Leukocyte Migration Inhibition Test Research Articles

Metal Hypersensitivity Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty: Case Series and Literature Review

Metal hypersensitivity following total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is an underreported complication that can manifest as dermal, systematic, and orthopaedic-specific symptoms. It is critical to recognize that metal hypersensitivity is a diagnosis of exclusion; only after all other potential sources of failure, such as loosening or infection are ruled out, can this diagnosis be considered. Aside from imaging and common laboratory analysis, skin patch testing, leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT), and lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) are the testing options available for metal allergy. With regards to management of metal hypersensitivity, nonoperative modalities involving topical dermatological management are generally preferred. Severe cases of metal allergy may necessitate operative management consisting of explantation of the implant and either revision TAA with a custom hypoallergenic implant or conversion to an ankle fusion. We present 3 cases of presumed metal hypersensitivity following TAA. In all 3 cases, other forms of TAA failure were carefully ruled out. One patient underwent explantation and conversion to hypoallergenic implant, 1 patient underwent explantation and ankle arthrodesis with hypoallergenic hardware, and 1 patient elected for conservative care. In patients who underwent explantation and conversion to hypoallergenic hardware, no further symptoms associated with metal allergy were noted. Additional research is necessary to improve diagnostic accuracy of metal allergy and make treatment options more effective and accessible.Level of Evidence: Retrospective case series, IV.

Clinical significance of detecting organ-specificsensitization in patients with long-term chronic posttraumatic uveitis

Purpose: to assess the clinical significance of detecting organ-specific sensitization in chronic posttraumatic uveitis (CPTU) based on a comparative analysis of data from the leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) and histological examination.Materials and methods. We examined 54 patients aged 17-82 with CPTU who underwent surgical removal of the eyeball (by enucleation/evisceration). To detect organ-specific sensitization, the LMIT in whole blood with extracts of corneal, lens, and uvearetinal tissue antigens was used. The eyes were subjected to histological examination after removal.Results. A positive response in LMIT was detected in 35.2 % of patients with CPTU. Pathomorphological signs of immune inflammation were found in 55.5 % of cases (30 eyes). In 23 eyes (42.6 %), the morphological picture was characterized by atrophic, fibrous and dystrophic changes in tissues. Based on the data from a comparative analysis of LMIT results and histological studies, we showed that in 16 cases out of 30 (53.3 %), morphologically confirmed immune inflammation was accompanied by sensitization to antigens of eye shells.Conclusions. In half of the cases, a productive inflammation, detected in CPTU during histological examination, was associated with the development of specific sensitization to eye tissue antigens. This result is important and should be considered when choosing how the patient should be managed, including targeted diagnostics and immunotropic therapy. The negative organ-specific response of LMIT in patients with chronic CPTU and intraocular inflammation confirmed by pathomorphological signs suggests a possible involvement of additional mechanisms of the inflammatory process, which requires further research.

Overview of optical coherence tomography in neuro-ophthalmology

Retinoblastoma antigen (RbAg) and retinal tissue antigen (RAg) were made from allogeneic retinoblastoma tissues and normal retinal tissue using the 3M KCl method. We have examined leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to RbAg and RAg in normal controls and the patients with retinoblastoma, including two spontaneously regressed cases. In LMIT, six out of the 11 patients tested against RhAg showed positive reactivity, in which 4 cases reacted only with RbAg, but not with RAg. All nine control subjects had negative reactivity to the two antigens. In ELISA, 40% of the retinoblastoma patients and 5.56% in normal controls showed positive reaction against RbAg. It was suggested that not only retinal antigens but also retinoblastoma specific antigens present in human retinoblastoma cells. The results also suggested that patients with retinoblastoma and those with spontaneous regression of Rb had both cell-mediated immunologic reactivity and humoral immune response toward retinoblastoma antigen in vitro. These immune responses to RbAg may be responsible for spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma.

Оценка диагностической значимости реакции торможения миграции лейкоцитов в прогнозировании риска развития симпатического воспаления в результате травмы глаза

Оценка диагностической значимости реакции торможения миграции лейкоцитов в прогнозировании риска развития симпатического воспаления в результате травмы глаза

Роль маркеров острого повреждения почек при проведении литотрипсии конкрементов высокой плотности

To obtain the information about functional state of kidneys in patients with urolithiasis before and after treatment, as well as to study the damaging effect of different types of energy used for fragmentation of high-density stones. A total of 105 patients aged from 25 to 62 years with high-density stones were undergone to lithotripsy. In Group 1 (n=38), Group 2 (n=32) and Group 3 (n=35) contact laser lithotripsy, contact ultrasound lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy was used, respectively. In all cases the clinical and biochemical blood and urine tests were performed as well as leukocyte migration inhibition test, selective proteinuria, a urine level of inteleukin-18 (IL-18) and urine NGAL (lipocalin-2) were assessed. The first examination was done the day before lithotripsy and the next ones were performed after 3 hours, on the 1st and 5th day after the intervention. In all cases dense unilateral kidney stones of size 0.8-2 cm were detected. The stone-free rate after contact lithotripsy was 92.8%. After ESWL, the stone-free rate after two weeks was 94.9%. The average duration of lithotripsy in the Group 1, 2 and 3 was 40+/-3.8 min, 35+/-2.3 min and 32+/-3.6 min, respectively. Based on the level of biomarkers of AKI, laser lithotripsy allows to achieve stone fragmentation with the least damage. Our study proves that IL-18, NGAL, leukocyte migration inhibition test and selective proteinuria allows to diagnose AKI at early stages, as well as to objectively assess the functional state of the kidneys after lithotripsy. The obtained data proves that laser lithotripsy is the safest method as assessed by damaging effects on the kidney parenchyma.

Неспецифічні та антигенспецифічні властивості трансфер-фактора, отриманого з молозива сенсибілізованих до збудника сальмонельозу корів

A promising direction for the treatment and prevention of many animal diseases caused by viruses, bacteria and other infectious agents is transfer factor usage. The article presents new data on the study of nonspecific and antigen-specific properties of transfer factor derived from bovine colostrum. Colostrum from immunized cows of black-and-white breed was used in order to obtain transfer factor. To sensitize the animals of experimental group, the vaccine was administered to cows twice at doses of 10 cm3 and 15 cm3 in 1.5 months before parturition. Animals of the control group were given an appropriate amount of physiological saline solution. The concentrated vaccine against Salmonellosis in calves from the Kherson Biofactory was used for immunization. To determine the presence of sensitization to Salmonella agent, an allergic skin test was used in 14 days after immunization. Colostrum samples were taken immediately and in 2 days after parturition of cows. Isolation of the transfer factor preparations from colostrum was carried out according to the method modified by the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology of NUBIP of Ukraine. In order to assess the ability of transfer factor derived from vaccinated cows’ donors to transfer the condition of specific sensitization, a leukocyte migration inhibition test was made by G. Freemel method with the use of transfer factor in different dilutions. To do this, a leukocytes suspension from mice spleen that was previously incubated with different dilution of the studied preparation with the addition of a specific antigen was used. The results of studies have shown that transfer factor obtained from colostrum in cows, sensitized to the salmonellosis pathogen, has pronounced antigen-specific properties against the Salmonella dublin. In addition, it is established that the antigen-specific properties of transfer factor depend on the degree of its dilution. Thus, transfer factor obtained from the colostrum can be used to transfer cell-mediated immunity into other animals to diseases against which pathogens the animals donors are immunized

Evaluation of immunopotentiating effect of medicinal plant products in commercial layer flock vaccinated against Newcastle disease

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the immunopotentiating effect of medicinal plant products such as Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Allium sativum and Azadirachta indica in commercial layer flock vaccinated against Newcastle disease and production parameters. The Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre values in all the groups were above the protective level throughout the study period. Similar results were obtained in ELISA. The cell mediated immune response was assessed by Leukocyte Migration Inhibition Test (LMIT) and there was a significant mean per cent inhibition in treatment groups. There was no change in egg production, egg shell thickness, albumen index, Haugh unit and yolk index between treatment and control groups. In conclusion, W. Somnifera (Ashwagandha, Amukkara kizhangu), (1%), T. Cordifolia (Guduchi, Seendhil kodi), (1%), Azadirachta indica (Neem, Veembu) (0.2%) and A. Sativum (Garlic, Poondu), (0.3%) can be used as an immunostimulant in poultry against Newcastle disease vaccination without affecting the egg production and egg qualities.

INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE LOAD OF FORMALDEHYDE AND ADOLESCENTS’ ORGANISM SENSIBILIZATION

All environmental factors influence on the human directly or indirectly. The biggest influence has the outdoor air, which is one of the major health risk factors associated with the environment. The proportion of 9-18 % of the total hazard index of inhalation exposure belongs to formaldehyde, which has a general toxic, sensibilizing and allergic effect. The frequency of allergic rhinitis and asthma in children living in the industrial cities of Eastern Siberia is 28-36 %. The purpose of the study was to assess the individual load of formaldehyde and detection its relationship with teenagers' organism sensitization. The study was carried out on the territory of two industrial cities with high and moderate levels of air pollution. The individual hazard indices of formaldehyde inhalation exposure were calculated for 373 adolescents. The formaldehyde concentration in urine was determined by HPLC method. The leukocyte migration inhibition test to formaldehyde has been studied. The levels of secretory immunoglobulin IgA, total IgE in serum were determined by ELISA technique. The number of eosinophils in nasal mucus was calculated. Individual hazard indices of formaldehyde inhalation exposure were exceeded in all patients. Elevation of formaldehyde concentration in the urine was found in every third adolescent. More than 30 % of the surveyed had a response to the formaldehyde in leukocyte migration inhibition test, which indicates the presence of sensitization to this chemical. About 20 % of students had a combined increase of total IgE levels in the blood and the number of eosinophils in the nasal mucus and more often these cases are marked in the group of adolescents with the lowest indices of formaldehyde exposure. Reduction of the secretory immunoglobulin A was found in the serum of adolescents with increased risk indices of formaldehyde inhalation exposure.

Drug-induced pneumonitis

Drug can cause various types of lung damages, with drug-induced pneumonitis (including acute interstitial pneumonia, usual interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia, eosinophilic pneumonia and hypersensitivity pneumonitis) being the most important among them. The incidence and the causative agents of drug induced pneumonitis have varied over time. Before 1980, anticancer agents and gold salts were the main drugs, and the number of causative drugs (61) and case reports was small. Recently, pneumonitis has increasingly been caused by Chinese herbal medicines, antibiotics, chemotherapy agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, cytokines, and gold salts, and the number of case reports and drugs involved (177) has increased. Drug-induced pneumonitis has characteristics that depend on the causative agent. Review of our patients and reports in Japan revealed the following. Pneumonitis caused by anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, and antibiotics generally develops at 1-2 weeks after starting administration, and bronchoalveolar lavage and histologic examination of lung biopsies reveals the features of eosinophilic pneumonia. Such pneumonitis is associated with a high frequency of a positive drug lymphocyte stimulation test (DLST), and has a good outcome. Conversely, with pneumonitis caused by anticancer and immunosuppressive agents, the onset is often delayed and the disease has features of diffuse interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis. The frequency of a positive DLST is low, and the outcome is generally poor. Pneumonitis induced by Chinese herbal medicines, gold salts, and antituberculosis agents has intermediate features between the above two types :i.e., it develops after 2-3 months or six months (gold salts), and resembles either eosinophilic pneumonia, BOOP or interstitial pneumonia. For in vitro identification of causative drugs, the DLST and the leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) are generally used. The latter test is superior in sensitivity, suggesting that the mechanism of this test involves cytokines such as IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, TNF-alpha, and IL-8.

Leukocyte migration inhibition test in drug-induced pneumonitis

The leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) was performed in 8 cases of presumed drug-induced pneumonitis. The drugs involved were amiodarone in 3 cases, methotrexate in 2 cases, and fenofibrate, nadolol, and gold salt, each in one case. The agarose microdroplet technique for photoelectric readings of leukocyte migration inhibition was applied in the presence of a wide range of drug concentrations. LMIT was found to be positive in 6 of the 8 cases (75%). The presence of a positive LMIT indicates the elaboration of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor. These results suggest that cell-mediated immunity may play a role in the pathogenesis of drug-induced pneumonitis and that LMIT may be useful for the detection of causative drugs in patients with this condition.

Tuberculin conversion and leukocyte migration inhibition test after BCG vaccination in newborn infants

Background: There are reports that BCG vaccine take-up may be delayed or poor among preterm and low birth weight babies Objective: The present study was conducted with the objective of (a) studying BCG take-up through tuberculin conversion by Mantoux test at 12 weeks and 6 months of age in babies vaccinated with BCG at birth and (b) evaluating the Leukocyte Migration Inhibition Test (LMIT) in BCG vaccinated babies who did not react to Mantoux test. Design: Prospective observational study. Methods: BCG vaccine was administered to 143 neonates of 31-41 weeks gestation within 7 days of birth. At 12 weeks of age, Purified Protein Derivative (1 TU PPD-RT 23 with Tween 80) was injected to all the babies and induration was measured at the injection site after 48 hours. Mantoux negative babies were subjected to the LMIT. All the Mantoux test and LMIT negative babies were followed up and given another Mantoux test at 6 months. Those babies who showed a negative Mantoux test at 6 months and negative LMIT at 12 weeks were subjected to another LMIT at 6 months. Results: Local BCG reaction was exhibited by 95.5% babies at 8 weeks and scar formed in 47.2% of them by 12(+1) weeks. The tuberculin conversion rate after 12 weeks of BCG vaccination was 42.7%. The rate of tuberculin conversion was significantly more in babies with birth weight > 2500 g as compared to low birth weight babies. Also, the rate of tuberculin conversion was significantly more in term infants as compared to preterm babies. Six months after BCG vaccination, 41.5% of previously Mantoux negative babies showed tuberculin conversion. Overall, 66.4% babies reacted to PPD after 6 months. LMIT was positive in 84.1% babies who had a negative Mantoux test at 12 weeks. Six months after BCG vaccination, 53.8% of babies who had LMIT negative at 3 months became LMIT positive. Thus out of 143 babies, 95.8% had either a reactive Mantoux test or positive LMIT 6 months after BCG vaccination. There were only 6 babies (4.2%) who did not show adequate responses to BCG vaccination. Conclusion: Preterm babies of 31 to 36 weeks of gestation and low birth weight babies weighing

Immunological and Clinical Consequences of Vasectomy*

Blood samples from 109 vasectomized and 100 non-vasectomized fertile men were tested for antisperm antibodies using Tray Agglutination Test (TAT) and Sperm Immobilization Test (SIT), Cell Mediated Immunity to sperm using Leukocyte Migration Inhibition Test (LMIT). Incidence of antisperm antibodies in vasectomized group was 76.2% by TAT and 13.8% by SIT whereas in control group was 11% (p less than 0.001) and 3% (P less than 0.01) respectively. Titre of TAT antibodies increased with post vasectomy period even beyond 20 years post vasectomy. High Incidence of TAT titre of greater than 1:250 was observed in vasectomized men with post operative complications. No significant incidence of positive LMIT to sperm antigens was detected in vasectomized group as compared to control group.

Cell-mediated antisperm immunity in selected forms of male infertility.

Leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMT) with semipurified spermatozoal antigen was carried out in two groups: normal males (fertile subjects before vasectomy; normal volunteers) and selected forms of male infertility. The percent positivity to the LMT in all the pathological groups considered, compared with controls positivity in only one out of 40 cases and only at the highest concentrations of Ag, stresses the important role played by cell-mediated antisperm immunity in male infertility. No characteristic seminal pattern was observed in the patients with positive LMT, probably on account of the particular selection of the patients studied. Finally, no significant correlation between humoral and cell-mediated antisperm immunity was observed, at least not in these selected series of patients.

Cellular sensitization against sperm and seminal antigens in women

In 13 healthy women and 6 virgins the cellular sensitization against sperm and seminal plasma antigens was demonstrated by an indirect lymphokin assay, the leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMI-test) using the following preparations: "washed" spermatozoa, seminal plasma and spermatozoa of the supernatant prepared with the "swim-up" technique. In both groups of women a cellular sensitization against sperm and seminal plasma antigens could be observed. Further, a dose dependent correlation was found in that way, that increasing concentrations of spermatozoa lead to an increased inhibition of macrophage migration. In virgins cellular sensitization against seminal plasma proteins did not differ from non-virgins, only the percentage of significant reactions in the LMI-Test was reduced. As low sperm concentrations (1 million ml-1), which represent best the physiological situation in the uterus, induced an enhanced migrations of macrophages the enhancement of macrophage migration is considered as physiological cellular sensitization of females against sperm-associated antigens.

Cell-mediated immunity in male fertility. Immunological infertility in man.

The leukocyte migration inhibition test on agarose was performed on 210 patients with different andrological disorders: oligozoospermia following primarily testicular disorders, oligozoospermia following primarily non testicular disorders and idiopathic oligozoospermia. This test was most applicable in disorders involving testicular damage and in cases of varicocele with altered blood flow. It would appear that cell-mediated immunity is involved in the pathogenesis of the consequences of these disorders.

Klinefelter's Syndrome An Immunological Disorder/Klinefelter Syndrom - eine immunologische Störung

Immunological study was carried out in 10 cases of Klinefelter Syndrome against sperm antigen. Sperm antibody in serum was present in one of ten cases but cell mediated immunity on the basis of leukocyte migration inhibition test was positive in all the ten cases showing a strong link between chromosomal disorders and immunological tolerance.

Immunomodulatory Effect of Recombinant Chicken Interferon-gamma (rchIFN-γ) on Specific and Non-specific Immune Responses in Chicken Vaccinated Against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)

Present study was undertaken to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of recombinant chicken interferon -gamma (rchIFN-γ) on specific and non-specific immune responses in chicken vaccinated against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). A total of 180 day old layer chicks (BV-300) were divided into three groups. Test Group I (TG-I) (64 chicks) was injected with 5 microgram/chick subcutaneously of rchIFN-γ along with ND vaccinations (LaSota and R B strains), Test Group II (TG-II) (64 chicks) was injected with same dose and 2 route of rchIFN-γ 6 h after ND vaccinations on both occasions, whereas, third group remained as vaccinated control group (52 chicks). Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test and Migration Inhibition (MI) in percentages estimated by Leukocyte Migration Inhibition Test (LMIT) were conducted to evaluate humoral and cell mediated immune responses respectively. Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay was conducted to evaluate the non-specific immune response by estimating the Phagocytic Index (PI) in percentages. The test results revealed that, significantly (p< 0.05) increased specific (humoral and cell mediated) and non-specific immune responses were recorded in the groups treated with rchIFN-γ i.e., higher results when given along with the vaccine and highest results when given 6 h after vaccinations. The results advocated that, rchIFN-γ may be used as an immunopotentiator in chicken vaccinated against NDV.

Effect of methanol intoxication on spcific immune functions of albino rats

Our previous studies revealed that methanol intoxication significantly altered the non-specific immune functions in albino rats. The present investigation focuses on the effect of methanol on certain specific immune functions of cell mediated immunity such as footpad thickness, leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMI) and antibody levels. In addition, serum interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma), and splenic lymphocyte subsets were measured after an immune challenge. The specific immune function tests were carried out in three different groups of albino rats, which include control, 15 and 30 days methanol intoxication. Our study reports that animal body weight, organ weight ratio, lymphoid cell counts, footpad thickness, antibody titer, IL-2, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, Pan T cell, CD4, macrophages, MHC class II molecule expression, and B cell counts were significantly decreased compared to control animals nevertheless, LMI, IL-4, and DNA single strand breakage were increased significantly. Plasma corticosterone level was significantly increased in the 15 days group whereas the 30 days methanol intoxication group showed considerable decrease in corticosterone level compared with control animals. Therefore, our investigation concluded that repeated exposure of methanol profoundly suppressed the cell mediated and humoral immune functions in albino rats.

Effect of Triphala on oxidative stress and on cell-mediated immune response against noise stress in rats

Stress is one of the basic factors in the etiology of number of diseases. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of Triphala (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica and Emblica officinalis) on noise-stress induced alterations in the antioxidant status and on the cell-mediated immune response in Wistar strain male albino rats. Noise-stress employed in this study was 100 dB for 4 h/d/15 days and Triphala was used at a dose of 1 g/kg/b.w/48 days. Eight different groups of rats namely, non-immunized: control, Triphala, noise-stress, Triphala with noise-stress, and corresponding immunized groups were used. Sheep red blood cells (5 x 10(9) cells/ml) were used to immunize the animals. Biochemical indicators of oxidative stress namely lipid peroxidation, antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), ascorbic acid in plasma and tissues (thymus and spleen) and SOD, GPx and corticosterone level in plasma were estimated. Cell-mediated immune response namely foot pad thickness (FPT) and leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) test were performed only in immunized groups. Results showed that noise-stress significantly increased the lipid peroxidation and corticosterone level with concomitant depletion of antioxidants in plasma and tissues of both non-immunized and immunized rats. Noise-stress significantly suppressed the cell-mediated immune response by decreased FPT with an enhanced LMI test. The supplementation with Triphala prevents the noise-stress induced changes in the antioxidant as well as cell-mediated immune response in rats. This study concludes that Triphala restores the noise-stress induced changes may be due to its antioxidant properties.

Immunological and clinical aspects of cell therapy in the treatment of aftereffects of craniocerebral injury

Cell suspension consisting of cells from immature nervous and hemopoietic tissues was transplanted subarachnoidally to patients with craniocerebral injury aftereffects. In some patients cell therapy led to immune sensitization to donor antigens, detected by the leukocyte migration inhibition test. No signs of tissue-destructive autoimmune reactions were detected in patients receiving cell therapy. Follow-up of 56 patients showed that cell therapy was associated with significant improvement of the neurological status. No serious complications of this treatment modality were observed. Presumably, cell therapy is a safe method which can be used in the treatment of craniocerebral injury aftereffects.