Levels Of Acetylsalicylic Acid Research Articles

Anticancer and Antiphytopathogenic Activity of Fluorinated Isatins and Their Water-Soluble Hydrazone Derivatives.

A series of new fluorinated 1-benzylisatins was synthesized in high yields via a simple one-pot procedure in order to explore the possible effect of ortho-fluoro (3a), chloro (3b), or bis-fluoro (3d) substitution on the biological activity of this pharmacophore. Furthermore, the new isatins could be converted into water-soluble isatin-3-hydrazones using their acid-catalyzed reaction with Girard's reagent P and its dimethyl analog. The cytotoxic action of these substances is associated with the induction of apoptosis caused by mitochondrial membrane dissipation and stimulated reactive oxygen species production in tumor cells. In addition, compounds 3a and 3b exhibit platelet antiaggregation activity at the level of acetylsalicylic acid, and the whole series of fluorine-containing isatins does not adversely affect the hemostasis system as a whole. Among the new water-soluble pyridinium isatin-3-acylhydrazones, compounds 7c and 5c,e exhibit the highest antagonistic effect against phytopathogens of bacterial and fungal origin and can be considered useful leads for combating plant diseases.

Selective synthesis of some carboxylic acids esters

The synthesis of esters of some carboxylic acids by the method of oxidative esterification was carried out. It was shown that the proposed method allows the selective esterification of carboxylic acids with hindered carboxyl groups. It was found that the synthesized esters have anti-aggregation activity at the level of acetylsalicylic acid.

Calix[4]Resorcinarene Carboxybetaines and Carboxybetaine Esters: Synthesis, Investigation of In Vitro Toxicity, Anti-Platelet Effects, Anticoagulant Activity, and BSA Binding Affinities

As a result of bright complexation properties, easy functionalization and the ability to self-organize in an aqueous solution, amphiphilic supramolecular macrocycles are being actively studied for their application in nanomedicine (drug delivery systems, therapeutic and theranostic agents, and others). In this regard, it is important to study their potential toxic effects. Here, the synthesis of amphiphilic calix[4]resorcinarene carboxybetaines and their esters and the study of a number of their microbiological properties are presented: cytotoxic effect on normal and tumor cells and effect on cellular and non-cellular components of blood (hemotoxicity, anti-platelet effect, and anticoagulant activity). Additionally, the interaction of macrocycles with bovine serum albumin as a model plasma protein is estimated by various methods (fluorescence spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroic spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering). The results demonstrate the low toxicity of the macrocycles, their anti-platelet effects at the level of acetylsalicylic acid, and weak anticoagulant activity. The study of BSA-macrocycle interactions demonstrates the dependence on macrocycle hydrophilic/hydrophobic group structure; in the case of carboxybetaines, the formation of complexes prevents self-aggregation of BSA molecules in solution. The present study demonstrates new data on potential drug delivery nanosystems based on amphiphilic calix[4]resorcinarenes for their cytotoxicity and effects on blood components.

Randomized, open-label, crossover trial comparing the pharmacokinetic profile of a novel oral aspirin solution and a chewed aspirin tablet

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic profiles of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and salicylic acid (SA) after administration of two different formulations of aspirin under fasting and fed conditions. Materials and methods: The study was a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, 2-arm crossover study conducted at a single center. Healthy subjects were randomized to receive 300 mg of aspirin in either a 15-mL oral solution (pre-packaged vial containing powder and solvent that are combined at the time of administration) or a single solid tablet to be chewed and swallowed with 150 mL of water. Treatment visits were separated by a 10-day wash-out period. Results: At 3 minutes, ASA concentrations for the oral solution fed state and fasting state arms exceeded those for the chewed tablet (fed 299 vs. 139 ng/mL; fasting 356 vs. 204 ng/mL). Compared to the chewed tablet, the mean plasma ASA concentration was 74% greater with the oral solution under fasting conditions, and 115% greater under fed conditions. Similarly, at 3 minutes, the mean SA plasma concentration with the oral solution under fed and fasting conditions exceeded those for the chewed tablet (fed 310 vs. 160 ng/mL; fasting 330 vs. 185 ng/mL). Under fasting conditions, the mean plasma ASA AUC0-last, with the oral solutions was 168,076.8 min.ng/mL compared to 163,726.3 min.ng/mL with the chewed tablet. Under fed conditions, the mean plasma ASA AUC0-last, with the oral solutions was 179,116.7 min.ng/mL compared to 164,704.3 min.ng/mL with the chewed tablet. Conclusion: This phase 1 study showed that use of an aspirin oral solution provided more rapid exposure to higher plasma concentration levels of ASA and SA than chewing a solid tablet.

Monitoring of Aspirin Therapy in Patients with Cerebrovascular Pathology

Aim. Evaluation of various methods for determining the effectiveness of aspirin therapy and aspirin resistance in patients with cerebrovascular disease (CVD) depending on the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Materials and methods. The prospective study included 78 patients with various manifestations of CVD. All patients received acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 75 mg daily. Along with a comprehensive clinical examination, a laboratory assessment of platelet function with the usage of Born method with aggregometer, a detailed biochemical blood test (including the determination of the small subunit of low density lipoprotein [s-LDL]), as well as therapeutic drug monitoring of salicylates were performed on a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer.Results. In 53% of cases, the absence or insufficiency of the effect of ASA on platelet aggregation was noted. Two subgroups were separately identified: with T2DM; (n=40) and without T2DM (n=38). Insufficient effect of the drug on platelet aggregation characteristics were observed in 65% of patients with T2DM and in 38% without T2DM. The differences were revealed between the groups in triglycerides, s-LDL, glycemic and glycated hemoglobin (p <0.05). In the group of patients with T2DM, the median ASA concentration was 0.01 [0; 0.32] μg/ml, and salicylic acid (SA)– 0.20 [0; 0.39] μg/ml, while in patients without T2DM higher values were noted: ASA 0.29 [0.15; 0.55] μg/ml, SA – 0.33 [0.05; 0.73] μg/ml. A decrease in the concentration of ASA was associated with an increase in the level of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. There was an increase in the levels of ADPand adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation with a decrease in the concentration of ASA (p=0.004) and SA (p=0.006). Therapeutic drug monitoring revealed a more significant decrease in ASA level in T2DM than in the comparison group (p=0.025).Conclusion. It is advisable to monitor aspirin therapy both with the assessment of platelet aggregation and with therapeutic drug monitoring. The relationship between the level of ASA and SA in the blood plasma and the functional activity of platelets was confirmed. The presence of T2DM is associated with a decrease in the concentration of ASA and aspirin resistance detected in therapeutic drug monitoring.

Synthesis, Antiaggregant, and Antioxidant Activity of 2-{[1-iso-butyl-3-methyl-7-(thietanyl-3)xanthin-8-yl]thio}acetic Acid Salts

8-Bromo-1-iso-butyl-3-methyl-7-(thietanyl-3)xanthine (II) was synthesized by alkylation of 8-bromo-3-methyl-7-(thietanyl-3)xanthine (I) with isobutyl bromide. Nucleophilic substitution of II with thioglycolic acid gave 2{[1-iso-butyl-3-methyl-7-(thietanyl-3)xanthin-8-yl]thio}acetic acid (III). A series of water-soluble salts of 2{[1-iso-butyl-3-methyl-7-(thietanyl-3)xanthin-8-yl]thio}acetic acid (IVa-h) were synthesized by reaction of III with organic and inorganic bases. Compounds possessing antiaggregant activity on the level of acetylsalicylic acid were found among salts IV. All obtained compounds except for IVa and IVc suppressed lipid peroxidation less than ascorbic acid. However, all synthesized compounds suppressed generation of reactive oxygen species by phagocytes, in contrast to ascorbic acid.

EFFECT OF HUMIC ACID AND ACETYL SALICYLIC ACID ON IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY OF OREGANO (ORIGANUM SYRIACUML.) PLANT IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER

This study was conducted at North Sinai Research Station Farm, Desert Research Center, El-Sheikh Zwaid city during the two consecutive seasons of 2014 and 2015 to improve Origanum syriacum L. plant growth and productivity under saline water irrigation (about 3000 ppm) stress conditions. Humic acid (0, 2, 4 and 6 kg.fed-1) were added with irrigation water. Different concentrations of acetyl salicylic acid (0, 500, 750 and 1000 mg.l-1) were sprayed on plants. Experimental design was split plot design with three replicates, since humic acid concentrations were arranged in main plots, while acetyl salicylic acid levels were assigned in sub-plots. Obtained results showed that the highest values of vegetative growth parameters, volatile oil yield and chemical composition were gained with the interaction treatments of 750 or 1000 mg.l-1 acetyl salicylic acid combined with 6 kg.fed-1 humic acid without significant difference between both treatments. So that, our recommendation is to spray Origanum syriacum L. plants grown under saline water irrigation stress with 750 mg.l-1 acetyl salicylic acid with applying 6 kg.fed-1 humic acid to avoid the depressive effect of salinity on growth and productivity of Origanum syriacum L. plants.

The potential of acetylsalicylic acid and vitamin E in modulating inflammatory cascades in chickens under lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation

Distinct enzymes, including cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOXs), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450), produce different stress mediators and mediate inflammation in birds. Bioactive agents such as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and vitamin E (vE) may affect enzyme activities and could be used in poultry production to control the magnitude of acute phase inflammation. Here, we characterized COX, LOX, and CYP450 mRNA expression levels in chicken immune tissues in response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and investigated whether ASA and vE could alter gene expression. Additionally, for the first time in chickens, we evaluated oxygen consumption by platelet mitochondria as a biomarker of mitochondria function in response to ASA- and vE. LPS challenge compromised bird growth rates, but neither dietary ASA nor vE significantly ameliorated this effect; however, gradually increasing dietary vE levels were more effective than basal levels. ASA regulated arachidonic acid metabolism, providing an eicosanoid synthesis substrate, whereas gradually increasing vE levels evoked aspirin resistance during challenge. Gene expression in immune tissues was highly variable, indicating a complex regulatory network controlling inflammatory pathways. However, unlike COX-1, COX-2 and CYP450 exhibited increased mRNA expression in some cases, suggesting an initiation of novel anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving signals during challenge. Measuring oxygen consumption rate, we revealed that neither the ASA nor vE levels applied here exerted toxic effects on platelet mitochondria.

Thermo-Tolerance in Tomato: Acetyl Salicylic Acid Affects Growth and Yeld Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) Under the Agro-Climatic Condition of Islamabad, Pakistan

Exogenously applied various levels of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) including ASA0 (Control), ASA1 (0.30mM), ASA2 (0.60mM), ASA3 (0.90mM), ASA4 (1.20mM), ASA5 (1.50mM) were investigated for induction of thermo-tolerance in tomato seedlings, transplanted in different growth conditions i.e. open field (average 32?C) and plastic tunnel (average 45?C/4h daily) in Islamabad, during summer 2016. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement having twelve treatments, and three replications. Examining different growth conditions, maximum number of days to flowering (18.05), plant height (65.97 cm), stem diameter (1.69 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (35.37), number of flowers plant-1 (88.61), number of fruits plant-1 (39.05), total yield (28.48 tons ha-1), chlorophyll content (58.78 µg.g-1), and leaf relative water content (74.25%) was recorded in the open field. While investigating acetyl salicylic acid levels, ASA4 (1.20 mM) treatment showed significant results and minimized the heat stress with maximum number of leaves recorded (36.28), flowers (105.53), total yield (30.97 tons ha-1), chlorophyll content (62.24 µg.g-1), and leaf relative water content (74%) as compared to heat stress (control). Predominantly, ASA4 (1.20 mM) produced better results with respect to growth and yield in both growth conditions by enhancing heat tolerance in tomato seedlings

Acetylsalicylic acid in critically ill patients: a cross-sectional and a randomized trial.

BackgroundDespite decades of clinical use, the pharmacokinetics and the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in critically ill patients remain ill‐defined. We aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and the effects of different ASA formulations during critical illness.DesignA cross‐sectional study and a randomized, parallel‐group trial were performed. Critically ill patients under chronic oral ASA treatment (100 mg enteric‐coated) were screened for high ‘on‐treatment’ platelet reactivity (HTPR) according to arachidonic acid‐induced whole‐blood aggregometry. Thirty patients with HTPR were randomized to receive 100 mg ASA intravenously, 100 mg enteric‐coated ASA bid (bis in die) or 81 mg chewable ASA (n = 10 per group). Serum thromboxane B2 (TXB2) levels, ASA and salicylic acid levels were quantified.ResultsOf 66 patients, 85% (95% confidence intervals 74–93%) had HTPR. Compared to baseline infusion of 100 mg, ASA significantly reduced platelet aggregation after 24 h to median 80% (Quartiles: 66–84%). Intake of 81 mg chewable ASA significantly reduced platelet aggregation to 75% (54–86%) after four hours, but increased it to 117% after 24 h (81–163%). Treatment with 100 mg enteric‐coated ASA bid decreased platelet aggregation after 24 h to median 56% (52–113%). Baseline TXB2 levels were median 0·35 ng/mL (0·07–0·94). Infusion of ASA or intake of 100 mg ASA bid reduced TXB2 levels to 0·07–0·18 ng/mL after 24 h, respectively. Chewable ASA reduced TXB2 levels only transiently. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed highly variable absorption patterns of oral ASA formulations.ConclusionThere is a very high prevalence of HTPR in critically ill patients on peroral ASA therapy, caused by an incomplete suppression of TXB2 and/or by impaired absorption of ASA.

Transfer of Low Dose Aspirin Into Human Milk.

Aspirin has antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties and is frequently used by pregnant and lactating women. However, its transfer in human milk when administered at low dose has not been reported. Research aim: This study aimed to evaluate the transfer of acetylsalicylic acid and its metabolite, salicylic acid, into human milk following the use of low dose aspirin. In this study, milk samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours from seven breastfeeding women after a steady-state daily dose of 81 mg of aspirin. Milk levels of acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Acetylsalicylic acid levels were below the limit of quantification (0.61 ng/ml) in all the milk samples, whereas salicylic acid was detected at very low concentrations. The average concentration of salicylic acid observed was 24 ng/ml and the estimated relative infant dose was 0.4%. Acetylsalicylic acid transfer into milk is so low that it is undetectable even by highly sophisticated methodology. Salicylic acid does appear in the human milk in comparatively low amounts, which are probably subclinical in infants. Thus, the daily use of an 81-mg dose of aspirin should be considered safe during lactation.

Altered metabolomic profile of selected metabolites and improved resistance of Cicer arietinum (L.) against Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood following seed soaking with salicylic acid, benzothiadiazole or nicotinic acid

The seeds of chickpea Cicer arietinum (L.) were soaked in 0.00, 10.0 or 20.0 μg/mL of salicylic acid (SA), benzothiadiazole (BTH) or nicotinic acid (NA) solutions for 1 h. Treated seeds were sown in field and metabolite profiling of free reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG), SA, acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), jasmonic acid (JA), and chlorogenic acid (CGA) in chickpea crop was carried out at regular intervals (15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of sowing) using liquid chromatography (LC). These defense activators increased the levels of GSH, SA, and CGA in leaf; GSSG, ASA, and JA in root; and decreased the levels of GSSG and JA in leaf; GSH, SA, and CGA in root. In leaf, the biosynthesis of SA increased concomitantly with that of GSH. ASA and JA levels declined with increase of SA concentration. CGA biosynthesis increased with decline of JA level. In root, CGA and SA levels declined with increase of JA concentration. The SA level was directly related to CGA and inversely to ASA and JA concentrations. The CGA and SA concentrations increased with treatment dosage up to 120 days. The concentration of leaf GSSG was linked with JA level in root. Chickpea was a SA-rich crop. GSH in leaf was the key metabolite for SA and JA signaling. The reduction in root infection and reproduction of root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita was highest in BTH followed by SA and NA treatments. This was attributed to increased biosynthesis of CGA. The study firstly linked GSH and SA metabolism enhancing CGA biosynthesis in chickpea. The increase in CGA improved resistance against RKN. Seed treatment at 10.0 µg/mL BTH 1 h before sowing is recommended as strategic management decision to contain RKN on chickpea.

Pharmaceutical electrochemistry: The electrochemical detection of aspirin utilising screen printed graphene electrodes as sensors platforms

A sensitive electrochemical sensor was designed for acetyl salicylic acid detection using graphene modified Screen Printed Electrodes. The electrochemical response of the sensor with graphene was improved compared to Screen Printed Electrodes without graphene and displayed an excellent analytical performance for the detection of acetyl salicylic acid. The high acetyl salicylic acid loading capacity on the electrode surface and the outstanding electric conductivity of graphene were also discussed in this manuscript. When a range of different concentrations of acetyl salicylic acid from 0.1 to 100 μM into a pH 4 buffer solution (N defined as the sample size N = 9) were plotted against the oxidation peak a linear response was observed. The detection limit was found to be 0.09 μM based on (3-σ/slope). Screen Printed Graphene electrodes sensors methodology is shown to be useful for quantifying low levels of acetyl salicylic acid in a buffer solution as well as in biological matrixes such as human oral fluid. A linear response was obtained over a range of concentrations from 10 to 150 μM into a human oral fluid solution (N = 10) giving a detection limit of 8.7 μM.

Acetyl salicylic acid and 24-epibrassinolide enhance root activity and improve root morphological features in tomato plants under heat stress

High temperature has deleterious impacts on tomato growth and development and limits its production. Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) have been widely reported as stress-ameliorating agents. The effect of exogenous application of varying levels of EBL (0.75, 1.5, and 3 µM) and ASA (0.25, 0.75, and 1.25 mM) on root activity (RA) in terms of 2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction and root morphological features was evaluated in four-week-old tomato seedlings (cultivar: Mei Jie Lo) grown under high-temperature stress (46°C/4 h per day) for 21 days. The daily heat stress treatment almost ceased the root growth of chemically untreated seedlings. However, both EBL and ASA significantly attenuated the deleterious impacts of heat stress to different extents regarding root activity, total root length, surface area, volume, and number of nodes and connections. Different concentrations demonstrated signature effects. EBL (3 µM) was over all the best treatment to improve root activity whereas ASA (0.25 mM) best enhanced root architecture (net length, volume, and area) as compared to the untreated heat-stressed controls. However, EBL (3 µM) and ASA (1.25 mM) slightly inhibited mean root diameter. It is concluded that under high-temperature conditions, the exogenous EBL and ASA in studied doses improve root morphological features and root activity, hence enhance heat stress tolerance. Both chemical agents can be potential candidates in practical agriculture for extension of tomato growth period in summer by virtue of their heat stress amelioration ability.

Correlation between the output and composition of essential oil and the level of salicylic acid in mint plants at different ontogenetic stages

Dynamic changes in the content of acetylsalicylic acid and the output and qualitative composition of essential oil have been studied in mint plants (Mentha spicata L. and cultivar Medichka) during their ontogenesis with allowance for changes in weather conditions. Ontogenetic changes in the level of acetylsalicylic acid in leaf tissues are found to be similar in both cv. Medichka and M. spicata. In the case of cv. Medichka, this change is connected with the dynamics of the production and the qualitative composition of essential oil; in the case of M. spicata, this connection is less expressed. The role of acetylsalicylic acid and essential oil in plant adaptation to the environment is discussed.

Low-dose acetylsalicylic acid therapy monitored with ultra high performance liquid chromatography

ObjectivesAssessment of compliance in patients on low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) therapy is limited to interview, pill counting, witnessed ASA intake, and measurement of thromboxane B2 levels. We validated a new, sensitive assay for analyzing blood levels of ASA and the metabolite salicylic acid (SA). Design and methodsBlood samples were withdrawn from 10 healthy volunteers and 50 patients with stable coronary artery disease, before and after intake of 75mg ASA. Plasma was mixed with acetonitrile, and 2-methylbenzoic acid was added as internal standard. After filtration, ASA and SA were quantified with ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Separation was accomplished with an isocratic flow of acetonitrile in phosphate buffer pH2.5, and a Zorbax RRHD C18 analytical column. Detection was achieved with wavelength photodiode array detection set at 237nm. ResultsThe ASA- and SA-assay showed linearity (r2>0.999) within the range of 0.2–200μg/mL, and with detection limits of 170ng/mL and 53ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day imprecision for ASA and SA were 2.2–5.9%, 3.4–11.7% and 1.8–8.0%, 3.8–9.4%, respectively. Recovery was between 89 and 103% for both assays. More than 60 coadministered drugs were investigated for interference, and only one drug interfered with the ASA-assay and none with the SA-assay. ASA was measurable 1h after intake of 75mg ASA, and SA was measurable 1 and 6h after ASA intake. ConclusionWe developed a fast and reliable UHPLC assay with a high sensitivity and selectivity, suitable for monitoring of compliance in patients treated with low-dose ASA.

Physical properties of zein films containing salicylic acid and acetyl salicylic acid

Zein films containing salicylic acid (SA) and acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) between 2 and 10% (initial zein weight basis) with or without glycerol were evaluated for structure, mechanical and dissolution properties. The random coils, α helices and β sheets mainly governed the secondary structure of zein, depending on glycerol and level of model molecules. Adding ASA resulted in an increase in α helices whereas β sheets increased at the expense of α helices when SA was used. Including SA or ASA decreased the tensile strength and the stiffness of films containing glycerol indicating the synergistic effect of SA and ASA. The strain at failure decreased with increasing content of SA but increased with increasing level of ASA. The dissolution properties were glycerol and drug dependent. ASA release in comparison to SA was quite low. The release was only observed above 10% ASA whereas it was detected in all films containing SA. The possible interactions between active components and proteins are discussed together with their implications on the physical properties of zein films.

Analysis of chemical interactions of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a major green tea polyphenol, with commonly-consumed over-thecounter drugs

In the present study, changes in chemical stabilities were investigated after incubation of commonly-consumed over-the-counter (OTC) drugs with (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major green tea polyphenol. Stability of EGCG was significantly increased in the presence of millimolar levels of acetylsalicylic acid (Asp); EGCG stability was not affected by ibuprofen and acetaminophen (AAP). Stability of AAP was not altered in the presence of EGCG during 24 hr-incubation at pH 2.0, 7.4, and 8.0. Asp stability and formation of salicylic acid were not affected by EGCG at pH 2.0 either. The present study may provide basic information for chemical interactions between dietary polyphenols and OTC drugs.

Effect of Genetic Polymorphisms in UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6) on Acetylsalicylic Acid Metabolism in Healthy Female Volunteers

Objective: To compare plasma concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and its metabolites between genetic polymorphisms in the gene encoding for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6), an enzyme involved in ASA metabolism. Methods: Five UGT1A6*1 and 4 UGT1A6*2 homozygote females were given 320 mg ASA once daily for 8 days. During the first and last day of treatment, several blood samples were taken over a 10-hour time period and analyzed for plasma levels of ASA and its main metabolites salicylic acid (SA) and salicyluric acid (SUA), using a validated HPLC method. The pharmacokinetic data were assessed with the Time Constant Approach and both genotypes were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: ASA and SUA showed similar pharmacokinetic parameters in the two UGT1A6 genotypes. However, pharmacokinetic parameters for SA differed significantly: the mean area under the pharmacokinetic curve for the UGT1A6*1 and UGT1A6*2 homozygotes was 136 and 94 μg/ml·h (p = 0.04), and median C_max was 23 and 17 μg/ml (p = 0.01), respectively. Conclusion: In females receiving ASA, the presence of the UGT1A6*2 compared to the UGT1A6*1 homozygote genotype is associated with lower plasma levels of SA, indicating faster pharmacokinetics.

Physiological and Antioxidative Effects of Dietary Acetyl Salicylic Acid in Laying Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) under High Ambient Temperature

The objective of the present study was to determine if acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) would have further antioxidative effects beyond lowering rectal temperature of stressed laying Japanese quail and hence improve its physiological status. During summer season when daily high temperatures averaged between 33 and 36°C and relative humidity averaged between 60 to 70%, four treatment groups of adult Japanese quail each containing three replicates of fifteen females were fed either a control diet containing 0% ASA or the control diet supplemented with 0.025, 0.05 or 0.1% ASA from 8 to 16 wk of age. Rectal body temperature was significantly decreased by feeding 0.05 and 0.1% ASA. Hen-day egg production was significantly increased for quails fed the diet containing 0.05% and 0.1% ASA. Shell thickness seemed to be thicker at the higher levels of ASA. Serum T3 concentration was decreased significantly (P≤0.05) in quails fed 0.1% ASA (0.38ng/ml) in comparison with controls (0.62ng/ml), but serum T4 concentration was not significantly affected. Dietary ASA had a positive effect on humoral immunity and quails fed 0.05 and 0.1% ASA had a significantly higher total antibody titer compared to other treatments. ASA treatments caused a significant decrease in serum cholesterol, glucose and hepatic TBARS as an indicator for lipid peroxidation, as well as enhancement in the activity of antioxidative enzymes GSH-Px and SOD in a dose dependent manner. These antioxidative effects were accompanied with a significant reduction in corticosterone levels due to ASA treatments. Therefore, it could be concluded that feeding diets containing 0.05 or 0.1% ASA during the summer season could have potential benefits for poultry welfare and productivity because of reducing body temperature and oxidative stress, which consequently allowing more physiological resources to be used for responding to environmental stressors.