Level Of Environmental Damage Research Articles

Effectiveness of environmental regulations: firm’s decisions and welfare implications

In this paper, we compare four policy instruments–tax, subsidy, binding emissions and cap-and-trade, to determine which policy is the most effective and whether they are equivalent. We also examine if a firm’s policy preference differs from that of a policymaker. Our motivation stems from the global use of a wide array of pollution instruments. Using a game theoretic approach, we analyze how carbon abatement, production quantity, profitability and welfare vary between different policy tools. We find that the tax policy is equivalent to the binding emission standards while welfare comparison shows that the highest welfare is attributed to either the tax or subsidy policy depending on the levels of environmental damage. We find that both the policymaker and the firm prefer a subsidy policy under lower thresholds of environmental damage. Exploring hybrid policies, we find that a multi-part tariff contract jointly implements the socially optimal outcomes and leads to a win-win situation for both the firm and the policymaker. Our findings offer guidance for policymakers and managers to implement appropriate policies based on the degree of environmental damage and to consider using hybrid policies that achieve higher pollution abatement and improved welfare.

The effect of human mobility restriction during the Covid-19 pandemic on the level of environmental damage

Environmental damage that occurs is generally caused by human activities. The activities carried out lead to mobilities with a tendency to a certain pattern. During the Covid-19 Pandemic, the Indonesian government issued a policy of restricting the human mobility to reduce the spread of the Covid-19 virus. The reduced human mobility in mining activities may lessen the level of environmental damage that occurs. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of human mobility restrictions during the Covid-19 pandemic on the level of environmental damage that has occurred. Pangkalpinang City was taken as the location for data collection in this study. Data collection will be undertaken by distributing questionnaires online to people who live in the research location. From the results of the questionnaire, human mobility patterns will be mapped to the activities conducted and the level of environmental damage that has occurred. The results of this study can show the distribution of human mobility patterns to environmental damage that occurred due to policies to restrict human movement during Covid-19 Pandemic.

Environmental taxes and the effects of partial privatization on environmental R&D, environment and welfare

This paper considers environmental R&D (ER&D) of clean technology for reducing pollutant emissions in a polluting mixed duopoly and analyzes partial privatization’s impacts on ER&D, environment and welfare. In the situation that environmental taxes are exogenously given, it finds that the impacts of privatization policy on ER&D and environment critically depend on the level of environmental damage. However, regardless of the marginal damage, an appropriate partial-privatization policy can increase social welfare. In addition, it also considers an endogenously determined optimal environmental tax and shows that if the marginal damage is high, partial privatization’s impacts on ER&D, environment and social welfare may be not the same as the exogenous environmental tax situation.

Analisis Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Jumlah Penduduk, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Energy Use/Consumption dan Krisis Ekonomi Terhadap Kualitas Lingkungan Ditinjau Dari Tingkat Carbon Footprint di Asean 8

Environmental degradation is an important issue which is currently can be a threat to sustainable economic development in both developed and developing countries. Research on environmental damage due to economic development actually has been done a lot in the previous research but most of them only uses CO2 emission indicators to measure the level of environmental degradation. This study uses the concept of Ecological Footprint and more specific this study want to analyst Carbon Footprint to see the level of environmental damage. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of economic growth, population, energy consumption, foreign direct investment (FDI) and crisis economics on Carbon Footprint in ASEAN 8 during the period 2000-2017 and to prove the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) shown by Inverted U-shaped. The method that used in the study is panel data regression with the Random Effect Model. The results showed that the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis was proven in ASEAN 8 countries. Population and energy consumption variables have a positive and significant effect on the level of Carbon Footprint, while foreign direct investment has a positive effect and appropiate with Pollution Heaven Hypothesis, but does not significantly affect the Carbon Footprint.

Optimal emission taxation and the Porter hypothesis under Bertrand competition

ABSTRACTIs socially efficient taxation conducive to the win‐win solution associated with the strong version of the Porter Hypothesis? Using a Bertrand duopoly yielding a continuum of Nash equilibria, we show that this is true for almost any level of environmental damage and equilibrium pricing strategy. We also prove that the only case in which no conflict arises between private and public incentives is where firms price at marginal cost. This finding suggests that coordination between environmental and competition authorities would be highly desirable.

Environmental damage study based on intensive land use activities in Widoro Sub-watershed of Patuk, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The criticality of watersheds in Indonesia can trigger water scarcity and trigger environmental damage if it is not handled as early as possible especially during uncertain climate change conditions. The long-term impact of this condition, if it is not handled properly, is the damage to the ecosystem and habitat that can disrupt rainfall patterns. Regulatory issues, sub-optimal community empowerment, lack of public awareness, and the decrease of forest productivity are some of the causes. This study was aimed to find out the extent of environmental deterioration using indicators of Erosion Hazard (EH) and landslides and to formulate environmental management strategies as an effort to conserve the environment. Data collection for the first purpose was undertaken by observation, literature review, documentation, and for the second purpose was conducted by measurement, observation, and interview. The results of the analysis can be concluded that the level of environmental damage in the Widoro Sub-watershed was in the category of minor damage. It can be seen from EH and landslides that occurred in the Widoro Sub-watershed. The erosion and landslides that occurred were at a harmless level. The environmental management strategy included counseling and assistance activities, improvement of sanitation facilities, and monitoring and law enforcement on community activities related to land use, erosion, landslide and disaster, and also the selection of plants with high value economic.

Perencanaan Penataan Ruang Desa Berbasis Potensi Desa sebagai Kendali Pembangunan Desa yang Terarah dan Berkelanjutan

West Java province is currently active conducting development in rural areas in order to improve the welfare of its community through the improvement of IDM (Indeks Desa Membangun/Village Index Development). In general, village development has not been based on village spatial plan, resulting it less optimal and not synergized with Regency’s Mid-term Development Plan (RPJMD Kabupaten). Therefore, each village government shall first conduct village spatial planning as the basis for preparation of Village Mid-term Development Plan (RPJM Desa), in order to understand its potentials and development plans that exist in its area and realize the importance of village spatial planning. This research uses qualitative and comparative descriptive methods. The existence of the Village Spatial Plan (RTRW Desa) enables village development to become more synergistic, directed, and sustainable, suppresses conflict of interests, controls the use of space in village area to remain in accordance with its function and designation, hence the level of environmental damage can be minimized. Village spatial planning is new to village governments and no guidelines exist yet. Thus, the central or local government shall prepare guidelines for village spatial planning and conduct socialization and education.

Incident analysis of the “Pajaritos” petrochemical complex

On April 20th, 2016, an explosion occurred in the “Pajaritos” petrochemical plant, in Coatzacoalcos, México. The accident caused 32 deaths and almost 100 workers were seriously injured. At present, there is no official information about the cause of the accident and the existent reports are confidential. This paper proposes an explanation of what happened at the petrochemical plant facilities by considering the testimony of several witnesses and the process simulation. The strategy includes three steps: 1) the process simulation via Aspen Plus® software; 2) The hazardous process streams identification through the process stream index (PSI); and 3) The consequences description using the TNT method, ALOHA® and ANSYS FLUENT. The results agreed with the testimony of witnesses and indicated the level of environmental damage and the unavailable prioritization of process safety over the production and management systems. This indicates that these accidents are recurrent as a consequence of a low safety culture in developing countries.

Bird Species Diversity in Liwa Botanical Garden, West Lampung

The diversity of bird species can reflect the high biodiversity of an area. it means that birds can be used as a bio-indicator of environmental quality. Determining the quality and level ofenvironmental damage can be seen from the diversity of bird species in the region. Environmental quality will be better if the diversity of bird species in the region is diverse.Birds have an important role in protecting the ecosystem in the Liwa Botanical Garden. The presence of birds in the Liwa Botanical Garden has not been well identified. Therefore thisresearch needs to be done. This research was conducted on 12 October 2019 to 20 October 2019 in the Liwa Botanical Garden, West Lampung. Data collection of bird species isconducted in the morning at 06.30.00-08.30 West Indonesia Time and afternoon at 16.30-18.00 West Indonesia Time, with a combination of the count point and the transect method then all encounters with birds are recorded and identified directly at the study site. After the birds are identified, data is processed to find out Shannon's level index and diversity index. The species diversity index uses the Shannon and Weiner formula. The level of diversity is determined based on the species diversity index. The results showed that there were 15 bird species with a total of 466 individuals with a moderate diversity index and an evenness index indicating a distressed community.

ACCOUNTING OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN THE DESIGN OF MINING OBJECTS

The purpose of this article is to study the existing methods of calculation of environmental damage and identifying the most effective ones. To achieve this goal, the author has formulated and solved the following tasks: to investigate the mining sector, given its environmental safety; to define the stages of development of deposits of rare earth metals and to assess their level of environmental damage. The theoretical basis of the article is the domestic and foreign scholars on various aspects of the world energy market the hydrocarbon resources and the economy of industrial enterprises. As a methodological basis of applied methods: analysis, synthesis, analogy, comparison, induction and deduction, mathematical-statistical (factor). In the result of the study revealed that the greatest importance and practical significance is a methodology based on the effectiveness of environmental protection measures as it may consider three types of environmental risks: environmental damage that was caused in the past; the present environmental pollution associated with the existing mining facility; future environmental costs. The study shows that the design of the mining facilities shall be based on the assessment of possible environmental impacts and effectiveness of environmental protection measures. In this regard, the economic assessment of environmental damage in the mining design of the object should represent a combination of costs of implementing environmental measures to compensate for residual environmental impacts and reclamation of disturbed natural complexes.

Environmental impact of elemental concentration and distribution in waters, soils and plants along the Lokoja–Abuja pipeline routes of Bida Basin, northwestern Nigeria

This paper presents environmental study carried out to evaluate the impacts of elements’ concentrations in water, soil, plants and the level of environmental damage. This is to establish the rate of pollution and degree of enrichment to enhance delineation of highly polluted areas along the pipeline routes. It was achieved by determining their spatial distribution, concentration and/or occurrences as well as the possible sources of enrichment.Forty-six (46) surface water samples were collected during the dry season while thirty (30) surface water samples were collected in the wet season respectively. The sampling was systematically carried out at diverse locations along the streams and major rivers to broadly cover the variation in the area. Fifty-one (51) soil samples were collected during dry and wet seasons to determine the texture, heavy metal concentration and physico-chemical characteristics. Thirty (30) and twenty-six (26) samples of stream and river sediments were also collected during the dry and wet seasons for physico-chemical characterization, texture and heavy metal concentrations. Ten plant tissues were collected and analysed to ascertain the rate of absorption.The results of the surface water during the dry and wet seasons showed slight acidity while the Electrical Conductivity revealed that the major ions are higher in the dry season. The major anions and cations accounted for about 71% and 29% of the Total Dissolved Solids respectively. The higher concentrations of Fe in the stream sediments and soil than that in the water and plant tissues suggest the weathering of oolitic, pisolitic and argillaceous ironstone within the area. Concentration of NH4 emanate from anthropogenic sourcesTextural classification revealed sand dominated soil which confirmed that the soil and stream sediment are autochthonous. The concentration of heavy metals and cations for both seasons in the plant tissues showed no discrepancy. The hydro-chemical facies characterization of the surface water identified two water groups of Ca–HCO3 and Na–K–Cl. The water chemistry evolution in this area is controlled dominantly by weathering and precipitation in the wet season. There is strong soil–plant relationship which is evident in their enrichment. Heavy metal distribution is generally within the acceptable limit except for few locations where Pb, Zn and Fe are of high concentration.

Spatial Planning in Perspective of Good Governance (A Study on Analysis of Spatial Planning in Batu City as a Tourism City)

Spatial planning is an effort to improve the welfare of the community and to ensure environmental sustainability by taking into account the comparative advantages in an area and minimizing the development gap by reducing slums, and poor and underdeveloped areas. Regional Spatial Planning Policy is a kind of policy product to control the level of environmental damage and the disorganized development and growth in a city or regency. The role of Batu City Government is to realize Batu City space that is safe, comfortable, productive and sustainable as a superior agropolitan city and tourism city in East Java Province. This article utilized Good Governance Perspective and System Theory to analyze the formulation of Regional Spatial Planning Policy in Batu City. This article firstly explained about tourism development, and secondly described the authority and responsibility of stakeholders in spatial planning formulation. The third part clarified good governance perspective on spatial planning in Batu City and analyzed supporting and inhibiting factors in spatial planning formulation in Batu City. The findings showed that only some actors and factors had strong influence over the formulation of Regional Spatial Planning Policy. Keywords: Good Governace, Governace Perspective, Spatial Planning, Tourism City, Batu City

The income–environment relationship: Evidence from a binary response model

The empirical environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) literature is vast but far from conclusive. Many authors have analysed the existence of an EKC for various pollutants. Others have used the EKC framework to identify country characteristics that help to explain the income–environment relationship. In this framework environmental degradation is analysed using a second or third order polynomial in income and a limited number of control variables. Some authors question whether this standard framework is appropriate. This paper proposes an alternative to study the specific characteristics of countries that have experienced economic growth and an improving environment at the same time. We estimate a binary response model and find an EKC-like relation between the probability that a country's environment improves with economic growth and per capita GDP. Our evidence further suggests that the level of environmental damage is an important explanatory variable. We also confirm the importance of an open political system. These results indicate that the binary response model could be a valuable alternative to test which country specific characteristics are associated with a negative IER.

Environmental Quality and Economic Growth

This paper uses 5-year non-overlapping emissions growth equations for sulphur and carbon dioxide to estimate the impact of economic growth on environmental quality. It is shown that the impact of economic growth on emissions growth depends on the level of income. Economic growth reduces emissions once a country reaches a certain level of income, a conclusion that seems to support the environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis both in the direction of the impact as well as in the estimated income level. This paper also suggests that demand for environmental quality depends on the level of environmental damage. The significance of other variables (e.g. black market premium or tariffs on imports) suggests that there might be some 'win-win' situations: reducing these variables is advantageous for both economic growth and environmental quality.

Patterns of environmental movements in eastern Europe

Environmental movements played an important part in the transitions of 1989/1991. They grew steadily in the early 1980s, and rapidly by the late 1980s. Now they have shrunk considerably. They fed on a legacy of environmental damage, but the pattern of their growth across different countries has varied. There have been notable turning points: ‘phosphorite wars’ in Estonia; Baikal and Chernobyl in Russia; the Danube dam in Hungary. Yet the relative involvement of the public, scientists, and intellectuals has also varied. Evidence from a 1993 survey in these countries shows that the capacity and opportunity to organise movements is more important than the actual level of environmental damage in explaining these patterns.

Perceptions of crowding and resource quality by early and more recent visitors

Abstract Previous literature suggests that a recreationist's current evaluations of a natural setting are influenced by the conditions that existed during the individual's initial exposure to the environment. Given the rapid growth in backcountry use and the ecological impairments associated with this use, it follows that each new generation of visitors will experience a different set of initial conditions. This paper explores the relationship between the year boaters made their first trip to the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore and their current evaluations of the resource. Results indicate that those who made their first trip prior to the area's national designation, when use levels were lower, perceived significantly greater levels of environmental damage to the islands and evaluated perceived increases in visitor numbers more negatively than the more recent boaters. The implications of these findings for managing the recreational experience are discussed.