Levels Of Disease Development Research Articles

Injuriousness of raspberry cane midge and heat injury to remontant raspberries

The authors found that in long-term studies, the levels of damage to raspberries of the remontant type of fruiting by raspberry gall midge Resseliella theobaldi (Barn.), associated with mycosis - midge blight: the development of the disease ranges from 29 to 40%. Also, deep necrotization of the internal tissues of the stem (loss of commercial productivity) ranges from 15 to 28% of the total number of shoots. Therefore, gallic burn with an average and severe degree of damage significantly affects the growth, development, and productivity of annual shoots of remontant raspberries. In addition, gall midge burn reduces the total number of internodes formed by 10–15%, increases the number of vegetative nodes on the shoot by 13–32%, and reduces the length of the productive shoot by 12–17 cm. In addition, the diameter of the generative projection at the base is reduced by 14%, the number of generative organs is reduced by 1.4–5.2 times, the weight of 1 fruit is also reduced by 1.1–1.4 times, the productivity of 1 shoot also decreases by 1.6–5.4 times. The authors found that the severity of gall burn on a remontant weakly resistant raspberry variety can theoretically be calculated by a regression equation for the relationship between the level of disease development (X) and the degree of decrease in shoot productivity (Y): Y = -0.6395 + 0.6267X + 0.0019X2, which allows interpolating estimates for any levels of damage to stands.

Fusarium isolates from Belgium causing wilt in lettuce show genetic and pathogenic diversity

AbstractFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae race 4 causes vascular necrosis and wilting of lettuce. First observed in Belgium in 2015, the lack of disease resistance in commercial cultivars allowed this pathogen to spread to nearly the entire Belgian production area within 4 years. Different levels of disease development were observed in different commercial greenhouses. To help explain this variation, we collected 78 Fusarium isolates and characterized them both physiologically and genetically. Molecular race identification indicated that 91% of the isolates belonged to race 4, while 6% of the isolates belonged to race 1, which was not previously reported in Belgium. Pathogenicity assays using differential cultivars confirmed the molecular race assignment of selected isolates. Cultivar Patriot was identified as a suitable new differential cultivar to race 4. Race 4 isolates were more aggressive than race 1 isolates at 24°C, but only when using chlamydospore inoculum instead of a root dip assay containing microconidia. Variation in pathogenicity and aggressiveness of the races may explain differences in disease development in commercial greenhouses. Based on genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS), race 1 and race 4 isolates were highly similar to reference isolates. Fusarium curvatum, F. oxysporum f. sp. tulipae and F. oxysporum f. sp. rhois were phylogenetically separated from F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae races 1 and 4 based on the GBS data, but not when using multilocus sequence data. Within F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae race 4, the GBS data differentiated two rather homogeneous groups, suggesting at least two introductions. However, the two groups did not differ in aggressiveness.

Efficacy of funcicides in maize growing

Goal. To determine the technical efficiency of fungicidal treatments against helminthosporiosis, rust and fusarium ear rot in the conditions of the western forest-steppe of Ukraine.
 Methods. Field. The research scheme included 13 variants with different amounts of fungicidal treatments. The following fungicides were used in the experiments: Abacus e.c. (epoxiconazole 62.5 l/ha + pyraclostrobin 62.5 l/ ha), Coronet 300 SC (trifloxystrobin 100 g/l + tebuconazole 200 g /l), Custodia CS (tebuconazole 200 g/l + azoxystrobin 120 g/l), Acanto KS (picoxystrobin — 250 g/l. Records of diseases were performed according to generally accepted methods in the phase of wax ripeness.
 Results. Studies have shown that fungicidal treatments reduce the development of helminthosporiosis by 14.9—25.9%, rust — by 4.0—19.4% and fusarium ear rot by 3.2—6.3%. The weighted average development of maize diseases depended on the period of application and the amount of fungicidal sprays. Among the one-time treatments, the lowest level of disease development was when spraying in the phase of panicle ejection, among double treatments — 10 leaves and panicle ejection. Three uses of fungicides in the phase of 10 leaves, shedding of panicles and after flowering reduced the development of helminthosporiosis to 4.4%, rust — to 3.5%, fusarium ear rot — to 1.2%. The highest level of protection was obtained in the variant of four preparations in the phase of 10 leaves, ejection of panicles, after flowering and grain filling, where the development of helminthosporiosis was 4.4%, rust — 2.9%, fusarium ear rot — 1.1%. The technical efficiency of the studied drugs increased with increasing number of fungicidal treatments and was the highest in the variant of four applications of fungicides, which is 86.6% against helminthosporiosis, 87.0% against rust and 85.5% against fusarium ear rot.
 Conclusions. The technical effectiveness of fungicides depends on the period of application of the drug and increases with an increase in the number of treatments. High technical efficiency was noted in the variant of the three-time introduction of fungicides in the phase of 10 leaves, throwing out the panicle and after flowering. The highest efficiency is in the variant of the four-time introduction of fungicides in the phase of 10 leaves, throwing out the panicle, after flowering and filling the grain.

FORMATION OF A COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT ON THE MARKET OF PLANT PROTECTION IN THE SYSTEM OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The article is devoted to the problematical aspects of the formation of a competitive environment in the market of plant protection products in Ukraine in the system of sustainable development. The plant protection system is substantiated as a component of intensive crop cultivation technologies, which ensures a reduction in the number of harmful organisms, a reduction in the level of disease development and crop contamination based on preventive and agrotechnical measures, cultivation of resistant varieties, activation of natural entomophages. In this context, the basic approaches of integrated plant protection were investigated. It was established that it is expedient to determine the effectiveness of pesticide application at the macro level, along with the economic and ecological effect; it is expedient to take into account the social effect of protective measures. It has been proved that in practice it is more efficient to use a methodological approach, which is based on the determination of economic losses caused by the influence of the qualitative state of soils on human health indirectly through food products, and expressed in the form of expenses for the treatment of citizens, payment of disability certificates, as well as in the form of under produced GDP due to workers not coming to work due to diseases caused by poor nutrition. An analysis was made of the trends in the production of plant protection chemicals in Ukraine for the period from 2015 to 2021, which increased by 2.1 times, namely from 46.8 to 96.4 thousand tons. Approaches to changing the preparative forms of plant protection products on the market are considered. It is indicated that the number of powdered preparations and emulsion concentrates is decreasing. New, more ecological forms are being created: suspension concentrate, liquid paste, water-soluble granules, dry liquid suspension, microencapsulated. The selectivity of the action of drugs, especially herbicides, increases. The following main directions of increasing the effectiveness of the formation of a competitive environment in the market of plant protection products in Ukraine are highlighted: а) optimization of the use of plant protection products, taking into account the economic feasibility of their use in terms of population pressure based on the determination of the economic threshold of harm for each pest species and zone; в) strict compliance with the regulations for the use of plant protection products based on a comprehensive study of their sanitary and hygienic characteristics and conditions for ensuring safety at work. To increase the effectiveness of the formation of a competitive environment in the market of plant protection products in Ukraine, it is advisable to stimulate an increase in the share of organic and ecological methods of farming

Differential reaction of hexaploid and tetraploid wheat to Fusarium graminearum chemotypes in a controlled environment

Fusarium head blight (FHB) has a negative impact on cereal food safety, quality and yield. The majority of FHB resistance genes in wheat (Triticum spp.) have been identified based on reaction to Fusarium graminearum, which, in Canada, has two prevalent trichothecene chemotypes, 3-acetyl-deoxyinvalenol (ADON) and 15-ADON. Three hexaploid (Triticum aestivum L.) and four tetraploid (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum and Triticum turgidum L. spp. dicoccoides (Korn. ex Asch. & Graebn.) Thell.) wheat genotypes with different genes for resistance and with different reactions to F. graminearum were evaluated in replicated greenhouse trials to determine if the resistance genes currently deployed in Canadian wheat are effective against both the 3-ADON and 15-ADON chemotypes. The development of FHB was rated as disease severity. The genotypes showed differential responses, with a higher level of disease development in the hexaploid wheat genotypes inoculated with the 3-ADON than with the 15-ADON chemotype. The opposite was observed in the tetraploid wheat genotypes. Tetraploid genotype BGRC3487 and a hexaploid genotype ND2710 showed similar resistance to both 3-ADON and 15-ADON chemotypes. These would be effective sources to breed lines resistant to both 3-ADON and 15-ADON chemotypes and reduce FHB risk.

Шкідливість грибних хвороб пшениці озимої в умовах Лісостепу Західного

Goal. To study the development of fungal diseases of winter wheat and to determine their harmfulness. Methods. The study was conducted using field (assessment of disease development on winter wheat varieties), laboratory (identification of pathogens of winter wheat), analytical and mathematical methods. Results. It was found that the most common diseases of winter wheat during 2017-2019 were leaf septoria and dark brown spots. The harmfulness of dark brown spots and leaf septoria on the varieties Vodohray Bilotserkivskyi, Mudrist Odeska on artificial infectious backgrounds was studied. It should be noted that the fungal attack of winter wheat affected the economic indicators. The coefficient of harmfulness (on an artificial infectious background) on susceptible to dark brown spot varieties, depending on the level of disease development was 0.26-0.49%, leaf septoria — 0.14-0.66%. Conclusions. Over the years of research, the development of dark brown spots (on the natural background), depending on the variety was 1.5-28.5%, leaf septoria — 1.5-32.5%. Dark brown spot affected the least variety of Mudrist Odeska, leaf septoria — variety Oberig Myronivskyi. It should be noted that the fungal attack of winter wheat by leaf septoria and dark brown spot affects the length of the ear, the number of grains in it, the weight of grain in the ear, the weight of 1000 grains. Thus, with increasing lesions of leaf septoria of the variety Vodogray Bilotserkivskyi grain weight from the ear decreased, in particular at the intensity of the disease 50%, it decreased by 0.27 g, at 75% — 0.57 g, 100% — by 0.81 g The disease affected significantly the weight of 1000 grains, which decreased with increasing degree of damage and with the development of the disease 25% was 2.7 g less, while in unaffected plants it was 45.7 g. With a lesion intensity of 75%, this figure decreased by 14.6 g. With the fungal attack by the dark brown spot of the variety Mudrist Odeska the mass of 1000 grains decreased and at the intensity of the disease 50% was 6 g less, while in unaffected plants it was 47 g, at the intensity of the defeat 75% this figure decreased by 10 g. The coefficient was determined of the harmfulness of leaf septoria on the artificial infectious background (0.14-0.66%) and dark brown spot (1.5-28.5%) on susceptible to diseases varieties.

Effects of a high-fat diet on superoxide anion generation and membrane fluidity in liver mitochondria in rats

BackgroundObesity is a primary factor of lifestyle-related diseases, and the age of its onset has decreased. The reactive oxygen species (ROS), the superoxide anion, is generated in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the damage it induces in cells may be a contributing factor to obesity-related lifestyle diseases. In the present study, the influence of the ingestion of a high-fat diet (HFD) on superoxide anion generation in rat liver mitochondria (Mt) and membrane fluidity was investigated.MethodsMale Wistar rats were fed a normal diet (ND, n = 6) or HFD (n = 6). Liver Mt were isolated and oxygen consumption, superoxide anion production (the adrenaline method), and membrane fluidity (the spin label method) were measured.ResultsAfter 11 weeks, body weights and abdominal circumferences were higher in the HFD group than in the ND group. Mt oxygen consumption was higher in the HFD group than in the ND group. Superoxide anion production was significantly lower in the HFD group than in the ND group, while no significant changes were observed in membrane fluidity.ConclusionAlthough rats developed diet-induced obesity, it did not reach the level of disease development. The promotion of lipid metabolism appeared to reduce superoxide anion production, but did not influence membrane fluidity. While superoxide anion damages cells as an oxidative stress, ROS and superoxide dismutase are essential signaling molecules in the body. The present results suggest that the continuous ingestion of a HFD impairs Mt and induces disease development.

Features of etiopathogenesis of psychosomatic and somatoform disorders

Aim. To identify the features of etiopathogenesis of somatoform and psychosomatic disorders in adolescents. Methods. Examined were 426 adolescents and their families. The main group - 321 patients of the Kirov City Children’s Clinical Hospital, which included two subgroups: 117 adolescents with somatoform autonomic dysfunction, and 204 - with psychosomatic disorders; the mean age was 15.1±1 years. The control group consisted of 105 adolescents who were students of secondary schools in the city of Kirov with the first group of health; the mean age was 15.1±1 years. The clinical-psychopathological method of investigation, questionnaire surveys, and experimental psychological tests were used in order to perform the study. Results. The conducted study confirms the multifactor nature of the pathogenesis of psychosomatic disorders (identified was the importance of biological, psychological and social factors) and makes it possible to suggest that the onset of symptoms of psychosomatic disorders is formed according to the main stages of the nonspecific response to stress, from the autonomic neurotic reactions during somatoform autonomic dysfunction (at the stage of resistance) to the development of the psychosomatosis picture - during the development of psychosomatic disorders (at the exhaustion stage). The level of disease development is determined by both the individual predisposition and the spectrum of adaptive responses to stress. All this confirms the need for earliest detection of somatoform autonomic dysfunction in order to prevent the development into a chronic process and its progression. Conclusion. Complex treatment is of great importance, including the personal-oriented psychotherapy aimed at the development of adaptive mechanisms for coping with stress.

Growth and Competitiveness of Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) after Foliar Application ofAscochyta caulinaas a Mycoherbicide

Control of common lambsquarters by the use ofAscochyta caldinaas a postemergence mycoherbicide was studied in corn and sugar beet, in 1992 or 1993. The weed was planted at determined positions in the crops. Plots were treated with suspensions ofA. caulinaspores, and wetness duration's were varied to create different levels of disease development. Application ofA. caulinaresulted in necrosis development on, and mortality of common lambsquarters. Average severities of leaf necrosis 1 wk after treatment ranged from 0.01 to 0.75. Average proportions of dead plants 3 wk after treatment ranged from 0.00 to 0.65. Necrosis development and mortality were affected by wetness duration in two experiments. Sublethally diseased plants showed reduced growth. Maximum dry matter was affected by crop and by necrosis development. Numbers of fruits per plant showed a positive, almost linear relationship with plant dry matter weight. Seed weight was less affected by necrosis than number of fruits per plant. Competitiveness of common lambsquarters was reduced after infection byA. caulina.Crop dry matter weight showed a positive relationship with the level of common lambsquarters control. In corn, yield reduction by competition was prevented by application of A.caulina, but not in sugar beet.