Antibody Levels Research Articles

Oral magnesium reduces levels of pathogenic autoantibodies and skin disease in murine lupus

BackgroundSystemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) has a strong genetic susceptibility, but little is known about the impact of diet on disease severity. The Western diet is typically deficient in magnesium (Mg), and given the immunomodulatory effects of Mg, we hypothesized that the low Mg intake increases disease risk and that increasing Mg intake would reduce severity of murine lupus. Here, we placed 12-week old MRL/lpr female lupus mice on a normal (Mg500) or a high (Mg2800) Mg diet for 9 weeks. Urine and blood were collected during the study for quantification of urinary albumin, BUN, anti-dsDNA antibodies, and immune phenotyping.ResultsMRL/lpr lupus mice on high Mg2800 diet had significantly fewer skin lesions and less severe skin histology score, and reduced levels of pathogenic anti-dsDNA antibodies, compared with the Mg500 group (143.8±75.0 vs. 47.4±36.2 × 106U/ml; P < 0.05). The high Mg2800 group had a nearly two-fold increase in the percentage of CD4+FOXP3+ Treg cells compared to controls (19.9±5.4 vs. 11.4±5.5%; P < 0.05). Treg percentages inversely correlated with the concentration of anti-dsDNA. None of the mice developed arthritis during the observation period and there were no significant differences in weight, proteinuria, BUN or kidney histology.ConclusionIn conclusion, oral supplementation of Mg has a protective effect in a murine lupus model and may represent an inexpensive and safe adjuvant in the treatment of SLE.

Enhanced immune response with baculovirus-expressed BoHV-1 glycoprotein D in vaccine development

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), a significant pathogen in the alpha-herpesvirus subfamily, primarily infects cattle and causes the upper respiratory disease known as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). In silico studies evaluated the BoHV-1 D protein to be non-allergenic, non-toxic, and highly antigenic, highlighting its potential as an antigen for vaccine development. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a subunit vaccine using the ectodomain of glycoprotein D (gD34–380) as an antigen. The truncated gD was successfully cloned and expressed in both Escherichia coli (E. coli, termed EgD) and baculovirus (termed BgD) systems, with expected molecular weights of 65 kDa and 50 kDa, respectively. For the vaccine formulation, the gD proteins were used either alone or in combination with in-house inactivated BoHV-1. Vaccination of mice and bovines showed that baculovirus-expressed gD34–380 accelerated the antibody response. Moreover, the BgD-vaccinated group also showed significantly higher neutralizing antibody levels against BoHV-1 than the control group (p<0.0001). In conclusion, our study found that BgD from BoHV-1 can increase the immune response and enhance vaccine efficacy.

Live-attenuated PruΔgra72 strain of Toxoplasma gondii induces strong protective immunity against acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mice

BackgroundToxoplasma gondii is an intracellular opportunistic pathogenic protozoan that poses serious threats, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. In the absence of a robust prophylactic measure, the mitigation and management of toxoplasmosis present formidable challenges to public health. We recently found that GRA72 plays an important role in parasitophorous vacuole (PV) morphology, growth and virulence of T. gondii. However, whether gra72-deficient strain can be used as a vaccine remains unknown.MethodsWe first examined the attenuated virulence of gra72 gene knockout strain (PruΔgra72) and the parasite load in organs of the infected mice. Subsequently, we evaluated the immune-protective effects of the PruΔgra72 vaccination against challenge with various types of T. gondii tachyzoites and Pru cysts. Furthermore, levels of antibodies and cytokines induced by PruΔgra72 vaccination were examined. Statistical analysis was conducted by Student’s t-test or Mantel-Cox log-rank test based on data obtained from three independent experiments with GraphPad Prism 8.0.ResultsWe found that PruΔgra72 strain exhibited a significantly attenuated virulence even at the highest dose of 5 × 107 tachyzoites in Kunming mice model. The significant decrease of brain cyst burden and parasite load in the organs of the PruΔgra72-infected mice suggested its potentiality as a live-attenuated vaccine. Hence, we explored the protective immunity of PruΔgra72 vaccination against toxoplasmosis. Results showed that vaccination with 5 × 106 PruΔgra72 tachyzoites triggered a strong and sustained Th1-biased immune response, marked by significantly increased levels of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies, and significantly higher levels of Th1 type cytokines (IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ) compared to that of Th2 type (IL-4 and IL-10). Vaccination with 5 × 106 PruΔgra72 tachyzoites in mice conferred long-term protection against T. gondii infection by less virulent tachyzoites (ToxoDB#9 PYS and Pru strains) and Pru cysts, provided partial protection against acute infection by high virulent Type I RH tachyzoites and significantly decreased brain cyst burden of chronically infected mice.ConclusionsThe avirulent PruΔgra72 induced strong protective immunity against acute and chronic T. gondii infection and is a promising candidate for developing a safe and effective live-attenuated vaccine against T. gondii infection.Graphical

Dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the Albanian population: Impact of infection- and vaccine-induced immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic

ObjectivesUnderstanding immune response dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial for optimizing future vaccine strategies. This study investigated the infection- and vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in the Albanian population from August 2021 to August 2022. MethodsThis used a cross-sectional approach, analyzing two independent, randomly selected population samples over 1 year. Participants’ demographic, health, vaccination, and COVID-19 data were collected, with blood samples assessed via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin G class anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. ResultsBy August 2022, all individuals receiving one vaccine dose achieved antibody levels comparable to those receiving two doses (median 7.71 index ratio [IR] vs 7.00 IR). In August 2021, those with previous COVID-19 infection receiving one vaccine dose showed median anti-spike immunoglobulin G levels of 7.22 IR compared with 4.84 IR in those without previous infection receiving two doses. However, individuals aged ≥61 years required two vaccine doses to achieve similar immune responses as younger individuals with one dose. ConclusionsThese findings underscore the importance of hybrid immunity, suggesting one vaccine dose may suffice for individuals with previous COVID-19 infection, whereas older adults require additional doses for optimal protection. This study provides insights into humoral immune response dynamics, which is crucial for refining COVID-19 vaccination strategies in middle-income countries with low vaccination coverage and high infection rates.

A serological survey of COVID-19 among predominantly aboriginal residents of a tourist island in southern Thailand

BackgroundThe current survey describes the seroprevalence, history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and vaccination status among predominantly aboriginal residents on a tourist island in southern Thailand. This information can be translated into COVID-19 vaccination and control plans for this population.MethodsWe implemented questionnaire interviews and collected blood samples from 249 residents of Lipe Island, Satun Province, in January 2022. We measured the anti-nucleocapsid protein and anti-spike (anti-S) receptor-binding protein levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG. The differences in antibody levels among participants with different histories of vaccination and infection were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with multiple comparisons.ResultsDuring the 2-year pandemic period, no island residents with COVID-19 required hospitalization despite the high prevalence of hypertension (33.3%) and diabetes mellitus (21.7%). Approximately 18.8% of the participants reported a history of COVID-19 diagnosis. In total, 95.1% of the participants had a history of complete vaccination, of which 93.5% were seropositive. The anti-S IgG geometric means (geometric standard deviation) were 3945.8 (2.0), 829.8 (9.7) AU/mL, 789.9 (5.3) AU/mL, and 22.7 (7.1) AU/mL, respectively, in participants with a history of both COVID-19 diagnosis and complete vaccination (group 1), incomplete vaccination and subsequent COVID-19 diagnosis (group 2), complete vaccination but no previous infection (group 3), or neither previous COVID-19 and complete vaccination (group 4). Significant pairwise differences in anti-S IgG levels were found between certain groups (1 vs 3, 1 vs 4, 2 vs 4, and 3 vs 4).ConclusionsThe high coverage of vaccination, high levels of population antibody titers, variable antibody levels among completely vaccinated non-infected residents, and high prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) suggested that the local health systems could control the pandemic. However, continuing surveillance, booster vaccinations, and NCD prevention programs were still required.

Establishment of cutoff values for anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies in women of reproductive age in Southwest China

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by vascular thrombosis and obstetric morbidity, with accurate laboratory examination of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) being crucial for diagnosis. This study focused on anti-β2 glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI) antibodies and aimed to establish the first population-based cutoff values for aβ2GPI IgA/IgM/IgG antibodies in non-pregnant women of reproductive age in Southwest China. The study cohort comprised 181 healthy women of reproductive age for study. Blood samples were collected on an early morning fast. Anti-β2GPI antibodies including IgA, IgM and IgG were measured in serum using the HOB® BioCLIA kit. According to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, the study used non-parametric percentile methods to calculate the 95th, 97.5th, and 99th percentiles cutoff values for aβ2GPI IgA/IgM/IgG antibodies, along with corresponding 90% confidence intervals (CI), while excluding outliers. A total of 168 independent samples were collected for verification, including 85 samples from healthy subjects and 83 samples from APS patients, in order to evaluate the analytical performance of the obtained cutoff values. The 99th percentile cutoff values were 3.36 RU/mL for aβ2GPI IgA, 27.54 RU/mL for aβ2GPI IgM and 1.81 RU/mL for aβ2GPI IgG, which indicated that the levels of aβ2GPI IgM antibodies were generally higher compared to those of IgA and IgG antibodies. Our established reference range was confirmed to be successful in validating the detected values of aβ2GPI antibodies in all healthy controls. With the 99th percentile cutoff value, the sensitivity was 14.46% for aβ2GPI IgA, 22.89% for aβ2GPI IgG, and 9.64% for aβ2GPI IgM in APS patients. This study established population-based cutoff values that are applicable to the local population for the accurate laboratory examination of aβ2GPI antibodies in non-pregnant women of reproductive age. The study also recommends paying more attention to IgM positivity in women of reproductive age.

High serological and molecular prevalence of Ehrlichia canis and other vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde

Despite the high global impacts of canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) due to their wide distribution and zoonotic potential, the current epidemiological situation of CVBD in many tropical and subtropical regions remains unknown. This study examines the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of Ehrlichia canis and other pathogens causing CVBDs (Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis, Babesia spp., Anaplasma spp. and Hepatozoon canis) in dogs living on the island of Boa Vista (Cape Verde Republic). Blood samples and infesting ticks were taken from 150 dogs across the island (stray, shelter, and pet dogs). Serum samples were tested using a rapid immunochromatographic test (Uranotest® Quattro) that detects antibodies against E. canis, L. infantum, Anaplasma spp. and D. immitis antigen. Levels of serum antibodies against E. canis were measured using the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). In addition, tick-borne pathogens in blood samples (Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., Hepatozoon spp., and Ehrlichia canis) were detected by microscopy observation and/or PCR plus sequencing. The seroprevalence of E. canis was extremely high at 82% (123/150), as revealed by both immunochromatography and IFAT. Most dogs returning a seropositive test result (82.92%; 102/123) had antibody titres > 1:1280 but showed no clinical signs or notable laboratory abnormalities. Of the 123 animals testing seropositive for E. canis, 67 (54.47%) also presented antibodies against Anaplasma spp., and 13 (10.56%) showed the presence of Hepatozoon spp. gamonts in the blood smear. Ehrlichia canis infection was detected in 17.1% (25/146) of dogs tested by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. Co-infections were detected in seven of these dogs: four dogs tested PCR-positive for both E. canis and A. platys, two dogs tested positive for E. canis and Hepatozoon spp., and one dog tested positive for E. canis, A. platys and Hepatozoon spp. Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato was the only tick species found infesting the canine study population. The high prevalence of tick-borne pathogens detected in dogs from Boa Vista Island highlights a need for improved control measures designed to prevent the transmission of these pathogens.Graphical

Serum IgA antibody level against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus is a potential pre-evaluation indicator of immunization effects in sows during parturition under field conditions

BackgroundPorcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious disease caused by Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), resulting in a mortality rate of suckling piglets as high as 100%. Vaccination is the primary strategy for controlling PEDV infection, however, there is currently a lack of reliable methods for assessing the efficacy of vaccination. This study aimed to analyze serum and colostrum samples from 75 parturient sows with a specific vaccination strategy to measure levels of IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against PEDV, and to investigate the correlation between serum and colostrum antibody levels, as well as to identify potential biomarkers that can be used to evaluate immunization effects under field conditions.ResultsThe findings of correlation analysis between antibody levels of IgA, IgG, and nAbs in serum or colostrum samples revealed that IgG demonstrated the most robust correlation with nAbs exhibiting a correlation coefficient of 0.64 in serum samples. Conversely, IgA exhibited the highest correlation with nAbs, with a correlation coefficient of 0.47 in colostrum samples. Additionally, the correlation analysis of antibody levels between serum and colostrum samples indicated that serum IgA displayed the strongest correlation with colostrum IgA, with a coefficient of 0.63, indicating that serum IgA may serve as a viable alternative indicator for evaluating IgA levels in colostrum samples. To further evaluate the suitability of serum IgA as a substitute marker for colostrum IgA, levels of IgA antibodies in serum samples from sows were examined both pre- and post-parturition. The findings indicated that serum IgA levels were initially low prior to the initial immunization, experienced a notable rise 21 days after immunization, and maintained a significant elevation compared to pre-immunization levels from 21 days pre-parturition to 14 days postpartum, spanning a total of 35 days.ConclusionsSerum anti-PEDV IgA antibody levels may serve as a valuable predictor for immunization effects, allowing for the assessment of colostrum IgA antibody levels up to 21 days in advance. This insight could enable veterinarians to timely adjust or optimize immunization strategies prior to parturition, thereby ensuring adequate passive immunity is conferred to piglets through colostral transfer postpartum.

Integrated Serosurveillance for Onchocerciasis, Lymphatic Filariasis, and Schistosomiasis in North Darfur, Sudan.

Sudan is endemic for multiple neglected tropical diseases, including trachoma, onchocerciasis (OV), lymphatic filariasis (LF), and schistosomiasis (SCH). In 2019, dried blood spot samples were collected for a baseline trachoma serosurvey in three localities (El Seraif, Kotom, and Saraf Omrah) in North Darfur State. None were classified previously as OV- or LF-endemic, although low levels of SCH had been identified in all three. Approximately 30 households from 25 communities in each locality were selected by multistage cluster random sampling. Collections of DBSs were analyzed by multiplex bead assay for antibodies to multiple pathogens. This paper presents data on OV (Ov16), LF (Wb123, Bm14, Bm33), and SCH (soluble egg antigen [SEA], Sm25) antibodies among 8,322 individuals from 2,119 households. The survey-adjusted seroprevalence estimates for Ov16 were <0.3% in all localities. Lymphatic filariasis-antigen seroprevalences were discordant. Seroprevalence estimates ranged from 4.6-6.0% (Wb123), 0.99-1.4% (Bm14), and 29.2-33.3% (Bm33). Schistosomiasis seroprevalence estimates among school-aged children ranged from 2.7-8.0% (SEA) and 10.9-15.6% (Sm25). Ov16 seropositivity was low and supported the localities' classification as nonendemic. The results suggested LF exposure, but discordance between antigens, challenges defining seropositivity thresholds, and the absence of programmatic guidance based on antibody serology alone for Wuchereria bancrofti indicate a need for remapping surveys to confirm transmission. Schistosomiasis antibody levels were high enough to warrant further mapping to guide treatment decisions. The lack of gold standards limited interpretation of results, particularly for LF, but in resource-challenged areas, integrated serological surveillance offers the possibility of efficient monitoring of exposure to multiple diseases.

Salivary immune responses after COVID-19 vaccination.

mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines have played a critical role in reducing severe outcomes of COVID-19. Humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination have been extensively studied in blood; however, limited information is available on the presence and duration of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in saliva and other mucosal fluids. Saliva offers a non-invasive sampling method that may also provide a better understanding of mucosal immunity at sites where the virus enters the body. Our objective was to evaluate the salivary immune response after vaccination with the COVID-19 Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine. Two hundred three staff members of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were enrolled prior to receiving their first dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. Participants were asked to self-collect 6 saliva specimens at days 0 (prior to first dose), 14, 28 (prior to second dose), 42, and 56 using a SalivaBio saliva collection device. Saliva specimens were tested for anti-spike protein SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA and IgG enzyme immunoassays. Overall, SARS-CoV-2-specific salivary IgA titers peaked 2 weeks after each vaccine dose, followed by a sharp decrease during the following weeks. In contrast to IgA titers, IgG antibody titers increased substantially 2 weeks after the first vaccine dose, peaked 2 weeks after the second dose and persisted at an elevated level until at least 8 weeks after the first vaccine dose. Additionally, no significant differences in IgA/IgG titers were observed based on age, sex, or race/ethnicity. All participants mounted salivary IgA and IgG immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 after receiving the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine. Because of the limited follow-up time for this study, more data are needed to assess the antibody levels beyond 2 months after the first dose. Our results confirm the potential utility of saliva in assessing immune responses elicited by immunization and possibly by infection.

Convergence of SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody levels to a population immune setpoint

Individual immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are well-studied, while the combined effect of these responses on population-level immune dynamics remains poorly understood. Given the key role of population immunity on pathogen transmission, delineation of the factors that drive population immune evolution has critical public health implications. We enrolled individuals 5 years and older selected using a multistage cluster survey approach in the Northwest and Southeast of the Dominican Republic. Paired blood samples were collected mid-pandemic (Aug 2021) and late pandemic (Nov 2022). We measured serum pan-immunoglobulin antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) and random forest models were used to analyze the relationship between changes in antibody levels and various predictor variables. Principal component analysis and partial dependence plots further explored the relationships between predictors and antibody changes. We found a transformation in the distribution of antibody levels from an irregular to a normalized single peak Gaussian distribution that was driven by titre-dependent boosting. This led to the convergence of antibody levels around a common immune setpoint, irrespective of baseline titres and vaccination profile. Our results suggest that titre-dependent kinetics driven by widespread transmission direct the evolution of population immunity in a consistent manner. These findings have implications for targeted vaccination strategies and improved modeling of future transmission, providing a preliminary blueprint for understanding population immune dynamics that could guide public health and vaccine policy for SARS-CoV-2 and potentially other pathogens. The study was primarily funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention grant U01GH002238 (EN). Salary support was provided by Wellcome Trust grant 206250/Z/17/Z (AK) and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator grant APP1158469 (CLL).

Humoral immune response as an indicator for protection against Covid-19 after anti-SARS-COV2-booster vaccination in hematological and oncological patients.

Cancer patients are at a higher risk to develop severe COVID-19 symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to the general population and regularly show an impaired immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. In our oncological center, 357 patients with hematological and oncological diseases were monitored for neutralizing antibodies from October 2021 over 12 months. All patients had received three anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations with an mRNA-(Comirnaty/BionTech or Spikevax/Moderna) or a vector vaccine (Vakzevria/AstraZeneca or JCOVDEN/Johnson&Johnson). Neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the patients' sera were detected within 3 months before, 3-10 weeks and 5-7 months after the booster vaccination (third vaccination). 112 patients developed a breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection during the observation period. High anti-SARS-Cov-2 antibody levels before infection significantly protected against symptomatic Covid-19 disease (p = .003). The median antibody titer in patients with asymptomatic Covid-19 disease was 2080 BAU/ml (binding antibody units per Milliliter) and 765 BAU/ml in symptomatic patients. 98% of the solid tumor patients reached seroconversion after the booster vaccination in comparison to 79% of the hematological patients. High antibody titers of >2080 BAU/ml after the booster vaccination were detected in 61% of the oncological and 34.8% of the hematological patients. 7-10 months after the booster vaccination, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer declined to an average of 849 BAU/ml. Considering the heterogenous humoral immune response of cancer patients observed in this study, an individual vaccination strategy based on regular measurement of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels should be considered in contrast to fixed vaccination intervals.

A case report of prolonged viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in a patient who receive ibrutinib for CLL therapy

Patients on B cell immunosuppressive treatments have been shown to have persistent infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this report, a woman treated with ibrutinib for chronic lymphocytic leukemia experienced more than 40 days of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Unexpectedly, her peripheral blood experiments showed a normal SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody level and a relatively elevated percentage of CD19 + B cells, while an obvious decrease in the percentages of NK cells, CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells. Further SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell analysis in this patient indicated a significant decrease in the percentage of SARS-CoV-2-specific IFN-γ, TNF-α or IL-2 producing CD4 + T or CD8 + T cells. Most notably, ten days after the cease of ibrutinib, the PCR for SARS-CoV-2 turned negative and the reduced proportions of peripheral CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells recovered. Our research predicted that the depleted B-cell function therapies may play considerable role in the development of long COVID-19 and the abnormal T-cell subset distribution might be the underlying mechanism.

Kidney re-transplantation in the ipsilateral iliac fossa: a surgeon's perspective on perioperative outcome.

Compared with primary transplantation, ipsilateral renal re-transplantation is associated with an increased risk of surgical complications and inferior graft outcomes. This study investigates whether an ipsilateral re-transplantation approach per se is an independent risk factor for surgical complications and early graft loss. In this retrospective, single-centre analysis, surgical complications and early graft outcomes of ipsilateral kidney re-transplantations from January 2007 to December 2017 were compared with primary transplantations and contralateral re-transplantations. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for surgical complications requiring surgical revision and graft loss within the first year after transplantation. Of the 1489 kidney transplantations, 51 were ipsilateral, 159 were contralateral re-transplantations and 1279 were primary transplantations. Baseline characteristics did not differ between the ipsilateral and contralateral re-transplant recipients except for current and highest panel reactive antibody levels. Major complications requiring surgical revision were significantly more frequent in ipsilateral re-transplantations (P=.010) than in primary transplantations but did not differ between ipsilateral and contralateral re-transplantations (P=.217). Graft loss within the first year after transplant was 15.7% in the ipsilateral versus 8.8% in the contralateral re-transplant group (P=.163) versus 6.4% in the primary transplantation group (P=.009). In a multivariate regression model, ipsilateral re-transplantation was not identified as an independent risk factor for complications requiring surgical revision or first-year graft loss. Ipsilateral renal re-transplantation is not a risk factor for inferior outcomes. Graft implantation into a pre-transplanted iliac fossa is a feasible and valid therapeutic option.

Comparison of serum cytokines and chemokines levels and clinical significance in patients with pemphigus vulgaris-A retrospective study.

In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between the serum cytokine levels of patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and the Pemphigus Disease Area Index (PDAI), along with the presence of anti-desmoglein (Dsg) 1 antibody, anti-Dsg3 antibody and co-infection among patients with pemphigus vulgaris. This retrospective study included 62 PV patients and 59 healthy individuals who attended the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from November 2014 to November 2022. The serum concentrations of cytokines and chemokines were assessed using the Luminex 200 System (a high-throughput cytokine detection method). Additionally, anti-Dsg1 and anti-Dsg3 antibodies were determined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while disease severity was evaluated using the PDAI scoring system. The PV group exhibited elevated levels of Th1 cytokines (such as interleukin (IL)-1RA, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12p70, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-18, IFN-γ), Th2 cytokines (IL-5, IL-10, IL-13) and Th17/Th22-related cytokines (IL-17A, IL-22) compared to the healthy control group (p < 0.05). Conversely, the levels of chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α), stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α), interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), Regulated on Activation in Normal T-Cell Expressed And Secreted (RANTES), growth-regulated on-gene-alpha (GRO-α), MIP-1β) and Th2 (IL-31) were lower in the PV group compared to the healthy control group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in other cytokines and chemokines (p > 0.05). Additionally, IL-7, IFN-γ, IL-18 and GRO-α showed positive correlations with PDAI, IL-6 correlated positively with anti-Dsg3 antibody levels, and IL-12p70, IL-18, and IFN-γ correlated positively with anti-Dsg1 antibody levels. Furthermore, IL-15 exhibited a positive association with skin infections. PV patients have elevated levels of various cytokines and chemokines, and there are different degrees of elevation in cytokines and chemokines associated with the activation of various T cell subsets. PDAI and the Dsg1 antibody levels are mainly related to the Th1-related cytokines.

Lupus flare and recurrent lupus nephritis following kidney transplantation in patients with lupus nephritis

AbstractBackgroundClinical manifestations and risk factors associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flares, including recurrent lupus nephritis (LN), in patients with LN who undergo kidney transplantation have been unclear.MethodsKidney transplant recipients with LN from January 1995 to December 2021 were included in this study. A disease flare was defined as either an increase in the non‐renal SLE disease activity index score or the presence of biopsy‐proven recurrent LN.ResultsAmong a total of 93 patients with LN who underwent kidney transplantation, 11 patients (11.8%) experienced SLE flares during a median follow‐up period of 76.9 months (IQR, 43.0–122.4). The most common clinical manifestations of SLE flares were recurrent LN (4/11, 36.4%) and hematologic manifestations (4/11, 36.4%). Patients who had flares had significantly higher anti‐double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) antibody titers both before and after transplantation. Furthermore, an increased anti‐dsDNA antibody level before transplantation was associated with a high risk of an SLE flare (HR, 1.030; p = .008). Conversely, preemptive transplantation was associated with a lower risk of a flare (HR, 0.617; p = .026). The rate of patient death‐censored graft survival was found to be considerably lower in patients with recurrent LN than in those without LN.ConclusionsApproximately 10% of patients with LN experienced an SLE flare after transplantation, with recurrent LN being the most frequent manifestation. Anti‐dsDNA antibody titers before transplantation were significantly related to the risk of an SLE flare. Notably, preemptive transplantation was associated with a reduced risk of flares following transplantation.

Seroprevalent study of cytomegalovirus infection in the regions of Jharkhand.

The Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a type of beta herpesvirus widespread in all human populations. It is estimated that up to 80-100% of adults worldwide and most infections are harmless and can cause severe health complications in infants, like hearing loss and developmental issues. Still, immunocompromised individuals can experience serious complications from the virus. Unfortunately, there is limited information on the prevalence of this virus in our country, and no studies have been reported on the rate of CMV transmission yet. This study aims to evaluate the levels of IgM antibodies against Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum, and Seraikela Kharsawan using an ELISA test. An indirect ELISA test was performed to detect anti-CMV IgM and the period of study was from January'2021 to June'2023. The examination tested 55 people for the TORCH profile of CMV parameters from regions of East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum, and Seraikela Kharsawan. Here, 17 people (30.09%) were IgM positive by ELISA. The serological data confirms that CMV is not being monitored and recognized in the general population, which limits our study between CMV infection, disease, and clinically diagnosed outcomes. This understanding is crucial for the healthcare and policy sectors. Thus, we recommend implementing a surveillance and mindfulness program for at least one-fourth of the population in Jharkhand and continuing to explore and develop effective vaccines to control CMV infections.

Simultaneous Use of Iron/Anticoccidial Treatment and Vaccination against Oedema Disease: Impact on the Development of Serum-Neutralising Antibodies, Hematinic and Anticoccidial Activities in Piglets.

Oedema disease (OD) in weaned piglets is caused by shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC), which produces the Stx2e toxin. The disease is controlled by early vaccination (for example, with Ecoporc Shiga®). Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) and cystoisosporosis are the most common clinical conditions in piglets. These conditions are managed mainly by the intramuscular injection of iron and application of toltrazuril (for example, Forceris®). In the present study, we sought to evaluate any effect on the efficacy of OD vaccination and iron/anticoccidial treatment resulting from a simultaneous application. An evaluation was carried out by measuring the development of neutralising antibodies against the Stx2e toxin, hematinic indices and oocysts shedding. Six litters from Stx2e-antibody-negative sows were included in the study, with 12 piglets in each litter. The piglets were randomly allocated into two groups on their second day of life (DOL): (T1) iron/anticoccidial treatment and vaccine were administered on different days, and (T2) products were administered simultaneously. Blood samples were collected to determine the levels of serum-neutralising antibodies, haemoglobin and haematocrit. Faecal matter was examined for the presence of oocysts of Cystoisospora suis. No differences were found between the two groups in terms of the development of neutralising antibodies. The levels of haemoglobin and haematocrit were lower (p < 0.05 and p = 0.08, respectively) when iron/anticoccidial treatment and vaccine were applied simultaneously but within the optimal range, based on current interpretive criteria for IDA. Oocysts were not detected in the faecal samples from the animals in either group. In conclusion, we found that, under the conditions of our study, the efficacy of OD vaccination and iron/anticoccidial treatment was not affected by the simultaneous use.

Assessment of health impacts in retired antisera-producing horses: Blood biochemistry and serum amyloid A analysis.

Horses used for antisera production are repeatedly hyperimmunized to produce high levels of specific antibodies. This prolonged process can lead to various health issues, including amyloidosis, which involves the accumulation of amyloid proteins in organs and tissues, potentially causing organ dysfunction and failure. These horses are often retired when they no longer produce adequate antibody levels. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of prolonged antisera production on the health of retired horses by examining their blood biochemistry and serum amyloid A (SAA) levels, which are indicators of systemic inflammation and organ damage. Blood samples were collected from 12 horses for this study. Nine horses were retired antisera-producing horses that had been discontinued for 2 years, while three healthy non-antisera-producing horses were used as controls. These twelve horses were divided into four groups based on the duration of their active period as antisera producers (never been used, 2-3 years, 4-5 years, and 6-7 years). We measured key blood biochemistry parameters and SAA levels to evaluate the health status of the horses. Total protein, fibrinogen, and globulin levels were elevated, whereas other parameters remained normal. The findings indicate that despite normal SAA levels, the horses exhibited signs of ongoing health issues related to their previous use in antisera production, such as increased total plasma protein, fibrinogen, and globulin levels, as well as the presence of amyloid deposits in vital organs such as the liver and kidneys, as observed in post-mortem examinations. Despite normal SAA levels, retired antisera-producing horses showed elevated total protein, fibrinogen, and globulin levels, indicating ongoing health issues.

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Mass as the Initial Presentation of Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Abstract Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and clinical manifestations, including thrombosis and pregnancy-related complications. While cardiac manifestations such as intracardiac thrombi, valvular disease, and intracardiac masses have been reported, the presentation of an intracardiac mass as the initial manifestation of primary APS (PAPS) is relatively uncommon. This case report describes a 40-year-old female patient who presented with an echogenic mass in the right ventricular outflow tract, subsequently diagnosed as a calcified amorphous tumor. Further investigation revealed elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies and beta-2 glycoprotein leading to the diagnosis of PAPS. The patient later developed digital ischemia, strengthening the suspicion of PAPS. This case highlights the importance of considering APS as a potential underlying cause for intracardiac masses, even in the absence of other typical manifestations. Early recognition and appropriate management, including anticoagulation and immunosuppressive therapy, are crucial to prevent further thrombotic complications and improve patient outcomes.