Binder Level Research Articles

Effect of different types of fine aggregates on fatigue resistance and self-healing of fine aggregate asphalt matrices

Fatigue cracking is one of the most common types of distress in asphalt pavements. Each asphalt concrete (AC) constituent and its interactions are relevant to characterize the resistance to fatigue cracking of the ACs. Also, for the selection of materials, it is essential to consider not only the capacity of the material resist to fatigue cracking but also its ability to heal. Materials owning self-heal properties can enlarge the ACs fatigue life. Many former studies investigated the self-healing of bituminous materials at the binder level. However, this material property can be dependent on the binder-aggregate interactions. Thus, the current work aims to evaluate the influence of using different fine aggregates on the fatigue cracking resistance and self-healing capacity behavior of fine aggregate matrices (FAMs). First, granite, basalt, and mica schist aggregates were subjected to physical, morphological, and mineralogical characterization. Then, three FAMs were fabricated with the same asphalt binder and these different fine aggregates. To evaluate the fatigue cracking resistance and self-healing capacity of the FAMs, frequency sweep and time sweep tests were conducted. The simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) theory was used to interpret the results of those tests. The mineral composition of the aggregates impacted the stiffness and the fatigue life of the FAMs. However, there was no significant influence of the aggregates on the self-healing capacity of the FAMs, since there was no significant increase in the fatigue life of the materials after the resting periods in the time sweep tests.

Tracing the odor source of crumb rubber modified asphalt emissions and evaluating the deodorization effect of attapulgite

Crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRMA) is widely used in road construction due to its excellent performance. However, it generates significant odorous gases during paving. To analyze the odor contribution, both untreated crumb rubber and desulfurized rubber were involved in this study to prepare CRMA and desulfurized rubber modified asphalt (DRMA). Attapulgite was selected as an emission reduction agent to reduce the odorous emissions released from CRMA and DRMA. An indoor fume collection system and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were used to trace the odor source and quantify the odorous emissions. A comprehensive olfactory thresholds database for CRMA emissions was further established to evaluate the odor level of various rubberized asphalt binders by using three-point comparative odor bag method, along with known olfactory thresholds of certain compounds reported in the literature. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR), bending beam rheometer (BBR) and Brookfield viscosity tests were used to analyze the effect of attapulgite on rheological properties of CRMA and DRMA. Results indicated that odor emission rate of CRMA containing 1 %, 3 %, and 5 % attapulgite was decreased by 42.62 %, 63.29 %, and 71.06 %, respectively. Benzothiazole, derived from tire rubber vulcanization accelerator, can be reduced by 60.25 % with 1 % attapulgite, demonstrating excellent performance in terms of reducing target odor emissions. Although DRMA has a lower emission rate than that of conventional CRMA, the addition of 1 % attapulgite can further reduce the odor emission rate of DRMA by 37.92 %. The addition of attapulgite has less impact on the overall performance of CRMA and DRMA. Besides, it was found that attapulgite can reduce the viscosity of rubberized asphalt binders, which is beneficial for rubberized asphalt mixture paving and compaction. Considering odor reduction, performance, and economic factors, the optimal attapulgite content was determined to be 5 % for CRMA and 1 % for DRMA. This approach successfully reduces odorous emissions while maintaining the desirable properties of CRMA, making it a viable solution for environmentally friendly road construction.

Effect of pressure and time on water absorption of coated paperboard based on a modified Cobb test method

This manuscript presents the study of water absorption by paperboard subjected to water at high hydrostatic pressure based on a modified Cobb tester. The new tester is based on TAPPI Standard Test Method T 441; however, the water column can reach up to 550 mm. The evaluation consisted of measurements of water absorption for coated and uncoated paperboard at different exposure times from 5 s to 45 s and water column heights from 10 mm to 500 mm (corresponding to hydrostatic pressures 98 Pa and 4.9 kPa, respectively). The coatings were formulated as a combination of styrene acrylate (SA; two binder levels) and two types of ground calcium carbonates (differing particle sizes) to form the two pre-coating structures: open and closed. The coating weight was 6 g/m2 applied on 210 g/m2 solid bleached board (SBB). In addition, 210 g/m2 uncoated boards were studied. Characterization of the coatings was performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion, and roughness. It was found that the new device properly mimics the conditions of the current Cobb tester. The characterization of the coating also confirmed the presence of more open/larger pores of open coatings, confirming the desired coating structure. The absorption of boards was mainly driven by exposure pressure by comparing with exposure time. This was already evident after shorter periods of exposure time at 5 s and also 15 s exposure time. Paperboards with open coatings showed slightly higher absorption than other boards.

Optimizing durability and performance in high-volume fly ash-based alkali-activated mortar with palm oil fuel ash and slag: A response surface methodology approach

While extensive research has been conducted on the production of binary or ternary binders incorporated into alkali-activated mortars (AAMs), significant efforts continue to be directed towards determining the optimal blends that not only address strength requirements but also durability criteria. The present study seeks to optimize highly durable AAMs subjected to harsh conditions that would most likely occur in the mortar during service, through both experimental and optimization modeling. A ternary binder system was developed with a high proportion of fly ash (FA) at 50%, 60%, and 70%, combined with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) at varying levels from 0% to 30%. Visual inspection, compressive strength loss, and microstructure tests were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed AAMs with exposure to freezing-thawing cycles, wet-dry cycles, and an acidic environment for up to one year. Results indicated that the acid, wet-dry, and freezing-thawing resistances of the proposed mortar were satisfactory at the binder level (60% FA, 10% POFA, and 30% GBFS). Furthermore, the response surface methodology model's accuracy and robustness were attained, with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and scatter index (SI) values less than 0.11. It is recommended that a ternary binder of high-volume FA incorporating POFA and GBFS should be used in AAMs to minimize environmental problems, enhance durability performance, and reduce natural resource depletion.

Evaluation of the Mechanical Performance of Warm Bio-Recycled Asphalt Mixtures

Currently, approximately 90% of road pavement mixtures are derived from fossil fuels, a major source of the greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. This fact, together with the scarcity of raw materials in pavement engineering, has prompted recent investigations into sustainable alternatives. Biobinders, serving as substitutes or modifiers for petroleum-based asphalt binders, have gained attention, alongside the integration of recycled materials in recycled asphalt (RA). This study addresses these concerns by combining three techniques: (1) substituting a bitumen-based binder with a biobinder; (2) incorporating a high RA percentage (>30%); and (3) manufacturing the asphalt mixture at a reduced temperature (140 °C). These approaches result in the production and evaluation of warm bio-recycled asphalt mixtures. Materials were assessed at both the binder and mixture levels. The control binder, RA binder, and biobinder underwent conventional and rheological characterization. In terms of mixtures, warm bio-recycled asphalt mixtures employed a biobinder as the only virgin binder, with RA contents of 50% and 70%. Mechanical characterization focused on bearing capacity, cohesion, permanent deformations, and moisture damage. The warm bio-recycled asphalt mixtures exhibited adequate outcomes in bearing capacity through the stiffness modulus being 18,120 MPa and 15,683 MPa for bio-recycled asphalt with 50% RA and bio-recycled asphalt with 70% RA, respectively. Bio-recycled asphalt with 50% RA and bio-recycled asphalt with 70% RA showed low permanent deformation percentages, specifically 0.5% and 0.7%, respectively, in comparison to the reference recycled asphalt mixture with 1.5%, allaying concerns in practical applications due to the biobinder’s soft consistency. The bio-recycled asphalt mixture with 70% RA displayed good mechanical performance regarding the studied mechanical characterization, especially exhibiting the least susceptibility to water-induced damage with 97% of the retained indirect tensile strength ratio, addressing concerns related to moisture damage in warm asphalt mixtures with high RA content and biobinders. These findings offer valuable insights into the adoption of more sustainable practices in the asphalt pavement industry, reducing the concerns associated with warm bio-recycled asphalt mixtures.

Chemical and mechanical analysis of VAPro-aged asphalt binders from different crude oil sources

Asphalt binders change their properties over time under natural and anthropogenic influences since they are of organic origin. This leads to a deterioration of the mechanical behavior and, thus to higher stiffness and brittleness of the binder. This phenomenon is commonly known as “aging.” As a consequence, these changes have a negative impact on the low temperature and fatigue behavior of asphalt mix layers. The standardized RTFOT for STA and PAV for LTA are used to simulate aging in the laboratory on the bitumen scale. On the asphalt mix scale, various methods have been developed for either loose material or compacted specimens. This paper presents a recently developed conditioning method called the “Viennese Aging Procedure” (VAPro) for long-term aging of compacted HMA specimens at close-to-field conditions (T = 60°C and p ≤ 1 bar). Air enriched with traces of highly oxidizing gases (ozone and nitrogen oxides) is passed through the specimens to enhance the oxidation reaction. The chemical reactions triggered by VAPro are expected to be similar to field aging. The applicability of the method is demonstrated. Mixtures containing four binders of the same grade were aged. Significant differences in aging behavior can be observed. The VAPro-aging is about 1.2 to 2.6 times stronger than that of PAV in terms of stiffness increase on the binder level. The mechanical analysis is extended with FTIR measurements. It is shown that this method is of great use in evaluating aging behavior and detecting poorly performing binders.

A novel aging acceleration rate equation for accelerated weather aging test of high viscosity modified asphalt: Theoretical derivation and experimental correction

Accelerated weather aging test is a novel aging method for evaluating the long-term real aging behavior of large-void asphalt pavement (OGFC) and high viscosity modified asphalt (HVMA). However, uncertainties in aging acceleration rate and inconsistencies in selecting weather parameters are the core issues restricting its widespread application. To address these issues, this study proposes a novel approach to construct aging acceleration rate equation for the accelerated weather aging test, considering aging kinetics theory and experimental data correction. First, three representative weather aging combinations were chosen, and a theoretical model for aging acceleration rate was preliminarily constructed based on thermal aging kinetics theory, photoaging kinetics theory, and humidity peak model. Then, by comparing the aging performance between accelerated weather aged HVMA and natural aged HVMA, the experimental aging acceleration rate range (AF1) was determined, and the theoretical model was parameterized to formulate the aging acceleration rate equation at the binder level. Finally, based on the aging performance comparison between accelerated weather aged HVMA and recycled HVMA from field-aged OGFC, the experimental aging acceleration rate range (AF2) was determined, and the mixture-level aging acceleration rate equation after parameter correction was determined. The results show that after theoretical derivation and experimental correction, the aging acceleration rate equation at the binder level incorporates temperature acceleration rate, solar radiation acceleration rate, humidity acceleration rate, and binder correction coefficient Cα (Cα = 1.214). For the mixture level, it also requires considering mixture correction coefficient Cβ (Cβ = 3.731). Under the three typical weather aging combinations in this study, a one-day accelerated weather aging test can simulate the aging effect of 18, 40 and 81-days natural aging for HVMA or 2, 5, and 10-months field aging for OGFC. The aging acceleration rate equations involve real weather parameters, allowing the determination of aging acceleration rates under any combination of weather parameters. This provides a foundation for weather parameter selection and enables accurate simulation of long-term aging of HVMA and OGFC in the laboratory.

Characterization of Self-healing Properties of Asphalt Pavement Materials Containing Carbon Nanotubes: from the Binder and Mix Level based on Grey Relational Analysis

Asphalt pavement cracks not only reduce road life and affect traffic safety but also increase maintenance costs. These issues can be solved significantly if microwave heating (MH) technology is applied based on the self-healing mechanism. This work aims to adopt carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to modify asphalt binders to accelerate their self-healing properties. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity, high-temperature rheological characteristics, and fatigue resistance were conducted to investigate healing potential from binders level; semicircular bending (SCB) tests and MH test were used to assess the fracture and self-healing properties from mix level; Grey relational analysis (GRA) was employed to study the relevance of asphalt binder properties on the healing properties of mixes. Results indicated that CNTs could improve asphalt binders' thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, high-temperature deformation resistance, and anti-fatigue properties. However, the Jnr-diff results suggest that the content of CNTs needs to be controlled within 1.0%. From the mixtures perspective, samples with 1.0% content of CNTs can achieve the best fracture performance and healing efficiency with excellent heating uniformity and no overheating problems. Furthermore, thermal performance strongly correlates with mixtures' healing indexes. This research addresses the maintenance of asphalt pavement cracks, which is essential for long-life pavements and sustainable road development.

Improving the quality of sterilised silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae fortified chicken bread spread using different binders

Abstract This study aimed to improve the quality of sterilised chicken bread spread (S-BS) fortified with silkworm pupae using binders (soy protein isolate (SP) and sodium caseinate (SC)). The characteristics of pasteurised chicken bread spread (P-BS) and S-BS were studied. S-BS was browner than P-BS, as indicated by the higher b* value. The higher total expressible fluid (TEF) in S-BS resulted in lower stickiness and spreadability values than those in P-BS, resulting in lower scores for appearance, taste, and overall preference for S-BS. Optimised types (SP and SC) and levels (0% (control), 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) of binders for improving S-BS quality were evaluated. The TEF of S-BS significantly decreased with increased SP and SC levels (). SP showed a higher capacity to reduce TEF in S-BS than SC. Increased binder levels resulted in higher shear resistance during compression than the control sample, as indicated by the higher firmness, stickiness, and spreadability. The scores for appearance, colour, texture, and overall preference of S-BS with SC were higher than those of the sample with SP. The suitable binder level was 2% to improve the S-BS quality. The highest preference was shown for S-BS with 2% SC for all sensory attributes.

Design and Development of a Biochar Pelletizer

Biochar’s potential value as a soil amendment is in continuous demand. However, as-produced biochar comes in different forms and sizes making its application and distribution challenging. Because there is a limited commercialized biochar pelletizer machine in the Philippines, a biochar pelletizer was developed to meet the requirements of the end-user and to produce a relatively efficient and comparatively inexpensive machine. The developed pelletizer was fabricated in local shops. The pelleting mechanism was composed of a horizontal die and two rollers. Pellet rollers were designed to press the biochar against the die. As the mixture passed the holes, pellets were formed and then fell to the catchment. The developed pelletizer was tested using three (3) different feedstocks, namely: carbonized rice hull (CRH), carbonized coconut shell (CCS), and carbonized wood chips (CWC). Cassava paste was utilized as the binder in levels of 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. The pellets produced in the study were 13 mm long with a range of 6.60 to 7.79% moisture content. Particle and bulk densities were highest with CRH at 764.22 and 343.67 kg-m3, respectively. The hardness and durability were highest with CWC with 1272.75 Pa and 87.48%, respectively. The highest actual capacity was observed with the CRH at 678.22 kg/day. An analysis of variance showed that the mean machine efficiency ranged from 67.86% to 71.02%, irrespective of the binder level. On the other hand, the binder level had a significant effect on the pelleting recovery with the highest recovery of 98.50%was achieved with a binder level of 20%. CCS and CWC could hold water up to 101 to 104% of their weight and could resist up to 806.66 to 1559.6 Pa of pressure. The study recommends the testing of pellets with other feedstock materials and other binder types and formulations.

Utilization of waste rice straw for charcoal briquette production using three different binder

In the present work, rice straw was carbonized using a carbonization drum. However, carbonized rice straw has poor briquetting characteristics and requires a binder. Therefore, carbonized rice straw was mixed with three types of binders at three distinct levels and densified.The physical properties, such as density value, ranged from 0.382 to 0.518 g/cm3, and Shatter resistance ranged from 67.566% to 91.621%. The water resistance test results ranged from 54.893% to 67.894%. The value range for high heating value is 24.049 MJ/kg to 28.639 MJ/Kg, and fixed carbon content is 20.36% to 37.07%.The TGA curve showed the sample made using starch binder at a 20% level showed the best thermal stability. However, parameters such as the high cost of starch, its extraction, and being part of the human food chain make it comparatively unsuitable for commercial use, and taro can be an alternative binder. The emission test showed that the straw briquette showed lower emissions than the CO, NOx, and SOx emitted from burning chopped rice straws. The specific energy consumption was highest for paper binder briquettes, followed by taro binder and starch. The water boiling test showed that as the binder level increases, the burning increases.

RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKENS FED AFLATOXIN MAIZE-BASED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF MYCOTOXIN BINDER

The efficacy of varying levels of mycotoxin binder supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics and serum metabolites of broiler chickens fed aflatoxin maize-based diets was assessed. A total of four hundred and thirty-two (432), one-day-old Hubbard Cobb hybrid broilers were used for the experiment. The chicks were equally weighed and allotted to 12 dietary treatments in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement of an activated clay toxin binder at three different inclusion levels (0 g/kg, 0.1 g/kg and 0.2 g/kg) of feed challenged with 4 levels of aflatoxin B, (0, 40, 60 and 80 ppb). Thirty-six chicks were allocated to each treatment group and replicated three times with 12 chicks per replicate in deep litter for eight weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the birds were starved overnight prior to blood collection, three birds per treatment were selected on the basis of average pen weight. Blood samples were collected for serum and haematological analysis. Data collected were subjected to One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS software. Results revealed significant (p < 0.05) differences in the total protein (TP) content across the dietary treatments. Interaction between aflatoxin and binder levels showed a significant (p < 0.05) effect only on the Alanine amino transferase (ALT) of the birds. Addition of mycotoxin binder (clay type) to aflatoxin contaminated diets was able to ameliorate the effect of aflatoxin on birds regardless of the level at which it was supplemented. Inclusion of 1 % binder in the diets is therefore recommended and feed ingredients for feed formulations be always subjected to test for aflatoxins.

Effect of increasing preheating temperature on the activation and aging of asphalt binder in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)

During preheating, the activation and aging of RAP binders occur simultaneously, and both of them are closely related to the preheating temperature. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing preheating temperature on the activation and aging of RAP binder, and to find out the appropriate preheating temperature. Three sources of RAP and nine preheating temperatures (110 °C–190 °C) were included in this study. An activation test, producing 100% RAP specimens, was conducted to evaluate the binder activation. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) test was carried out to estimate the aging level of RAP binder. In addition, the performance of hot-recycled asphalt mixture containing 30% RAP was analyzed by low-temperature splitting test, freeze-thaw splitting test, and rutting test. Ultimately, a parameter called activation-aging index (IAA) was proposed to reflect the coupling effect of activation and aging. The results indicated that increasing preheating temperature had a significant effect on the improvement of binder activation regardless of the RAP source. In addition, there was a critical temperature, beyond which the activation was difficult to be further improved. However, the increase rate of binder aging became more significant with increasing temperature, contrary to the change law of activation. As for the coupling effect, the results of recycled asphalt mixtures showed that increasing preheating temperature improved the rutting resistance, but may damage the moisture susceptibility. The low-temperature performance, however, exhibited a non-monotonic trend and had a good correlation with IAA. It is recommended to take IAA as a reference for finding the optimal preheating temperature.

The impact of field ageing on molecular structure and chemistry of bitumen

Bitumen is an important construction material applied as sealing material in roofing membranes and as binding material in roads. Due to its organic nature, it is prone to environmentally induced changes on the molecular up to the macroscopic-mechanical level, resulting in a limited service life. Various individual spectroscopic and chromatographic methods have been applied to elucidate specific aspects of the ongoing chemical processes. However, a general view and systematic chemoanalytical approaches are still missing. In this study, the impact of ageing during construction and paving and after 5-years on a test field was analyzed by looking at the chemical changes within bitumen and its polarity-based fractions. Elemental analysis showed doubling of the oxygen content on the binder level and molecular exchange of nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-containing structures between the fractions. The combined use of two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fluorescence spectroscopy indicated the increase in size of aromatic systems by aromatization and/or dehydrogenative polymerization reactions. Fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy demonstrated the ageing sensitivity of nitrogen-containing structures, such as amides and porphyrins. Finally, in-depth analysis of the specific nature and fate of hydroxyl groups with 31P NMR spectroscopy after derivatization revealed increasing amounts of aliphatic carboxylic acids and alcohols with ageing. The outcome of this study aims at improving the understanding of ageing processes in bitumen and at showing new ways to use and combine analytical approaches for proper assessment of bitumen ageing.

Pelletisation of peat moss using binder from palm oil refinery waste (spent bleaching earth) and binder from grey oyster mushroom plantation waste (spent mushroom substrate)

Spent bleaching earth (SBE); a solid waste generated from refining palm oil process and spent mushroom substrate (SMS); a waste generated from grey mushroom plantation were explored as potential binding agents. The experimental work of pelletisation using a pelleting machine was carried out by varying the ratio of peat moss (PMS) to spent bleaching earth (SBE) and spent mushroom substrate (SMS) at 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30 (by weight %). Several analyses were conducted to determine the physical and thermal degradation characteristics of the peat moss pellet at different level of binders. Density and hardness tests were performed for physical analysis. Results from durability test shows that pellet from the tested ratios achieved pellet durability index (PDI) value of more than 97.5%. In terms of pellet hardness, pellet mixed with SBE was found to decrease its hardness when the amount of SBE in the mixture increases. On the contrary, for peat soil pellet mixed with SMS, when the amount of SMS in the mixture increases, the pellet hardness also increases. In terms of water resistance, peat soil pellet mixed with SBE showed high resistance towards moisture whereas peat soil pellet mixed with SMS was found to break during the test when the amount of SMS binder increased. The pelletisation of peat soil aimed to increase the density and strength of the material and consequently provide better thermal degradation characteristics It can be concluded that the most ideal formula among the tested ratios to produce biosolid fuel pellet with SBE as binding agent was 90:10 PMS:SBE whereas for pellet with SMS as binding agent was 70:30 PMS:SMS. This study thus brings opportunity for spent bleaching earth and spent mushroom substrate as potential binding agents to aid pelletisation of raw/biomass material.

Rheological Characterization of Ground Tire Rubber Modified Asphalt Binders with Parallel Plate and Concentric Cylinder Geometries

Recently, scrap tire rubber-modified asphalt binders and pavements have been the preferred choice of state DOTs and parties involved due to the desirable engineering, as well as economic and environmental impacts. Rheological and mechanical properties of rubber modifications have been the main focus of researchers for the last couple of decades. This paper investigates the rutting potential, fatigue cracking resistance, and continuous performance grade (CPG) changes of waste tire rubber-modified, original, and aged asphalt binders. The CPG of asphalt binders is determined at high, intermediate, and low temperatures. A Delta T Critical comparison of the binder was carried out to establish a relationship between measured parameters. Linear amplitude sweep (LAS) tests at equi-stiffness temperatures were conducted to discover the fatigue life of all binders while the multiple stress creep recovery test is performed to assess the high-temperature rutting performance of asphalt binders as per the Superpave performance grading system at accepted regional (58 °C) as well as high PG temperatures. In addition, parallel-plate geometry and concentric cylinder geometry were used with the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) test to discover the impact of discrete particles available in crumb/ground tire rubber-modified asphalt binders as per standards. The results show that rubber modifications improved the base binder’s rutting resistance and continuous PGs without adversely affecting the fatigue cracking resistance. Based on the mathematical expressions developed, 2.71%, 7.82%, 12.94%, and 18.05% (by weight of binder), GTR modifications improved the high PG of the modified binders one, two, three, and four grade bumps, respectively. Similar linear correlations with R2 0.872 and 0.6 were established for continuous low and intermediate PGs, respectively. MSCR test results revealed that both 9% and 20% GTR modifications were achieved to enhance the H-grade traffic level of the original binder to E-grade.

Chemo-rheological equivalence of bitumen between different lab ageing procedures: from binder to mixture

In an attempt to mimic the in-situ ageing of asphalt pavements, the exploration of appropriate laboratory ageing simulations has led to multiple standards on binder level. On asphalt mixture level, however, less consensus exists regarding ageing simulation protocols. This study aims to compare the chemo-rheological performance of bitumen between lab ageing protocols for binders, compacted and loose asphalt mixtures. A bituminous binder was used in bitumen ageing protocols, while it was also used to produce an AC10 mixture that was conditioned as a loose mixture and for compacted cylinders and slabs. Oven ageing of the mixtures was conducted for up to 9 days at 85 °C. The binder testing results, derived from empirical, rheological and chemical tests, indicate that 20 h of PAV ageing yields approximately similar results as 1–2 days of loose mixture oven ageing. Furthermore, in compacted samples, only the outer edge was influenced significantly by oxidative ageing.

Adaptation and Evaluation of Pellet Press Briquette Machine

A good substitute for coal, lignite, and firewood is briquetted fuel made from agricultural leftovers. Compared to loose agro-residues, which have a specific density of 60 to 180 kg/m3 , briquettes have a high (1200–1450 kg/m3 ). Briquettes are formed right where they are made, thus reducing air pollution. In this work, a sawdust and coffee husk briquetting machine is redesigned and built. In this work, briquettes (solid fuels) were made using a screw-type briquetting to compress sawdust and coffee husk at different ratios. An effective densification technique that is suitable for small-scale applications is being adapted by screw press briquetting. The equipment has been modified to generate briquettes at a rate of 187.62 kg per hour. Briquette density, power consumption per kilogram of briquette produced, and calorific value per kilogram of briquette have all been examined in relation to the effect of moisture content in agro-residues and binders utilized. Paper was used as the binding agent, and different biomass binder ratios of 100:10, 100:12.5, and 100:15 were tested to assess the briquette's physical characteristics. The binder level has a big impact on the briquette's physical characteristics. level.

Effect of binder levels natural rubber latex grafting styrene and methyl methacrylate/polyvinyl acetate on emulsion paint characteristics

Effect of binder levels natural rubber latex grafting styrene and methyl methacrylate/polyvinyl acetate on emulsion paint characteristics

A Study on Hydrated Phases of Ternary Blended Binder via Thermal Analysis

Replacing the cement content with alternatives material such as GGBS is a wonderful way to solve the issues of environmental degradation caused by cement manufacture. However, the concrete produced using GGBS has some drawbacks such as lower initial strength and higher dry shrinkage. Thus, the ternary blended binder replacement was proven to improve the properties of concrete due to its synergistic effect. RHA is an agricultural waste achieving broader awareness because of its considerable impact on the microstructural properties as well as improving the strength of the concrete. Therefore, in this study, cement as a primary binder containing high-volume GGBS was prepared with RHA via adiabatic temperature (steam curing) and normal curing conditions. The effects of increasing the amount of RHA pre-treated as replacement level of the primary binder with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, with a constant amount of GGBS (50% of slag) were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA). The findings showed that RHA reacted as a filler and can be used as a secondary source of SiO2 in cement containing high-volume GGBS production. The inclusion of 60% replacement of RHA-GGBS improves the CSH gel due to CH consumption with SiO2 which is more prominent in long terms ages.