger-like structures and few goblet cells. Several goblet cells gradually increased from the anterior to the posterior region of the intestine. These findings provide useful insights for the aquaculture sector, focusing on Malabar red snapper.

HUBUNGAN BERAT LAHIR DENGAN KADAR ARAKIDONAT ACID PADA ASI DARI IBU MENYUSUI BAYI 1-4 BULAN DI KOTA MAKASSAR

Human milk is the most perfect food for babies, ideally breast milk is the only source of nutrition for six months at the beginning of life. This study aimed to assess the correlation levels of Arhacidonat Acid of breast milk in nursing mothers by birth weight (LBW and normal) in Makassar. Research conducted at the health center area of ​​Makassar. This type of research is observational analytic with cross-sectional design. How the sample selection using purposive sampling of 30 people, where the first group of 15 lactating mothers of normal birth weight babies and a second group of 15 mothers breastfeeding LBW infants. Levels of Arhacidonat Acid is checked by HPLC (Hight Performance Liquid Chromotography). Data were analyzed using SPSS using independent t-test to see relations birth weight infants with higher levels of essential fatty acids in milk both groups. Average levels of AA breastfed babies with normal birth weight lower than the levels of AA breastfeeding LBW infants (0.098 ± 0.006 mg / ml appeal of 0.085 ± 0.024 mg / ml) but the relationship was not significant (P> 0.05). It was concluded that there was no association between birth weight infants with higher levels of Arhacidonat Acid breast milk in lactating mothers of infants aged 1-4 months in Makassar.

Unveiling the optimal path: High-pressure homogenization and D-phase emulsification methods for borage oil nanoemulsion design

Borage oil contains high levels of essential omega-6 fatty acids, which are important for skin structure and function. For this reason, this oil can be used for the treatment of cutaneous diseases including atopic dermatitis. This disease is associated with an abnormality in essential fatty acids (EFAs) metabolism, particularly in the production of gamma-linolenic acid, leading to impaired incorporation of EFAs into the phospholipid membrane. EFAs bioavailability can be enhanced by using a borage oil nano-based drug delivery system. In this study a borage oil nanoemulsion was prepared using high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and D-phase emulsification (DPE), respectively, high and low energy methods. A design space approach was performed to optimize the formulations. The optimized HPH nanoemulsion (HPH-NE) presented a particle size and zeta potential (ZP) of 425.3 ± 5.6 nm, and − 19.4 ± 3.7 mV, respectively. For the DPE nanoemulsion (DPE-NE) the particle size was 334.4 ± 5.2 nm, and the zeta potential was − 34.6 ± 1.0 mV. Furthermore, DPE-NE presented higher toxicity compared to HPH-NE, possibly related to the presence of the polyol. These nanoemulsions may improve the borage oil bioavailability for oral administration. Thus, they can be used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

Comparison of Key Nutrient Content of Commercial Puppy Foods with Canine Dietary Requirements

A balanced diet significantly impacts a dog’s development with regards to energy, growth, immunity, and overall health. Customizing a dog’s diet according to its age, size, and activity level is imperative for its welfare. Unbalanced diets can lead to nutritional deficiencies. This study assesses the key nutrient content of puppy diets that display information on EPA and DHA fatty acids. The diets fulfilled nutritional requirements for protein and fat according to the European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF) but varied in terms of levels of essential fatty acids. The nutrient levels in certain diets did not correspond to the label claims. None of the diets fulfilled the EPA and DHA claims, indicating an inconsistent ratio of n−6 to n−3. Additionally, trans fat such as C18:1 elaidic acid was present in all diets.

Changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids during treatment of malnourished children may be insufficient to reach required essential fatty acid levels – A randomised controlled trial

Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a global concern. Studies on the impact of ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are almost non-existent. The aim was to investigate the change in whole-blood PUFA and nutrition and health markers among Cambodian children with SAM after treatment with RUTFs. The trial was an 8-week randomised clinical trial of the effectiveness of locally produced fish-based RUTF (L-RUTF) vs standard milk-based RUFT (S-RUTF). Whole-blood fatty acids were analysed using dried blood spots. Nutrition and health markers were assessed using anthropometric assessment and blood samples for markers of inflammation. The trial was conducted at the National Pediatric Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, with one hundred and twenty-one 6-59-month-old children in treatment for SAM. L-RUTF had a higher content of n-3 PUFA and a higher content of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), while S-RUTF had the highest content of n-6 PUFA. At baseline, the children presented with a Mead acid level in whole-blood of around 0.08% of total fatty acids (FA%) and an omega-3 index of ∼0.91±0.44. After eight weeks of S-RUTF treatment, linoleic acid (LA), AA, n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, and Mead acid levels were increased. The L-RUTF intervention did not change the whole-blood PUFAs from baseline. At discharge, the children in the L-RUTF group had a lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio than the children in the S-RUTF group, driven by a lower alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (0.20 vs 0.27 FA%, p=0.004) and lower LA (15.77 vs 14.21 FA%, p=0.018) with no significant differences in AA or DHA levels. Weight-for-height z-score at discharge was negatively associated with total PUFA (β-1.4 FA%, 95%CI.-2.7;-0.1), n-6 LCPUFA (β-1.3 FA%, 95%CI.-1.3;-0.3), and AA (β-0.6 FA%, 95%CI.-1.0;-0.2). Age-adjusted height was negatively associated with the Mead acid:AA ratio (β-1.2 FA%, 95%CI.-2.2;-0.2). No significant change was seen in inflammation markers within groups or between groups during treatment, and n-3 and n-6 PUFAs were not associated with markers of inflammation or haemoglobin status at discharge. The trial found that whole-blood markers of PUFA status were low in children at admission and discharge from SAM treatment, indicating that the currently recommended composition of RUTFs are not able to correct their compromised essential fatty acid status. The higher content of DHA and AA in L-RUTF did not give rise to any improvement in PUFA status. No changes in health markers or associations between PUFA and health markers were found. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02907424.

Modulation of essential fatty acid levels in coconut oil with flaxseed oil

Coconut oil (CO) is a popular cooking medium but its lack of essential fatty acids (FA) is a health concern. Therefore, the aim of this work was to improve the FA profile of CO by blending with flaxseed oil (FO). Blends with various percentages of FO were prepared and studied for physicochemical characterization, thermal and long-term storage stability. The results indicated that the blends made favorable alterations in FA composition without adverse effects to the oxidative stability of the fatty acids and they resisted secondary thermal deterioration up to two hours at 180 ºC. The blend with the highest percentage of FO was stable for nine months. THP-1 cell line studies showed that ω-3 FA from the blend was incorporated into the cells with no adverse effect on cell viability but the inflammatory markers studied remained unaltered. Thus, CO and FO blends could be stored for at least nine months and could be used as cooking medium when prolonged heating is not involved.

Temporal evolution of fatty acid content in human milk of lactating mothers from the Philippines

Fatty acids (FA) play a key role in infant growth and development. The aim of this study was to study the temporal evolution of FA from 3 or 4 weeks to 4 months postpartum in human milk (HM) from Filipino mothers. Mid-morning HM samples (n = 41) were collected after full expression from a single breast and FA were assessed using gas-liquid chromatography coupled to flame ionization detector. The total FA content remained relatively constant over the study period. The most abundant FA in HM were oleic acid (OA), palmitic acid (PA) and linoleic acid (LA), a trend similarly reported in HM from European and Chinese mothers. The former two were unchanged over the course of lactation while there was a slight increase in LA content over time. Similarly, the saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) contents did not vary over the first four months of lactation. The SFA content was much higher than that reported in HM from Europe and China, mainly driven by PA, lauric and myristic acids. The MUFA content on the other hand, while comparable to that reported in HM from Chinese populations was lower than that reported in Europe. There was a small increase in the polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) content over the study duration. The levels of essential FA, linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) were found to be much lower than that reported in other populations. The concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) remained stable over the study duration. AA and DHA in HM from Filipino mothers were comparable to global averages, however in case of the latter the concentration was found to be lower than in previous reports. DHA is of great clinical significance as it plays a key role in infant growth and development. In our study, we observed a wide inter- and intra-individual variability in the levels of DHA in HM, presumably reflecting diverse intakes of DHA rich foods and bioconversion in vivo. Personalized recommendations may help achieve recommended levels of DHA amongst population with levels below global averages. This may help achieve HM sufficiency and therefore be linked to clinical benefits for the mother and the baby. SummaryThis study details the temporal evolution of human milk (HM) fatty acids (FA) in Filipino mothers up to four months postpartum. The total FA content remained relatively constant over the study period. The most abundant FA were oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids. HM from Filipino mothers had relatively higher saturated FA content driven by palmitic, lauric and myristic acids, while the levels of essential FA, linoleic and α-linoleic acids were lower compared to other populations. Similarly, the concentration of monounsaturated FA were also lower than that reported in HM from European mothers. Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations were comparable to global averages however the HM DHA levels were seen to have decreased when compared to previous reports from the Philippines. Additionally, a wide variability was seen in HM DHA levels suggesting a need for strategies such as personalized recommendations in order to ensure HM DHA sufficiency.

Evening primrose oil: a comprehensive review of its bioactives, extraction, analysis, oil quality, therapeutic merits, and safety.

Oil crops have become increasingly farmed worldwide because of their numerous functions in foods and health. In particular, oil derived from the seeds of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) (EPO) comprises essential fatty acids of the omega-6 (ω-6) series. It is well recognized to promote immune cells with a healthy balance and management of female ailments. The nutrients of interest in this oil are linoleic acid (LA, 70-74%) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 8-10%), which are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that account for EPO's popularity as a dietary supplement. Various other chemicals in EPO function together to supply the body with PUFA, elevate normal ω-6 essential fatty acid levels, and support general health and well-being. The inclusive EPO biochemical analysis further succeeded in identifying several other components, i.e., triterpenes, phenolic acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols of potential health benefits. This comprehensive review capitalizes on EPO, the superior product of O. biennis, highlighting the interrelationship between various methods of cultivation, extraction, holistic chemical composition, sensory characters, and medicinal value. Besides the literature review, this study restates the numerous health advantages of primrose oil and possible drug-EPO interactions since a wide spectrum of drugs are administered concomitantly with EPO. Modern techniques to evaluate EPO chemical composition are addressed with emphasis on the missing gaps and future perspectives to ensure best oil quality and nutraceutical benefits.

Invasive Crayfish Faxonius limosus: Meat Safety, Nutritional Quality and Sensory Profile.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety parameters, nutritional value and sensory profile of the meat from spiny-cheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus), captured from the Danube River in Serbia. To achieve this, we determined their microbiological safety, chemical composition, minerals and heavy metals, fatty acid and amino acid profile, as well as a sensory profile of the meat. The obtained results showed that the meat from crayfish was microbiologically safe. Crayfish meat has a high nutritional quality, high protein content (18.12%) and a total of 17 detected amino acids, of which essential amino acids constituted 6.96 g/100 g sample. Additionally, the crayfish meat was characterized by high levels of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly n-3 PUFA, at an optimal ratio of n-3/n-6 and with low values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Predominant macrominerals in the meat are K, followed by Na, Ca, P and Mg, whereas the content of microminerals was in the following order: Zn > Cu > Fe > Mn. The concentrations of accumulated toxic metals (Cd, Pb, As and Hg) did not exceed the maximum allowed levels. Sensory analysis confirmed that the meat from spiny-cheek crayfish has the potential to become a new food source of essential nutrients.

The paralytic shellfish toxin effect on bioenergetic constituents of the fishery resource Chorus giganteus (Gastropoda: Muricidae)

Alexandrium catenella, one of the most common harmful microalgae observed in southern Chile, produces paralytic shellfish toxins, which can affect many organisms throughout the trophic chain. This research evaluated how paralytic shellfish toxins affected the principal bioenergetic constituents and fatty acids composition of the carnivorous snail Chorus giganteus. Snails were separated into a “toxic” group that was fed the toxic clam Mulinia edulis (which was previously fed A. catenella), and a “non-toxic” group, fed non-toxic clams. Both groups were kept under these conditions for 63 days. Our results indicated no difference in the ingestion rate of toxic versus non-toxic snails; however, a higher protein level was identified in toxic snails. The total lipid content proved to be no different in toxic versus non-toxic snails; although, an effect of the toxic diet on the fatty acid profile of C. giganteus was observed. High levels of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in toxic snails, were identified. Our results suggest that exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins, through diet, may cause changes in the biochemical composition of C. giganteus, which may have a subsequent impact on its energetic physiology.

Phytochemical and Functional Characterization of Different Parts of the Garcinia xanthochymus Fruit.

The fruit of Garcinia xanthochymus is consumed traditionally and is known to possess health-promoting effects. However, studies involving the characterization of phytochemicals of different parts of the fruit, and their biological activity were limited and hence warranted a comprehensive study. The proximate analyses reveal that fruit peel was rich in crude fiber. The levels of essential minerals, fatty acids, amino acids, carotenoids, organic acids, and polyphenols were significantly higher in the peel, followed by the rind, seed, and pulp. The in vitro antioxidant assays revealed that the polyphenolic extract of the peel possesses a high antioxidant effect compared to the extracts from other parts of theG. xanthochymus fruit. Furthermore, the in vitro assays reveal the antidiabetic potential of the methanol extract. This is the first comprehensive report involving the characterization and biological properties of different parts of the G. xanthochymus fruit. Hence, our study implicates the potential use of this fruit for the development of functional foods for diabetes.

Severe Asymptomatic Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency (EFAD) in a Patient Enrolled in a Quality Improvement Project for HPN Patients (QIP-PN)

ObjectivesIntroduction. A 97-year-old, 47 kg female with a history of dysphasia, and failed enteral feeding was on HPN for 35 months. PN provided 150 grams dextrose, 75 grams amino acids, electrolytes, MVI and trace elements. Intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) was held because liver dysfunction and line infections.MethodsThe patient enrolled in Amerita QIP-PN program. Essential fatty acid and trace element levels were obtained.ResultsSevere deficiencies of linoleic (c18:2w6; 524.3; (nl) 2653.4–6130.3 umol/L) and ἀ-linolenic acids (c18:3w3; 4.12; nl 26.1–150.1) were detected. Eicosatrienoic (Mead) acid (c20:3w9) was markedly elevated at 135.33 (nl 10.3–41.3). The eicosatrienoic to arachidonic acid (triene to tetraene) ratio was markedly elevated (0.27; nl 0.02–0.05). Stearic (267.2; nl 590.2 – 1377.2) and arachidic (8.86; nl 16.8 – 38.5) acids were low. Total polyunsaturated (1.6; nl 3.57 – 8.11) and total n-6 fatty acids (1.3; nl 3.3 – 7.1) were low. Seven fatty acid levels were elevated, apparently from de novo lipogenesis in the presence of insulin: myristic = 299.15 (nl 39.4 – 258.2), hexadecanoic = 300.41(nl 19.82 – 59.93), palmetoleic = 1197.60 (nl 68.5 – 570.2), vaccenic = 458.11 (nl 84.82 – 260.8), docosapentanoic = 32.8 (nl 9.2–32.1), docosenoic = 20.88 (nl 5.73 – 11.92). Interventions. Four-oil ILE was added as 20 grams once weekly, providing ∼4 grams of linoleic and ∼0.5 grams of ἀ-linolenic acids. Follow up free fatty acids showed normalization of ἀ-linolenic (27.07) and improvement in linoleic (889.74) and mead (60.34) acids. The triene to tetraene ratio improved to 0.17.ConclusionsAn elevated Mead acid level and elevated triene to tetraene ratio confirmed severe EFAD. Mead acid is produced from the elongation of oleic acid (n-9). The n-3, n-6, and n-9 fatty acids all compete for the same desaturases. But the desaturase enzymes have a preference for the fatty acids based on their n-terminal structure. The sequence is n-3 > n-6 > n-9. Therefore, increased Mead acid (20:3n-9) synthesis occurs only with very low availability of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. In severe EFAD, Mead acid serves as a precursor to specific prostaglandins and leukotrienes via the cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. This case highlights the value of the QIP-PN in identifying EFAD in long-term HPN patients.Funding SourcesNone.

Proximate Composition, Amino Acids, and Fatty Acids in the Adductor Muscle of the Giant Honeycomb Oyster Hyotissa hyotis (Linnaeus, 1758) from Jeju Island, Korea

The giant honeycomb oyster Hyotissa hyotis occurs at a high density in the shallow subtidal rocky bottom of Jeju Island off the south coast of Korea, where the sea surface temperature ranges from 14°C to 25°C seasonally. Unlike other oysters, H. hyotis has an extraordinarily large adductor muscle (AM) that accounts for more than 40% of the total tissue weight. This study analyzed the proximate composition, amino acids, and fatty acids of the AM of H. hyotis in Jeju Island to evaluate the nutritional potential. For the analyses, oysters were grouped based on their reproductive condition as prespawning (May–August), spawning (September–November), and postspawning (December–April). The AM contained a high level of protein (54.7%–69.4%) followed by carbohydrate (16.0%–25.3%) and lipid (4.5%–9.9%) throughout the year, indicating that the AM is enriched with protein. The total amino acids (TAA) in the AM ranged from 9.4 to 12.9 g/100 g dry weight annually, and essential amino acids accounted for up to 36.7% of the TAA. Like other marine bivalves, the AM contained a high level of taurine, which accounted for 26.5%–28.5% of the total free amino acids. The AM also included high levels of essential fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid, as these fatty acids accounted for 35.9%–37.0% of the total fatty acids. The AM of prespawning oysters collected during May and August contained comparatively higher total proteins and carbohydrates. Results suggested that, like scallops and pen shells, the AM of the giant honeycomb oyster is highly suitable as seafood, and H. hyotis should be considered as a species of high potential for future aquaculture efforts.

245 Level of Colostrum Intake Affects Vaginal Lipidome of Gilts at Three Weeks Postnatal

Abstract Colostrum is the first milk and available to neonatal pigs the first 24-36 h after birth. Colostrum provides immunity, nutrients, essential fatty acids, and bioactive factors. Colostrum consumption is related to long-term fertility. Previously, vaginal lipidome of female piglets (gilts) on d 21 postnatal (PN) was found to be different between animals that became highly fertile production sows versus infertile animals. Arachidonic acid, a derivative of the essential fatty acids was less in infertile animals. We hypothesized that differences in vaginal lipidome profiles of gilts were due to differing levels of colostrum intake, thus we hypothesized gilts with greater immunocrit (IM) ratios, and greater 24-hour weight gain (measures of colostrum intake) will have greater levels of essential fatty acids and derivatives. Here we determined the relationship of IM and 24 h gain to vaginal lipids on d 21 PN. Gilts (n = 60) were weighed at birth and 24 h PN, and blood sampled to measure IM. On d 21 PN vaginal swabs were taken from surviving gilts (n = 53). Lipids were extracted from swabs using the Bligh-Dyer method and measured using multiple reaction monitoring profiling). MetaboAnalyst 5.0 was used for statistical analysis. Phosphatidyl choline (PC) (36:3), PC(36:2),and arachidonic acid positively (P < 0.05) correlated with immunocrit. PCo(38:6) and cholesterol ethers negatively (P < 0.05) correlated with IM and 24 h gain. Overall, our hypothesis was supported as greater colostrum intake is related to greater levels of essential fatty acids and derivatives in vaginal lipids at 21d PN.

The influence of bariatric (metabolic) surgery on blood polyunsaturated fatty acids: A systematic review.

Bariatric, also termed metabolic, surgery is an increasingly common treatment for severe and complex obesity. It decreases macronutrient intake, influences nutrient absorption and modifies gastrointestinal physiology with the aim of reducing adiposity, improving metabolism and reducing disease risk. Bariatric surgery has been shown to result in micronutrient deficiencies. Whether it results in deficiencies of essential fatty acids (EFAs) and their bioactive polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) derivatives is not clear. The aim of this systematic review is to identify whether there are effects of bariatric surgery on the blood levels of EFAs and other PUFAs. A database search was conducted up to November 2020 using Medline, Embase and Cinahl databases, using relevant search terms identified by a PICO protocol. Only human studies reporting on PUFAs in a blood pool, published in the English language and available in full text were included. The Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias was used and data were extracted. Fifteen papers from fourteen studies with relevant data were identified for inclusion. Studies differed according to surgical intervention, duration, measured timepoints, sample size and PUFAs reported. Both increases and decreases in selected PUFAs were reported in different studies. For the EFAs linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid and for the longer-chain omega-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid, bariatric surgery is associated with a transient decline in status (to about 6 months post-surgery) with a later return to pre-surgery levels. All studies had some risk of bias and most studies were of small size. There is a decrease in blood levels of both EFAs and of eicosapentaenoic acid in the months following bariatric surgery. This may partly counter the desired effects of the surgery on blood lipids, insulin sensitivity and inflammation. Nutritional strategies (e.g. use of modified formulas or of supplements) may be able to correct the decrease in those PUFAs. Nevertheless, the observed decrease in PUFAs is transient.

A new strategy in rearing of European flounder: using live Enchytraeus albidus to enhance juvenile growth

This study reports the use of the annelid worm Enchytraeus albidus as a live feed for reared juvenile European flounder, Platichthys flesus. We investigated growth, lipid composition and mortality in small scale (hundreds of fish) and large scale (thousands of fish) rearing. Live Enchytraeus had a relatively low content of the essential omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), but similar levels of other essential fatty acids and amino acids as the normally used commercial dry feed. Despite low DHA levels in live worms, juvenile flounder fed Enchytraeus grew twice as fast as fish fed commercial dry feed. DHA levels in membrane phospholipids of juvenile flounder became depleted when fed Enchytraeus, but this had no apparent negative consequences for development or health of the fish. Our study suggests that the use of Enchytraeus as a live feed for European flounder is feasible at a large scale.