Level Design Approach Research Articles

Divergent thinking of students in the field of education at a university in Lima

The search to favor the development of creative thinking in students is an arduous and complex task that guides the possibility of implementing and operating it. Therefore, the objective of this research was to describe the levels of divergent thinking of students in the specialty of education at a university in Lima. The study was of a quantitative, descriptive level and non-experimental design approach. The population was made up of 200 students. An instrument was developed and applied to measure emergent thinking, validated and reliable (Cronbach's Alpha =, 894). It was determined that 61% have an average level of divergent thinking, with originality being predominant (β =, 407). It is concluded that, to improve their level of divergent thinking, they must be flexible about thinking and originality.

System Design Approach For Service Oriented Communication Using Autosar Methodology

AbstractAutomotive radars and cameras form the backbone of self‐driving cars, Active safety and Advanced Driver Assistant Systems (ADASs). Streaming sensor, camera and audio data between sensors and Electronic control units (ECUs) requires huge data exchange. Traditionally data communication happens in a signal‐oriented approach where the sender transmits data irrespective of receiver's consumption needs on the network. With introduction of Scalable Service‐Oriented MiddlewarE over Internet Protocol ‐Service Discovery (SOME/IP‐SD), which is a Service oriented communication, the sender transmits the data only when the receiver on network needs the data. The advantage is that the network and connected nodes are not loaded by unnecessary data. This paper describes the system level design approach for the serialization of large data (>1500 bytes) over SOME/IP‐Service Discovery protocol using Autosar methodology in automotive Ethernet in‐vehicle networks. The system design is done using PREEVision tool and the bench evaluation is performed using Freescale hardware and Vector Autosar Basic Software stack. The outcome of this paper is to measure the end to end subscription latency between Client and Server ECUs.

Stability Analysis of Magneto-Rheological Damper for Suspension of Commercial Vehicles

This paper aims at improving the efficiency of magneto-rheological dampers, which utilizes a smart material in the form of magneto-rheological fluid, over the typical-build conventional dampers. The proposed design has been modeled for its implementation in commercial vehicles which extensively relies on conventional shock-absorbers for the safety and comfort of its occupants, considering the space available for mounting the system. Dimensional constraints based on commercial vehicles pertaining to the hatchback segment have been taken in COMSOL® and analyzed to generate a considerable amount of damping force for realizable inputs. As the analysis requires a profound consideration of highly coupled physics interface, COMSOL® Multi-physics is chosen as the relevant platform which makes it suitable to fulfill the criteria at hand. The damping forces achieved in the model are determined based on the linear Bingham model and the non-linear hysteretic Bou c-Wen model. A rigorous analysis was conducted to realize the variation in damping force values on account of the hysteresis losses induced in the system. Optimization based on Taguchi’s mixed level design approach is used to attain the optimal design parameters of MR damper. MRF-140 CG fabricated by Lord Corporation is adopted to introduce the rheological effect of MR fluid on the proposed model.

A Novel Modular Radiation Hardening Approach Applied to a Synchronous Buck Converter

Radiation and extreme temperature are the main inhibitors for the use of electronic devices in space applications. Radiation challenges the normal and stable operation of DC-DC converters, used as power supply for onboard systems in satellites and spacecrafts. In this situation, special design techniques known as radiation hardening or radiation tolerant designs have to be employed. In this work, a module level design approach for radiation hardening is addressed. A module in this sense is a constituent of a digital controller, which includes an analog to digital converter (ADC), a digital proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, and a digital pulse width modulator (DPWM). As a new Radiation Hardening by Design technique (RHBD), a four module redundancy technique is proposed and applied to the digital voltage mode controller driving a synchronous buck converter, which has been implemented as hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation block in MATLAB/Simulink using Xilinx system generator based on the Zynq-7000 development board (ZYBO). The technique is compared, for reliability and hardware resources requirement, with triple modular redundancy (TMR), five modular redundancy (FMR) and the modified triplex–duplex architecture. Furthermore, radiation induced failures are emulated by switching all duplicated modules inputs to different signals, or to ground during simulation. The simulation results show that the proposed technique has 25% and 30%longer expected life compared to TMR and FMR techniques, respectively, and has the lowest hardware resource requirement compared to FMR and the modified triplex–duplex techniques.

Parallel dispatch: a new paradigm of electrical power system dispatch

Modern power systems are evolving into sociotechnical systems with massive complexity, whose real-time operation and dispatch go beyond human capability. Thus, the need for developing and applying new intelligent power system dispatch tools are of great practical significance. In this paper, we introduce the overall business model of power system dispatch, the top level design approach of an intelligent dispatch system, and the parallel intelligent technology with its dispatch applications. We expect that a new dispatch paradigm, namely the parallel dispatch, can be established by incorporating various intelligent technologies, especially the parallel intelligent technology, to enable secure operation of complex power grids, extend system operators U+02BC capabilities, suggest optimal dispatch strategies, and to provide decision-making recommendations according to power system operational goals.

Probabilistic reactor design in the framework of elementary process functions

Computational process models in combination with innovative design methodologies provide a powerful reactor design platform. Yet, model-based design is mostly done in a pure deterministic way. Possible uncertainties of the underlying model parameters, prediction errors due to simplifying assumptions regarding the reactor behavior and suboptimal realizations of the design along the reaction coordinate are in general not considered. Here we propose a systematic design approach to directly account for the impact of such variabilities during the design procedure. The three level design approach of Peschel et al. (2010) based on the concept of elementary process functions (EPF) serves as basis. The dynamic optimizations on each level are extended within a probabilistic framework to account for different sources of randomness. The impact of these sources on the performance prediction of a design is quantified and used to robustify the reactor design aiming at a more reliable performance and thus design prediction. The uncertainties of model parameters, non-idealities of the reactor behavior and inaccuracies in the design are included via statistical moments. By means of the sigma point method (Julier and Uhlmann, 1996) random variables are mapped to the design objective space via the nonlinear process model. Importantly, this work introduces a full probabilistic orthogonal collocation approach, i.e. random and stochastic variables can be described. Whereas the former one relates to randomness independent on the reaction time (e.g. kinetic model parameters or initial conditions), the latter one describes stochasticity along the reaction time (e.g. fluctuating pressure or temperature control). As an example process the hydroformylation of 1-dodecene in a thermomorphic solvent system consisting of n-decane and N,N-dimethylformamide is considered. Our probabilistic EPF approach allows designing robust optimal reactors, which operate within an estimated confidence at their expected optimum considering almost any kind of randomness arising in the design procedure. An additional value is that with increased predictive power of the reactor performance its embedding in an overall process is strongly simplified.

Review, Design, Optimization and Stability Analysis of Fractional-Order PID Controller

This paper will establish the importance and significance of studying the fractional-order control of nonlinear dynamical systems. The foundation and the sources related to this research scope is going to be set. Then, the paper incorporates a brief overview on how this study is performed and p resent the organization of this study. The present work investigates the effectiveness of the physical-fractional and biological-genetic operators to develop an Optimal Form of Fract ional-order PID Controller (O2Fo-PIDC). The newly developed Fo-PIDC with optimal structure and parameters can, also, imp rove the performances required in the modeling and control of modern manufacturing-industrial process (MIP). The synthesis methodology of the proposed O2Fo-PIDC can be viewed as a mu l ti -level design approach. The hierarchical Multiobject ive genetic algorith m (M GA ), adopted in this work, can be visualized as a comb ination of structural and parametric genes of a controller orchestrated in a h ierarch ical fashion. Then, it is applied to select an optimal structure and knowledge base of the developed fractional controller to satisfy the various design specification contradictories (simplicity, accuracy, stability and robustness). Index Terms—Optimal fractional-order controllers, BIBO stability analysis, Multiobjective genetic algorith m, CE150 Helicopter model.

Low phase noise hybrid silicon mode-locked lasers

In this paper, we review recent results on hybrid silicon mode-locked lasers with a focus on low phase noise optical pulse generation. Taking a high level design approach to lowering phase noise, we show the need for long on-chip optical delay lines for mode-locked lasers to reach and overcome material limits. Key results include demonstration of the longest (cavity length 9 cm) integrated on-chip mode locked laser, 14 dB reduction of Lorentzian noise on a 20 GHz radio-frequency (RF) signal, and greater than 55 dB optical supermode noise suppression using harmonically mode locked long cavity laser, 10 GHz passively mode locked laser with 15 kHz linewidth using on-chip all optical feedback stabilization.

Logic and Memory Design Based on Unequal Error Protection for Voltage-scalable, Robust and Adaptive DSP Systems

In this paper, we propose a system level design approach considering voltage over-scaling (VOS) that achieves error resiliency using unequal error protection of different computation elements, while incurring minor quality degradation. Depending on user specifications and severity of process variations/channel noise, the degree of VOS in each block of the system is adaptively tuned to ensure minimum system power while providing just-the-right amount of quality and robustness. This is achieved, by taking into consideration block level interactions and ensuring that under any change of operating conditions, only the less- crucial computations, that contribute less to block/system output quality, are affected. The proposed approach applies unequal error protection to various blocks of a system---logic and memory---and spans multiple layers of design hierarchy---algorithm, architecture and circuit. The design methodology when applied to a multimedia sub-system shows large power benefits (up to 69% improvement in power consumption) at reasonable image quality while tolerating errors introduced due to VOS, process variations, and channel noise.

A Platform-Based Methodology for System-Level Mixed-Signal Design

The complexity of today's embedded electronic systems as well as their demanding performance and reliability requirements are such that their design can no longer be tackled with ad hoc techniques while still meeting tight time to-market constraints. In this paper, we present a system level design approach for electronic circuits, utilizing the platform-based design (PBD) paradigm as the natural framework for mixed-domain design formalization. In PBD, a meet-in-the-middle approach allows systematic exploration of the design space through a series of top-down mapping of system constraints onto component feasibility models in a platform library, which is based on bottom-up characterizations. In this framework, new designs can be assembled from the precharacterized library components, giving the highest priority to design reuse, correct assembly, and efficient design flow from specifications to implementation. We apply concepts from design centering to enforce robustness to modeling errors as well as process, voltage, and temperature variations, which are currently plaguing embedded system design in deep-submicron technologies. The effectiveness of our methodology is finally shown on the design of a pipeline A/D converter and two receiver front-ends for UMTS and UWB communications.

Representing Shared Join Points with State Charts: A High Level Design Approach

Representing Shared Join Points with State Charts: A High Level Design Approach

System level design as applied to CMU wearable computers

The paper describes a system level design approach to the wearable computers project at the Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). The project is an unique example of a cross-disciplinary project, drawing students from mechanical engineering, electrical and computer engineering, computer science, and industrial design. The students learn about design theory and practice, participate in research, create and deliver wearable computer products to sponsors. Over the last five and half years that the course has been taught teams of undergraduate and graduate students have designed and fabricated fourteen new generations of wearable computers, using an evolving artifact-specific, multidisciplinary design methodology. Between the first and last generation, the electronic functionality has increased by a factor of three, the number of mechanical features has increased by a factor of 10, and the software complexity has increased by a factor of 25 while the total design effort measured in hours has increased by less than a factor of two.

Design of Digital Systems: The Parse-Implement Approach

Presently the design of digital systems as treated in undergraduate engineering programs is restricted to one of two environmental levels, software or hardware, with little pedagogical effort directed at uniting these levels. This paper introduces the concept of a systems level of study at which environmental level considerations become special case treatments of a generalized design procedure. This procedure is called the parse-implement (systems level-environmental level) design approach. The features of this approach are outlined with the presentation of six fundamental considerations of digital system design within the context of the systems level language. The applicability of this approach is demonstrated by means of an example design problem for which both a hardware and a software solution are generated. The usefulness of this approach as a means of teaching design is also demonstrated by these examples.