Level Of Complexity Research Articles

Task sequencing on oral performance in Portuguese as a foreign language

This empirical study examined Robinson’s (2010, 2015, 2022) Simplify, Stabilise/ Automatise/ Restructure, Complexify (SSARC) instructional design model of task sequencing. Thirty-four university learners of Portuguese as a foreign language participated in the research. The analysis employed a monologic narrative task and two independent variables: “± here-and-now” and “± planning time”. Measures of syntactic complexity, lexical diversity, accuracy, and fluency were selected to analyse the learners’ output. A between-subjects design was adopted. Participants were divided into two groups: (i) sequencing group, in which the students (n=15) performed three tasks with different levels of cognitive complexity (simple task – complex task – more complex task); (ii) individual performance group (n=19), in which the students performed only one task (simple task, complex task, or more complex task). The inferential statistical tests showed gains in fluency and syntactic complexity (coordination index) regarding the complex task in the sequencing group, and increased accuracy and fluency for the more complex task, as compared to individual group performance. The SSARC model was considered to have pedagogical merit, which can help teachers design task-based syllabuses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to fully test the SSARC model applied to oral task sequencing in Portuguese as a foreign language.

Software Solution for Monitoring the Level of Fatigue of Air Traffic Controllers

The work developed a software solution for monitoring the level of fatigue of air traffic controllers using expert opinion. For constructing a software solution, a nine-step algorithm for hybrid assessment of the air traffic controllers’ fatigue level was developed for the first time. For the first time, a software solution for monitoring air traffic controllers' fatigue levels was constructed using the TypeScript programming language and the React library. At the output, a generalized quantitative assessment and linguistic complex level of fatigue of air traffic controllers is obtained. If significant fatigue is detected, the software solution automatically notifies the decision-making person (DM), allowing timely action, such as suspending the dispatcher from work and replacing him. Algorithmic support and software were tested and configured based on accurate data, where the participants of the experiments were students of the Aviation Faculty of the Technical University in Košice. The study uses modern methods such as fuzzy set theory, expert evaluation, intelligent data analysis, and pattern recognition, which improves the accuracy of determining air traffic controllers' fatigue level. The advantage of the development lies in the combination of technical data from video surveillance and expert assessments. With the ability to adjust the settings levels, the software is suitable for both civil and military aviation, making it versatile in application.

Quality of life and its influence on the Self-Perceived Health of older adults cared for in a State social enterprise of first level of complexity in a municipality in the Colombian Caribbean

Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de la calidad de vida en la Salud Autopercibida de los adultos mayores que asisten a los Programas de Promoción y mantenimiento de la Salud en una empresa social del Estado del municipio de Sincelejo, Sucre. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, observacional, transversal analítico, en una muestra de 393 adultos mayores, seleccionados por muestreo no aleatorio por conveniencia. Se aplicó el instrumento de calidad de vida: Índice Multicultural de Calidad de Vida incluyendo la Salud Autopercibida. Se hicieron análisis univariados, bivariados y multivariados, este último utilizando el modelo lineal generalizado de Regresión de Poisson con varianzas robustas. Se mantuvo la confidencialidad de la información, el anonimato de los participantes y se diligenció el consentimiento informado.? Resultados: El 55.98 % de los participantes percibió positivamente su estado de salud, mientras que el 44.02 % tuvo una percepción negativa. Existe relación estadísticamente significativa entre la calidad de vida global y la Salud Autopercibida: a menor calidad vida, menor es la prevalencia de Salud Autopercibida positiva (Calidad de vida Buena; RP = 0,814; IC95 % = 0,750 - 0,884; Calidad de vida Regular RP = 0,923 IC95 % = 0,857 -0,993). Conclusiones: El envejecimiento es una etapa de la vida que por sus características afecta la salud física y mental, que incide sobre la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores y, a su vez, sobre la forma como estos perciben su estado de salud.

Navigating Gynecological Oncology with Different Versions of ChatGPT: A Transformative Breakthrough or the Next Black Box Challenge?

The study evaluates the performance of large language model (LLM) versions of ChatGPT-ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and ChatGPT-Omni-in addressing inquiries related to the diagnosis and treatment of gynecological cancers, including ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers. A total of 804 questions were equally distributed across four categories: True/False, Multiple-Choice, Open-Ended, and Case-scenario, with each question type representing varying levels of complexity. Performance was assessed using a six-point Likert scale, focusing on accuracy, completeness, and alignment with established clinical guidelines. For True/False queries, ChatGPT-Omni achieved accuracy rates of 100% for easy, 98% for medium, and 97% for complicated questions, higher than ChatGPT-4 (94%, 90%, 85%) and ChatGPT-3.5 (90%, 85%, 80%) (p=0.041, 0.023, 0.014, respectively). In Multiple-Choice, ChatGPT-Omni maintained superior accuracy with 100% for easy, 98% for medium, and 93% for complicated queries, compared to ChatGPT-4 (92%, 88%, 80%) and ChatGPT-3.5 (85%, 80%, 70%) (p=0.035, 0.028, 0.011). For Open-Ended questions, ChatGPT-Omni had mean Likert scores of 5.8 for easy, 5.5 for medium, and 5.2 for complex levels, outperforming ChatGPT-4 (5.4, 5.0, 4.5) and ChatGPT-3.5 (5.0, 4.5, 4.0) (p=0.037, 0.026, 0.015). Similar trends were observed in Case-Scenario questions, where ChatGPT-Omni achieved scores of 5.6, 5.3, and 4.9 for easy, medium, and hard levels, respectively (p=0.017, 0.008, 0.012). ChatGPT-Omni exhibited superior performance in responding to clinical queries related to gynecological cancers, underscoring its potential utility as a decision-support tool and an educational resource in clinical practice.

Lecture Scheduling Using Genetic Algorithm Method

Lecture scheduling at a university is a very important element, because it determines the progress of the lecture activity process. At the Indonesian Digital Technology University, the lecture scheduling process still uses Microsoft Excel, this is considered less than optimal because it takes a relatively long time, the process is long and requires a high level of accuracy, which is something that often becomes an obstacle in the scheduling process. The genetic algorithm is an algorithm that can be used to solve problems on a large scale and with a high level of complexity, such as lecture scheduling. Genetic algorithms have advantages over other optimization methods, namely that genetic algorithms can optimize problems with complex problems and a very wide search space. There are several stages in a genetic algorithm, namely: initial population initialization, fitness evaluation, selection, crossover and mutation. The results of this research show that scheduling lectures using the genetic algorithm method results in faster and more accurate results, because the process is carried out by the program by finding the best solution from each generation iteration and the process will stop when the required solution is obtained. Meanwhile, scheduling lectures using MS Excel takes longer because it is done manually with the help of the VLOOKUP formula and requires a high level of accuracy so that there are no conflicting lecture schedules. From the test results, using Python software with a genetic algorithm takes 0.609356 seconds with an accuracy level of 100%. Meanwhile, testing using MS Excel with VLOOKUP takes around 20 minutes with an accuracy rate of 95%.Keywords— Scheduling, Lectures, Genetic Algorithm

Microhabitat accessibility determines peptide substrate degradation by soil microbial community.

Soil pore space, considered the most complex biomaterial that exists, generates a complex environment, that gives rise to a wide variety of properties, such as microbial diversity and carbon storage. Soils contain, at the same time, the largest carbon reservoir on earth and an immense amount of nutrient-limited microbial biomass. The reason why this carbon is not consumed by soil microbes is attributed to the complex nature of soil, which forms a labyrinth where carbon and microbes cannot be in direct contact. In the present study, by using microfluidics, we tested the effect of labyrinth-like structures of decreasing accessibility on the decomposing activity of soil microbial communities from a soil inoculum. The two parameters used to study the effect of microhabitat accessibility were either the turning angle in an array of channel-like pore structures or the fractal order in an array of maze-like pore structures. We found that in both cases, channels and mazes, decreasing accessibility produced a higher peptide substrate degradation. When we analyzed the degradation within the structures, we found that most of the activity is concentrated in the regions of intermediate accessibility. We think that the increased degradation activity in low accessibility mazes might be due to the reduced interactions within the microbial communities which leads to a reduction in competition. Lowered competition allows different communities with a wide range of metabolic strategies to cohabit in the structures, which resulted in a bulk increase of the peptide substrate degradation.IMPORTANCEThe role microbes have in the environment is highly influenced by the characteristics of their habitat. Here, we show that a complex habitat enhances the enzymatic activity of a soil microbial inoculum. This might occur due to a reduced competition in complex habitats, which allows a more diverse community to coexist and explore a wider variety of metabolic strategies. The different rates of enzymatic activity in different levels of complexity suggest emergent properties of microbial communities in complex microhabitats which could have important implication for microbial processes, such as soil carbon storage and nutrient cycling.

An Evaluation of London's Intermediate Minor Oral Surgery Service

ABSTRACTBackgroundOral surgery as a speciality has traditionally experienced significant demands, representing one of the largest volume and cost of referrals from primary to secondary care. The IMOS service was created with the objective to increase the efficiency and accessibility of oral surgery services to the public, as well as reduce pressures within hospital settings.AimsTo assess: The quality of the service provided. The waiting times. If the service met needs. Patient‐reported outcome and experience measures. MethodA random sample of patients referred to London Tier 2 IMOS providers were selected, 10 from each provider, totalling 180. They were evaluated to ascertain waiting times, treatment delivered, quality of documentation and level of complexity, level 1, 2, and 3. Patient‐Reported Experience Measures (PREMs) and Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) were also carried out to assess satisfaction.Results38.3% of referrals were classed as Level 1 and the remaining Level 2 and Level 3 were 60% and 1.67%, respectively. 37.2% of patients were seen within 0–49 days, and 72.3% of patients were seen and treated within 18 weeks. 90.8% of these cases were non‐surgical, 17.9% involved mandibular 3rd molar extractions, of which 46.6% were surgical.313 PREMs and 321 PROMs were collected, the experience survey revealed over 98.7% of patients felt anxiety and pain were managed well, with any concerns addressed. PROMs showed that 94.3% of patients did not require further calls or assistance post‐treatment. 72.4% of patients felt recovery was completed within 3 days of the treatment. 1.87% of patients required further assistance such as for dry socket and infection.ConclusionThe London IMOS service is an economical, safe and effective environment to provide minor oral surgery to the vast majority of patients, who would have otherwise been seen in secondary care. Development of pan London triage and communication pathways will further enhance the service and ensure smooth and efficient patient journeys.

Invariance transformations in wave-optics lensing: Implications for gravitational-wave astrophysics and cosmology

Gravitational lensing offers unique opportunities to learn about the astrophysical origin of distant sources, the abundance of intervening objects acting as lenses, and gravity and cosmology in general. However, all this information can only be retrieved as long as one can disentangle each effect from the finite number of observables. In the geometric optics regime, typical of electromagnetic radiation, when the wavelength of the lensed signal is small compared to the size of the lens, there are invariance transformations that change the mass of the lens and the source-lens configuration but leave the observables unchanged. Neglecting this “mass-sheet degeneracy” can lead to biased lens parameters or unrealistic low uncertainties, which could then transfer to an incorrect cosmography study. This might be different for gravitational waves as their long wavelengths can be comparable to the lens size and lensing enters into the wave-optics limit. We explore the existence of invariance transformations in the wave-optics regime of gravitational-wave lensing, extending previous work and examining the implications for astrophysical and cosmological studies. We study these invariance transformations using three different methods of increasing level of complexity: template mismatch, Fisher Matrix, and Bayesian parameter estimation. We find that, for a sufficiently loud signal, the degeneracy is partially broken and the lens and cosmological parameters, e.g. H0, can be retrieved independently and unbiased. In current ground-based detectors, though, considering also population studies, a strong constraint on these parameters seems quite remote and the prevailing degeneracy implies a larger uncertainty in the lens model reconstruction. However, with better sensitivity of the third-generation ground-based detectors, a meaningful constraint on H0 is possible to obtain. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Palliative sedation at the end of life: prevalence, characteristics and possible determinants

BackgroundPalliative Sedation (PS) at the end of life is practiced and perceived differently by health professionals depending on the geographical location in which they provide their health care. Taking into account this heterogeneity, it is necessary to expand knowledge and provide data on this clinical practice in different contexts and countries. On the other hand, the identification of factors associated with PS could help healthcare professionals, at an early stage, to identify patients more likely to require sedation. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and characteristics related to PS in a specialised Palliative Care setting, as well as to analyse factors that could be associated with this procedure.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study including n = 533 patients who died during the study period in a Palliative Care Unit. Clinical and functional (Barthel and Palliative Performance Scale) variables and the level of complexity were collected. For each patient we assessed whether PS had been performed and, if so, we described the type of sedation, continuity and depth, refractory symptoms, medication used, informed consent and place of death. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyse the relationship between several independent variables and PS.ResultsThe prevalence of PS was 16.7% (n = 82). Most frequent refractory symptoms were delirium (36.1%), pain (31.9%) and dyspnoea (25%). Factors associated with having a higher odds of PS were having already started treatment with strong opioids (OR = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.16–3.90) and a lower dependency for activities of daily living (OR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.23–0.70) on admission at PC. Informed consent for sedation was given mainly by representation and only in 19% of cases by the patient himself.ConclusionsEarly opioid use and functional status act as factors associated with PS, becoming as clinical evaluations of particular interest during the disease trajectory, which could help to improve individualised care plans for patients at the end of life.

Complexity of reference consultations for undergraduate and graduate students in an academic library

Effective resource allocation is critical for academic libraries that offer reference consultations and information literacy instruction to support student success. The study aims to examine the time spent and the intensity and variation in information resource use across 671 reference consultations provided to undergraduate and graduate students at the Czech National Library of Technology, categorized by complexity levels. A case study methodology with quantitative analysis, including descriptive statistics and correlation tests, was applied. The results indicate that simple consultations require more extensive involvement of information resources with an emphasis on basic information literacy, while higher grades of consultations involve fewer resources but more frequent use of full-text databases. It is also shown that information resources are used consistently, with usage patterns reflecting the complexity of users’ assignments and questions. The analysis shows that there is a significant relationship between consultation complexity and both the time spent providing a consultation (correlation coefficient 0.276) and the time spent preparing for the consultation (correlation coefficient 0.262). The results suggest the need for strategic planning of human resources based on service complexity to increase the efficiency of consultations, as well as more conscious decision making regarding the use of information resources in consultation services. Acknowledgment The authors are grateful for the invaluable support provided by the Czech National Library of Technology during the research process. The research data offered were extremely helpful and have been essential to complete this research successfully.

Parallel mechanisms signal a hierarchy of sequence structure violations in the auditory cortex

The brain predicts regularities in sensory inputs at multiple complexity levels, with neuronal mechanisms that remain elusive. Here, we monitored auditory cortex activity during the local-global paradigm, a protocol nesting different regularity levels in sound sequences. We observed that mice encode local predictions based on stimulus occurrence and stimulus transition probabilities, because auditory responses are boosted upon prediction violation. This boosting was due to both short-term adaptation and an adaptation-independent surprise mechanism resisting anesthesia. In parallel, and only in wakefulness, VIP interneurons responded to the omission of the locally expected sound repeat at the sequence ending, thus providing a chunking signal potentially useful for establishing global sequence structure. When this global structure was violated, by either shortening the sequence or ending it with a locally expected but globally unexpected sound transition, activity slightly increased in VIP and PV neurons, respectively. Hence, distinct cellular mechanisms predict different regularity levels in sound sequences.

Productivity and aseptic process evaluation during batch production simulation of intravenous medications using a semi-automated compounding device.

Intravenous (IV) medications can be prepared using compounding devices to increase productivity, and reduce risks associated with aseptic compounding. This study evaluated the productivity and quality outcomes of the aseptic process for simulated batches of IV medications used in clinical practice produced using a semi-automated compounding device (Gri-fill; Grifols). Simulated batches from 50 to 600 preparations were completed representing hazardous and non-hazardous drugs, including one-step single component (atropine sulfate, cisplatin) and multistep, multiple component (mitomycin C, piperacillin/tazobactam, trastuzumab, 5-fluorouracil and gemcitabine). Productivity, device autonomy, quality of the aseptic process (media-fill test) and sterility of the preparations were evaluated. A total of 2024 final preparations and 460 intermediate products were compounded during 78 working hours. For low and high complexity level preparations, median (minimum-maximum) production speed was 1.3 (0.6-1.7) and 3.7 (2.6-4.3) min per preparation, respectively. The longest process (36.2 min/bag) was the preparation of a simulated gemcitabine 3 L bulk solution bag, which included reconstitution of vials and filling the bulk bag. All operational errors (0.6%) were resolved autonomously by the user. None of the 883 media fill preparations showed microbiological growth and all 114 analyzed preparations passed the sterility test. Using a semi-automated compounding device, preparation efficiency of IV medications ranged from 14 preparations/h for multicomponent preparations from vials requiring reconstitution, to 100 preparations/h for low complexity preparations using a bulk solution bag. The aseptic processes demonstrated the absence of microbial growth in all tested preparations.

Developing the digital competencies of future public servants: a differentiated approach

Introduction. In the digital age, a primary condition for ensuring national security, fostering long-term economic development, and enhancing the quality of life for citizens is the effective functioning of state civil service institutions. Consequently, the quality of training for future employees in public authorities, particularly in the field of information and communication technologies, is of paramount importance.Aim. The present research aims to establish scientific and methodological foundations for a differentiated approach to developing digital competencies among future specialists in public and municipal administration during their training.Methodology and research methods. The methodological foundation of the study was grounded in the methods and principles of systems analysis, as well as general logical methods of scientific inquiry, including analysis, synthesis, generalisation, induction, and deduction. Additionally, it employed modelling techniques such as mental modelling and visual modelling.Results. The definition of the category “differentiation” as a specific form of educational organisation has been established. Key principles have been identified and substantiated, including the principles of complexity levels, individualisation, and collaboration. A framework model for the differentiated training of future public authority employees in the field of digital technologies has been outlined.Scientific novelty. A new methodology for training future specialists in state and municipal administration has been developed, substantiated, and is currently being implemented, taking into account contemporary trends in the evolution of the higher education system, particularly in the realm of digital technologies.Practical significance. The results obtained can serve as a methodology for organising educational activities within the higher education system, specifically for training future employees of public authorities.

Parallel mechanisms signal a hierarchy of sequence structure violations in the auditory cortex.

The brain predicts regularities in sensory inputs at multiple complexity levels, with neuronal mechanisms that remain elusive. Here, we monitored auditory cortex activity during the local-global paradigm, a protocol nesting different regularity levels in sound sequences. We observed that mice encode local predictions based on stimulus occurrence and stimulus transition probabilities, because auditory responses are boosted upon prediction violation. This boosting was due to both short-term adaptation and an adaptation-independent surprise mechanism resisting anesthesia. In parallel, and only in wakefulness, VIP interneurons responded to the omission of the locally expected sound repeat at the sequence ending, thus providing a chunking signal potentially useful for establishing global sequence structure. When this global structure was violated, by either shortening the sequence or ending it with a locally expected but globally unexpected sound transition, activity slightly increased in VIP and PV neurons, respectively. Hence, distinct cellular mechanisms predict different regularity levels in sound sequences.

Clusterin Deficiency Promotes Cellular Senescence in Human Astrocytes.

The glycoprotein clusterin (CLU) is involved in cell proliferation and DNA damage repair and is highly expressed in tumor cells. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of CLU dysregulation on two human astrocytic cell lines: CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells and SV-40 immortalized normal human astrocytes. We observed that suppression of CLU expression by RNA interference inhibited cell proliferation, triggered the DNA damage response, and resulted in cellular senescence in both cell types tested. To further investigate the underlying mechanism behind these changes, we measured reactive oxygen species, assessed mitochondrial function, and determined selected markers of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Our results suggest that CLU deficiency triggers oxidative stress-mediated cellular senescence associated with pronounced alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, and expression levels of OXPHOS complex I, II, III and IV, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction. This report shows the important role of CLU in cell cycle maintenance in astrocytes. Based on these data, targeting CLU may serve as a potential therapeutic approach valuable for treating gliomas.

A connectome manipulation framework for the systematic and reproducible study of structure–function relationships through simulations

Abstract Synaptic connectivity at the neuronal level is characterized by highly non-random features. Hypotheses about their role can be developed by correlating structural metrics to functional features. But to prove causation, manipulations of connectivity would have to be studied. However, the fine-grained scale at which non-random trends are expressed makes this approach challenging to pursue experimentally. Simulations of neuronal networks provide an alternative route to study arbitrarily complex manipulations in morphologically and biophysically detailed models. Here, we present Connectome-Manipulator, a Python framework for rapid connectome manipulations of large-scale network models in SONATA format. In addition to creating or manipulating the connectome of a model, it provides tools to fit parameters of stochastic connectivity models against existing connectomes. This enables rapid replacement of any existing connectome with equivalent connectomes at different levels of complexity, or transplantation of connectivity features from one connectome to another, for systematic study. We employed the framework in a detailed model of rat somatosensory cortex in two exemplary use cases: transplanting interneuron connectivity trends from electron microscopy data and creating simplified connectomes of excitatory connectivity. We ran a series of network simulations and found diverse shifts in the activity of individual neuron populations causally linked to these manipulations.

Studying economic complexity with agent-based models: advances, challenges and future perspectives

AbstractAgent-based computational economics has considerable achievements. However, it has gone too quickly into a direction similar to the one of models based on solely analytical—as opposed to algorithmic—dynamic systems of difference equations. An increasingly large focus has been put on matching moments of real-world time series of data, a set of stylised facts, or on estimation. Reasons why this is not desirable are discussed. Firstly, both estimation and inference from models will be biased, unless they represent the real data-generating processes. Secondly, surrendering the attempt to incorporate realistic microfoundations is not only against the original ACE agenda, but also is subject to a form of Lucas critique. Thirdly, characteristics of complex systems, especially differences between feedback loops and emergent phenomena that characterise systems of various levels of complexity, undermine the justification of building structurally simplistic models. That is, an attempt at reducing the interaction of many different sectors, populated with agents using various decision rules will yield information loss, i.e., some phenomena by definition are possible to emerge only in systems of higher levels of complexity. A different research agenda is proposed, with the aim of systematically analysing and uncovering the mechanisms, feedback loops and impact channels of complex multi-sectoral economic and financial systems.

Predicting levels of legal case difficulties using machine learning

Lawyers play a crucial role in the courtroom, assisting clients in their defense. Because of their lack of legal expertise, a person or organization facing legal issues requires professional aid. However, we need to know how much money will be spent on paying lawyers. The level of complexity in a case can be used to determine lawyer costs. Therefore, in this research, we propose employing machine learning methodologies, i.e., random forest classifiers and support vector machines (SVM), to determine the level of legal case difficulties. The novelty of this research is applying a machine learning approach in predicting the level of difficulty of legal cases. The data utilized consists of 990 records, which are divided into training and testing data in a 90:10 ratio. The term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) approach was then utilized to perform text preprocessing. The text-preprocessing findings are utilized as input in the classification process. According to the research findings, an accuracy value of 85%, a value of weighted average precision is 88%, and a value of weighted average recall is 85%, for support vector machine. Using random forest, we achieve an accuracy value of 89%, a value of weighted average precision is 85.6%, and a value of weighted average recall is 80%.

Marine Bacteria: A Source of Novel Bioactive Natural Products.

Marine natural products have great pharmacological potential due to their unique and diverse chemical structures. The marine bacterial biodiversity and the unique marine environment lead to a high level of complexity and ecological interaction among marine species. This results in the production of metabolic pathways and adaptation mechanisms that are different from those of terrestrial organisms, which has drawn significant attention from researchers in the field of natural medicine. This review provides an analysis of the distribution and frequency of keywords in the literature on marine bacterial natural products as well as an overview of the new natural products isolated from the secondary metabolites of marine bacteria in recent years. Finally, it discusses the current research hotspots in this field and speculates on future directions and limitations.

The Army Leader: Understanding the Importance of Displaying A Positive Personal Example in the Modern Military Leadership

Abstract The current global security environment is unstable, marked by ambiguity and countless uncertainties, with trends indicating that the geopolitical context will become increasingly insecure and volatile. In such a challenging environment, military leaders play an important role in ensuring stability, guaranteeing territorial security and protecting citizens. More than ever, the role of the military leader in both the military organisation and society has reached an unprecedented level of complexity. To successfully meet the challenges of the modern battlespace, military leaders must train and develop a very diverse and complex set of competences and attributes. By doing so, the leader can rapidly gain the trust and commitment of subordinates, managing to motivate and lead them effectively in any context. This article aims to raise awareness and understanding of the critical role of positive personal example in modern military leadership.