Level Of Consumption Expenditure Research Articles

CONSUMER EXPENDITURE OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND

The main target of the research was to diagnose the level and structure of consumption expenditures of rural households in Poland in 2015-2021. Among consumption expenditures, special attention was paid to fixed expenditures, i.e. on food and non-alcoholic beverages, as well as on housing and energy carriers. Expenditures of rural households were compared to expenditures of urban households and analyzed against the background of all households in Poland. The data source was individual, unidentifiable data from the “Household Budget Survey” conducted by the Central Statistical Office in 2015-2021. It was noticed that in the years 2015-2021, relatively large disproportions in the level of consumption expenditure between rural and urban households were observed. In 2015, consumption expenditures per capita in households living in rural areas accounted for less than 3/4 of expenditures of households living in urban areas. However, in the analyzed period, the increase in the level of this occurrence was more than twice as high for rural households, which proves a pronounced convergence process. The greatest burden on rural household budgets was expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages, which in rural households amounted to about 30%, and in 2020, i.e. the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, it exceeded 32%. It was noticed that the structure of consumption expenditures between rural and urban households were very similar in 2015 and 2021.

HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES IN TURKEY: A COMPARATIVE QUANTILE REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Consumption is one of the key concepts in economics due to its animate connections with GDP, savings, and utility. The current study aims to analyse the relationship between household consumption expenditures and some household characteristics in Turkey through Household Budget Surveys of TurkStat for the years 2002 and 2018. With the implementation of quantile regression estimations, it is shown that disposable income emerges as a very important determinant of consumption expenditures as suggested by the conventional theories of consumption. Most of the households, who intensify their savings, especially to purchase real estate, reduce their consumption levels. It is also observed that the household-heads who are single or enjoy a higher level of education spend more. Although the age of the household head is positively associated with the level of consumption in 2002, this relationship seems to be reversed in 2018. Regarding economic growth trends in the Turkish economy, such an observation might support the lifecycle theory. The households who use credit cards and online shopping are associated with a higher level of consumption expenditure compared to those who do not use these opportunities.

Drivers and Comparative Level of Consumption Expenditure and Nutritional Intake across Social and Religious Groups in Punjab: Empirical Evidence from NSSO Data

The present study examined the monthly per capita consumption expenditure and nutrition intake across social and religious groups in Punjab. Furthermore, the drivers of monthly per capita consumption expenditure and calories intake were identified. It was found that the mean difference of the Sikh community was higher than the Hindus and Islamic community for calorie intake and higher than all the other communities in case of protein intake and fat intake of nutrition. There was no significant mean difference of the religious groups for monthly per capita consumption expenditure. However, in the case of social groups, the results were noticeable as the scheduled castes were having significantly lower mean difference for MPCE as well as the nutrition intake than the general class, but the OBC were having significantly lower mean difference for MPCE, calorie intake and fat intake than the general class. The scheduled tribes were having significantly lower mean difference for protein intake as compared to the general castes showed their deprived condition. The policies implemented by the government were unable to reach to these social groups. It was revealed from the results of two-stage feasible generalized least square model that all the variables significantly affected the MPCE but in case of the calorie intake, all variables except the Sikh household were significant statistically.

ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES IN AZERBAIJAN

Since social issues are always given great attention in the policies implemented in Azerbaijan, it is important to examine household consumption expenditures and the factors affecting it. In this context, the effects of disposable income, income tax, corporate tax, VAT, and exchange rate on household consumption expenditures are determined using multiple regression analysis. The study finds that some of these independent variables have a statistically significant positive impact on the level of consumption expenditures.

Gender, Education and Poverty in DR Congo: A Microeconomic Analysis Based on the Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition

This paper analyzes gender, education and poverty in DRC through a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition approach. The latter was needed in this study to judge the difference in level of consumption expenditure per adult equivalent per day depending on whether the household is headed by a man or a woman. Preliminary results based on the regression of the variable of interest (consumption expenditure per adult equivalent per day) on the endogenous variables considered (the age of the head of the household and his level of education) showed that age of household head is negatively influences the dependent variable when the head of household is a man and positively when it is a woman. It has also been found that educational attainment significantly influences the dependent variable at all levels of the education system considered in the female-headed household group. The decomposition showed that if female heads of household had the same endowments as men then the consumption expenditure per adult equivalent per day would decrease by approximately $ 0.0334. In short, differences in staffing between male and female head of household are more beneficial to the household when the woman participates in the management of the household.

Recomposition and levelling of consumption expenditures across four economic shocks in Russia, 1994–2014

AbstractThe authors examine the changes in the level and composition of consumption expenditures and their associations with household per capita incomes across the four different economic shocks that Russia has experienced since 1994. Data were collected from a nationally representative annual panel survey of households between 1994 and 2014, supplemented by the Federal State Statistics Service source. Four hypotheses on the relationship between per capita income and consumption, the composition of cutbacks, a levelling of expenditures among income groups, and the stability of the pattern of consumer response to economic shocks are proposed. The data demonstrate that consumption expenditures on food, non‐food, and services decreased together with per capita income during the four economic shocks. Only a few examples of significant smoothing effects were found. All income groups recomposed their expenditures to maintain consumption of necessities. The high‐income group reduced a higher proportion of expenditures on food and services, implying that economic shocks produce a temporary levelling effect on the living standards of different income groups. A relatively stable pattern of consumer responses to economic shocks was revealed, despite these shocks’ divergence; this pattern implies a temporary economization and simplification of expenditures with a fast return to pre‐crisis spending once the crisis is over.

Ubóstwo a zamożność ludności w Polsce w świetle badań budżetów gospodarstw domowych

The subject of studies presented in this paper was disparity of households prosperity, understood in the narrow sense, that is, material prosperity. In particular, there was analysed (quartile) disparity of well-being of households in Poland in 2013. The households were distinguished by the level of consumption expenditures, the main source of income, education level of the household head and the place of residence. At the same time, the equivalent consumption expenditures was taken as the basis for extracting the quartile groups of households. There was examined the relationship between income, consumption expenditures and household equipment, and the level and variety of measures of household welfare in groups distinguished by the criterion of the main source of income. In the study were used statistical and econometrics methods. The analysis based mainly on the data coming from the panel household budget survey conducted by the Polish Central Statistical Office and data contained in the statistical yearbooks.

Measures, Spatial Profile and Determinants of Dietary Diversity: Evidence from India

Food security policies in developing countries generally focus on calorie intake, which is not sufficient to tackle the triple burden of malnutrition: undernourishment, micronutrient deficiencies and over-nutrition. Consumption of a diverse diet is important to lessen the burden and is constrained by different factors. This paper using nationally representative dataset from India, analyzes the determinants of dietary diversity, which is measured using the Entropy index. Heterogeneous dietary diversity profile across adjoining regions highlights the persistence of uneven development in terms of consumption and health indicators. We find that level of consumption expenditure, quality adjusted prices of food items, educational attainment and information dissemination are important factors that affect the household’s consumption of a diverse diet. As one moves away from towns dietary diversity improves. Large size landholders need not necessarily consume a diverse diet as expected. Our findings call for convergence in policy targeting across agriculture, health and nutrition sectors.

An Exploration of the Changes in Consumption Expenditure of the Retired Households in South Korea

This study analyzed the changes in household consumption expenditure of retired households using Korean panel data. We compared the pre and post retirement-consumption levels in different consumption categories using panel data. Paired t-test showed that changes in the consumption patterns before and after retirement were not significant except for the households in the third net worth quartile. Analyzing the effect of retirement on the level of household consumption expenditure, this study found that the effect of retirement was not significant in overall, although retirement had a negative effect on the level of consumption expenditure among households in the lowest net worth distribution. Understanding changes in consumption patterns of retiring households provides important information to design social security policies.

Corruption Measurement: The Case of Russian Federation

This study develops the approach of corruption measurement based on the incomeexpenditure comparison. Using micro-level data on reported household earnings, expenditures and assets provided by Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey for the period 2000-2009 we nd that households with workers in the public sector receive lower earnings than their private sector counterparts, but enjoy the same level of consumption expenditures, in other words there exists an expenditure-income gap in favor of the public sector. Controlling for the reported level of earnings, households with workers in the private sector do not show neither a signicantly higher probability of possessing country houses, cars and computers, nor living in better housing conditions, nor having higher nancial wealth. The analysis of current and accumulated savings, risk aversion and volatility of wages does not show any sign of distinction between two sectors. Thus, dierences in assets and precautionary motives of workers cannot reconcile the sizeable expenditureincome gap. Unexplained dierences are referred to unreported income, or bribes.