Leucine-rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase Research Articles

Increased PHLPP1 expression through ERK-4E-BP1 signaling axis drives nicotine induced oxidative stress related damage of cardiomyocytes

Nicotine, a key constituent of tobacco/electronic cigarettes causes cardiovascular injury and mortality. Nicotine is known to induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes leading to cell death. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) is a member of metal-dependent protein phosphatase (PPM) family and is known to dephosphorylate several AGC family kinases and thereby regulate a diverse set of cellular functions including cell growth, survival, and death. Our lab has previously demonstrated that PHLPP1 removal reduced cardiomyocyte death and cardiac dysfunction following injury. Here, we present a novel finding that nicotine exposure significantly increased PHLPP1 protein expression in the adolescent rodent heart. Building upon our in vivo finding, we determined the mechanism of PHLPP1 expression in cardiomyocytes. Nicotine significantly increased PHLPP1 protein expression without altering PHLPP2 in cardiomyocytes. In cardiomyocytes, nicotine significantly increased NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), which coincided with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis which were dependent on PHLPP1 expression. PHLPP1 expression was both necessary and sufficient for nicotine induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Mechanistically, nicotine activated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) and subsequent eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) to increase PHLPP1 protein expression. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide (CHX) and 4EGI-1 abolished nicotine induced PHLPP1 protein expression. Moreover, inhibition of ERK1/2 activity by U0126 significantly blocked nicotine induced PHLPP1 expression. Overall, this study reveals a novel mechanism by which nicotine regulates PHLPP1 expression through ERK-4E-BP1 signaling axis to drive cardiomyocyte injury.

MEOX2 Participates in Hepatic Stellate Cells-Induced Liver Fibrosis by Regulating the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway.

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) serve as the crucial accelerating factor in the progression of liver fibrosis (LF). In contrast to HSCs, adult-derived human liver stem/progenitor cells (ADHLSCs) exhibit greater potency in terms of differentiation and proliferation, rendering them highly applicable in LF treatment. The objective of this study is to identify new therapeutic targets for LF by comparing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ADHLSCs and HSCs. We investigated DEGs between ADHLSCs and HSCs using the GSE49995 dataset obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, aiming to identify new therapeutic targets for LF. Subsequently, we activated HSCs to delve deeper into the mesenchyme homeobox 2 (MEOX2), PH domain Leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP), and Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways in LF progression, employing platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and conducted infection with Overexpression (OE)-MEOX2 and shRNA-MEOX2 (sh-MEOX2) lentiviruses. Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, while cell proliferation was evaluated through 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining and flow cytometry. Relative mRNA expression levels were determined via qPCR. Western blot analysis was performed to measure protein expression levels, and the regulatory role of MEOX2 was investigated using dual luciferase reporter assays. We identified 332 DEGs that were down-regulated and 201 DEGs that were up-regulated between ADHLSCs and HSCs. Notably, MEOX2 expression in ADHLSCs was significantly reduced. These DEGs primarily participated in the collagen-containing extracellular matrix and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. MEOX2 could inhibit cancer cell proliferation via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Additionally, the JASRPAR2022 database predicted the target gene PHLPP of MEOX2. Our results indicated that OE-MEOX2 significantly inhibited HSCs' cell vitality and proliferation. Further analysis revealed that MEOX2 binds to PHLPP promoters, thereby up-regulating its transcription. This action led to the inhibition of p-AKT expression, consequently reducing HSC proliferation and slowing the progression of LF. MEOX2 up-regulates PHLPP expression and inhibits AKT phosphorylation, thereby reducing the cell activity and proliferation ability of HSCs and inhibiting the progression of LF.

Hyperoxia-Induced miR-195 Causes Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Neonatal Mice.

Background: Exposure to hyperoxia is an important factor in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm newborns. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of BPD and provide a potential therapeutic target. Methods: This study was conducted utilizing a postnatal animal model of experimental hyperoxia-induced murine BPD to investigate the expression and function of miR-195 as well as its molecular signaling targets within developing mouse lung tissue. Results: miR-195 expression levels increased in response to hyperoxia in male and female lungs, with the most significant elevation occurring in 40% O2 (mild) and 60% O2 (moderate) BPD. The inhibition of miR-195 improved pulmonary morphology in the hyperoxia-induced BPD model in male and female mice with females showing more resistance to injury and better recovery of alveolar chord length, septal thickness, and radial alveolar count. Additionally, we reveal miR-195-dependent signaling pathways involved in BPD and identify PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) as a novel specific target protein of miR-195. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high levels of miR-195 in neonatal lungs cause the exacerbation of hyperoxia-induced experimental BPD while its inhibition results in amelioration. This finding suggests a therapeutic potential of miR-195 inhibition in preventing BPD.

Pleckstrin Homology Domain Leucine-rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase Acts as a Tumor Suppressor in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

The pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) family has been found to have both tumor-suppressor and oncogenic properties across various types and locations of cancer. Given that PHLPP has not been previously studied in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we conducted an assessment of the expression of both its isoforms in oral SCC tissues and cell lines and compared these findings to their corresponding normal counterparts. In addition, we assessed the relationship between PHLPP and clinicopathological factors and patient survival. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA levels of PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 in cancerous and normal cell lines in addition to 124 oral SCC and noncancerous adjacent epithelia (N = 62, each). Correlations between their expression rate and clinicopathological parameters were further evaluated in 57 patients. Data were statistically analyzed with t test and paired t test, analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U , and Cox Regression tests ( P < 0.05). We found significantly lower levels of both PHLPP isoforms in oral SCC tissues compared with noncancerous epithelia ( P < 0.001, for both). However, in the cell lines, this difference was significant only for PHLPP1 ( P = 0.027). The correlation between the two isoforms was significant only in cancerous tissues ( P < 0.001). None of the clinicopathologic factors showed significant associations with either of the isoforms and there was no correlation with survival. We showed for the first time that PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 act as tumor suppressors in oral SCC at the mRNA level. The regulation of their mRNA appears to be different between normal and cancerous tissues.

PHLPP1 inhibits the growth and aerobic glycolysis activity of human ovarian granular cells through inactivating AKT pathway

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphologic features, and PCOS is associated with infertility. PH domain Leucine-rich repeat Protein Phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) has been shown to regulate AKT. The aim of present study is to investigate the role of PHLPP1 in PCOS.MethodsThe expression levels of PHLPP1 in dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-treated human ovarian granular KGN cells were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot. PHLPP1 was silenced or overexpressed using lentivirus. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8. Apoptosis and ROS generation were analyzed by flow cytometry. Glycolysis was analyzed by measuring extracellular acidification rate (ECAR).ResultsDHT treatment suppressed proliferation, promoted apoptosis, enhanced ROS, and inhibited glycolysis in KGN cells. PHLPP1 silencing alleviated the DHT-induced suppression of proliferation and glycolysis, and promotion of apoptosis and ROS in KGN cells. PHLPP1 regulated cell proliferation and glycolysis in human KGN cells via the AKT signaling pathway.ConclusionsOur results showed that PHLPP1 mediates the proliferation and aerobic glycolysis activity of human ovarian granular cells through regulating AKT signaling.

The roles of phosphorylation of signaling proteins in the prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia.

Signaling pathways of Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, Akt-kinase, and Erk-kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) have an important role in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia. Constitutive activation of these proteins by phosphorylation contributes to cell survival by regulation of cell cycle, proliferation and proapoptotic signaling processes. According to previous data phosphorylated forms of these proteins represent a worse outcome for cancer patients. We investigated the presence of phosphorylated Rb (P-Rb), Akt (P-Akt) and Erk (P-Erk) proteins by Western blot technique using phospho-specific antibodies in bone marrow or peripheral blood samples of 69 AML patients, 36 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and 10 healthy volunteers. Expression level of PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog) and PHLPP (PH domain and leucine-rich repeat Protein Phosphatase) phosphatases, the negative regulators of Akt kinase pathway were also examined. We tested the effect of these proteins on survival and on the correlation with known prognostic features in AML. We found 46.3% of AML patients had detectable P-Rb, 34.7% had P-Akt and 28.9% had P-Erk protein. 66.1% of patients expressing PTEN, 38.9% PHLPP, 37.2% both PTEN and PHLPP and 32.2% neither PTEN nor PHLPP phosphatases. Compared to nucleophosmin mutation (NPMc) negative samples P-Erk was significantly less in nucleophosmin mutated patients, P-Rb was significantly less in patients' group with more than 30G/L peripheral leukocyte count by diagnosis. PHLPP was significantly present in FAB type M5. The expression of P-Rb represented significant better overall survival (OS), while P-Akt represented significantly worse event-free survival (EFS) in unfavorable cytogenetics patients. The presence of both PHLPP and PTEN phosphatases contributes to better OS and EFS, although the differences were not statistically significant. We confirmed significant positive correlation between P-Akt and PHLPP. Assessing the phosphorylation of Rb, Akt and Erk may define a subgroup of AML patients who would benefit especially from new targeted treatment options complemented the standard chemotherapy, and it may contribute to monitoring remission, relapse or progression of AML.

Comparative Serum Proteome Profiling of Canine Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia before and after Castration.

BPH is the most prevalent prostatic condition in aging dogs. Nevertheless, clinical diagnosis and management remain inconsistent. This study employed in-solution digestion coupled with nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to assess serum proteome profiling of dogs with BPH and those dogs after castration. Male dogs were divided into two groups; control and BPH groups. In the BPH group, each dog was evaluated at two time points: Day 0 (BF subgroup) and Day 30 after castration (AT subgroup). In the BF subgroup, three proteins were significantly upregulated and associated with dihydrotestosterone: solute carrier family 5 member 5, tyrosine-protein kinase, and FRAT regulator of WNT signaling pathway 1. Additionally, the overexpression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptors in the BF subgroup hints at its potential as a novel protein linked to the BPH development process. Conversely, alpha-1-B glycoprotein (A1BG) displayed significant downregulation in the BF subgroup, suggesting A1BG's potential as a predictive protein for canine BPH. Finasteride was associated with increased proteins in the AT subgroup, including apolipoprotein C-I, apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein A-II, TAO kinase 1, DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 16, PH domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1, neuregulin 1, and pseudopodium enriched atypical kinase 1. In conclusion, this pilot study highlighted alterations in various serum proteins in canine BPH, reflecting different pathological changes occurring in this condition. These proteins could be a source of potential non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosing this disease.

Differential efficacy of two small molecule PHLPP inhibitors to promote nucleus Pulposus cell health.

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with chronic back pain. We previously demonstrated that the phosphatase pleckstrin homology domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) 1 was positively correlated with IVD degeneration and its deficiency decelerated IVD degeneration in both mouse IVDs and human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Small molecule PHLPP inhibitors may offer a translatable method to alleviate IVD degeneration. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of the two PHLPP inhibitors NSC117079 and NSC45586 in promoting a healthy NP phenotype. Tail IVDs of 5-month-old wildtype mice were collected and treated with NSC117079 or NSC45586 under low serum conditions ex vivo. Hematoxylin & eosin staining was performed to examine IVD structure and NP cell morphology. The expression of KRT19 was analyzed through immunohistochemistry. Cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay. Human NP cells were obtained from patients with IVD degeneration. The gene expression of KRT19, ACAN, SOX9, and MMP13 was analyzed via real time qPCR, and AKT phosphorylation and the protein expression of FOXO1 was analyzed via immunoblot. In a mouse IVD organ culture model, NSC45586, but not NSC117079, preserved vacuolated notochordal cell morphology and KRT19 expression while suppressing cell apoptosis, counteracting the degenerative changes induced by serum deprivation, especially in males. Likewise, in degenerated human NP cells, NSC45586 increased cell viability and the expression of KRT19, ACAN, and SOX9 and reducing the expression of MMP13, while NSC117079 treatment only increased KRT19 expression. Mechanistically, NSC45586 treatment increased FOXO1 protein expression in NP cells, and inhibiting FOXO1 offset NSC45586-induced regenerative potential, especially in males. Our study indicates that NSC45586 was effective in promoting NP cell health, especially in males, suggesting that PHLPP plays a key role in NP cell homeostasis and that NSC45586 might be a potential drug candidate in treating IVD degeneration.

The lack of homology domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 ameliorates visual impairment in rats with diabetic retinopathy through regulation of the AKT-GSK-3β-Nrf2 signal cascade

Pleckstrin homology domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) is an emerging player in diverse disorders. Our previous findings have documented that reducing PHLPP2 levels in cultured retinal ganglion cells protects against cellular damage caused by high glucose, indicating a possible link between PHLPP2 and diabetic retinopathy (DR). The present work was dedicated to the investigation of PHLPP2 in DR through in vivo experiments with rat models induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Compared to normal rats, the retinas of rats with DR exhibited a notable increase in the level of PHLPP2. The reduction of PHLPP2 levels in the retina was achieved by the intravitreal administration of adeno-associated viruses expressing specific shRNA targeting PHLPP2. Decreasing the expression of PHLPP2 ameliorated visual function impairment and improved the pathological changes of retina in DR rats. Moreover, decreasing the expression of PHLPP2 repressed the apoptosis, oxidative stress and proinflammatory response in the retinas of rats with DR. Reduction of PHLPP2 levels led to an increase in the levels of phosphorylated AKT and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Decreasing the expression of PHLPP2 resulted in increased activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which was reversed by suppressing AKT. Notably, the protective effect of reducing PHLPP2 on DR was eliminated when Nrf2 was restrained. These observations show that the down-regulation of PHLPP2 has protective effects on DR by preserving the structure and function of the retina by regulating the AKT-GSK-3β-Nrf2 signal cascade. Therefore, targeting PHLPP2 may hold promise in the treatment of DR.

CXADR promote epithelial–mesenchymal transition in endometriosis by modulating AKT/GSK-3β signaling

ABSTRACT Endometriosis is a benign high prevalent disease exhibiting malignant features. However, the underlying pathogenesis and key molecules of endometriosis remain unclear. By integrating and analysis of existing expression profile datasets, we identified coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CXADR), as a novel key gene in endometriosis. Based on the results of immunohistochemistry (IHC), we confirmed significant down-regulation of CXADR in ectopic endometrial tissues obtained from women with endometriosis compared with healthy controls. Further in vitro investigation indicated that CXADR regulated the stability and function of the phosphatases and AKT inhibitors PHLPP2 (pleckstrin homology domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2) and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog). Loss of CXADR led to phosphorylation of AKT and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which resulted in stabilization of an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) factor, SNAIL1 (snail family transcriptional repressor 1). Therefore, EMT processs was induced, and the proliferation, migration and invasion of Ishikawa cells were enhanced. Over-expression of CXADR showed opposite effects. These findings suggest a previously undefined role of AKT/GSK-3β signaling axis in regulating EMT and reveal the involvement of a CXADR-induced EMT, in pathogenic progression of endometriosis.

NAP1L5 facilitates pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression via TRIM29-mediated ubiquitination of PHLPP1

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is considered one of the most aggressive solid tumours in humans. Despite its high mortality rate, effective targeted therapeutic strategies remain limited due to incomplete understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms. The NAP1L gene family has been implicated in the development and progression of various human tumours. However, the specific function and role of NAP1L5 (nucleosome assembly protein-like 5) in PDAC have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the role of NAP1L5 in PDAC and explore the regulatory relationship between NAP1L5 and its potential downstream molecule PHLPP1 (PH domain Leucine-rich repeat Protein Phosphatase 1) in PDAC. Our study revealed that NAP1L5 is notably upregulated in PDAC. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that knockdown of NAP1L5 suppressed the proliferation of PDAC cells. Mechanistically, NAP1L5 was found to promote PDAC progression by activating the AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in a PHLPP1-dependent manner. Specifically, NAP1L5 binds to PHLPP1 and facilitates the ubiquitination-mediated degradation of PHLPP1, ultimately resulting in reduced PHLPP1 expression. Notably, TRIM29, recruited by NAP1L5, was found to be involved in facilitating K48-linked ubiquitination of PHLPP1. Our findings indicate that NAP1L5 overexpression promotes the proliferation of PDAC cells by inhibiting PHLPP1 expression. These novel insights suggest that NAP1L5 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for PDAC.

RNF149 confers cisplatin resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via destabilization of PHLPP2 and activating PI3K/AKT signalling.

Chemo-resistance has been identified as a crucial factor contributing to tumor recurrence and a leading cause of worse prognosis in patients with ESCC. Therefore, unravel the critical regulators and effective strategies to overcome drug resistance will have a significant clinical impact on the disease. In our study we found that RNF149 was upregulated in ESCC and high RNF149 expression was associated with poor prognosis with ESCC patients. Functionally, we have demonstrated that overexpression of RNF149 confers CDDP resistance to ESCC; however, inhibition of RNF149 reversed this phenomenon both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that RNF149 interacts with PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) and induces E3 ligase-dependent protein degradation of PHLPP2, substantially activating the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in ESCC. Additionally, we found that inhibition of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway by AKT siRNA or small molecule inhibitor significantly suppressed RNF149-induced CDDP resistance. Importantly, RNF149 locus was also found to be amplified not only in ESCC but also in various human cancer types. Our data suggest that RNF149 might function as an oncogenic gene. Targeting the RNF149/PHLPP2/PI3K/Akt axis may be a promising prognostic factor and valuable therapeutic target for malignant tumours.

Insights into the role of PHLPP2/Akt/GSK3β/Fyn kinase/Nrf2 trajectory in the reno-protective effect of rosuvastatin against colistin-induced acute kidney injury in rats.

Oxidative stress-mediated colistin's nephrotoxicity is associated with the diminished activity of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) that is primarily correlated with cellular PH domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP2) levels. This study investigated the possible modulation of PHLPP2/protein kinase B (Akt) trajectory as a critical regulator of Nrf2 stability by rosuvastatin (RST) to guard against colistin-induced oxidative renal damage in rats. Colistin (300,000 IU/kg/day; i.p.) was injected for 6 consecutive days, and rats were treated simultaneously with RST orally at 10 or 20 mg/kg. RST enhanced renal nuclear Nrf2 translocation as revealed by immunohistochemical staining to boost the renal antioxidants, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) along with a marked reduction in caspase-3. Accordingly, rats treated with RST showed significant restoration of normal renal function and histological features. On the molecular level, RST effectively decreased the mRNA expression of PHLPP2 to promote Akt phosphorylation. Consequently, it deactivated GSK-3β and reduced the gene expression of Fyn kinase in renal tissues. RST could attenuate colistin-induced oxidative acute kidney injury via its suppressive effect on PHLPP2 to endorse Nrf2 activity through modulating Akt/GSK3 β/Fyn kinase trajectory.

Knockdown of Mmu-circ-0001380 Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Modulating miR-106b-5p/Phlpp2 Axis.

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury induces myocardial damage and dysfunction. Increasing evidence has confirmed that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play crucial roles in regulating MI/R. Mmu-circ-0001380 has identified to be highly expressed in myocardium of MI/R mouse model. However, its biological function and molecular mechanism in MI/R injury are still unclear. Here, we demonstrated that knockdown of cric-0001380 attenuated myocardial injury of MI/R mice. In vitro, silence of circ-0001380 significantly enhanced viability, and inhibited apoptosis and oxidative stress in HL-1 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Mmu-miR-106b-5p interacted with circ-0001380, and suppressed the expression of pleckstrin homology domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (Phlpp2). The miR-106b-5p/Phlpp2 axis mediated the effect of circ-0001380 on OGD/R-induced apoptosis through regulating the phosphorylation of p38, and further involved in regulating the viability and oxidative stress of HL-1 cells. In conclusion, circ-0001380 downregulation relieves MI/R injury via regulating the miR-106b-5p/Phlpp2 axis. The present study indicates that mmu-circ-0001380 exacerbates the myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through modulating the miR-106b-5p/Phlpp2 axis in vitro and in vivo.

MiR-27b targets MAIP1 to mediate lipid accumulation in cultured human and mouse hepatic cells

Non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition caused by excessive fat accumulation in the liver and developed via multiple pathways. miR-27b has been suggested to play crucial roles in the development of NAFLD, assuming via targeting genes involved in lipid catabolism and anabolism. However, other pathways regulated by miR-27b are largely unknown. Here we show that lipid accumulation was induced in miR-27b–transfected human and mouse hepatic cells and that knockdowns of three miR-27b–target genes, β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 3 (B4GALT3), matrix AAA peptidase interacting protein 1 (MAIP1) and PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2), induced lipid accumulation. We also show that B4GALT3 and MAIP1 were direct targets of miR-27b and overexpression of MAIP1 ameliorated miR-27b−induced lipid accumulation. In addition, we show that hepatic Maip1 expression declined in mice fed a high-fat diet, suggesting the involvement of decreased Maip1 expression in the condition of fatty liver. Overall, we identified MAIP1/miR-27b axis as a mediator of hepatic lipid accumulation, a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD.

Loss of pleckstrin homology domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 has protective effects on high glucose-injured retinal ganglion cells via the effect on the Akt-GSK-3β-Nrf2 pathway.

Pleckstrin homology domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) is linked to various pathological states. However, whether PHLPP2 mediates diabetic retinopathy is unaddressed. This work explored the biological function of PHLPP2 in modulating high glucose (HG)-elicited damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), an in vitro model for studying diabetic retinopathy. Mouse RGCs were treated with HG to establish a cell model. PHLPP2 was silenced by transfecting specific shRNAs targeting PHLPP2. RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, TUNEL assay, and ELISA were carried out. Significant increases in PHLPP2 levels were observed in cultured RGCs exposed to HG. The severe damages evoked by HG to RGCs were remarkably weakened in PHLPP2-silenced RGCs, including improved cell survival, attenuated cell apoptosis, repressed oxidative stress, and prohibited proinflammatory response. The silencing of PHLPP2 strengthened the activation of Nrf2 in HG-treated RGCs via modulation of the Akt-GSK-3β axis. Interruption of the Akt-GSK-3β axis reversed PHLPP2-silencing-elicited Nrf2 activation. The protective effects of PHLPP2 silencing on HG-induced injury of RGCs were diminished by Nrf2 inhibition. The loss of PHLPP2 was beneficial for HG-injured RGCs through the effect on the Akt-GSK-3β-Nrf2 pathway. This work suggests a possible role of PHLPP2 in diabetic retinopathy.

Circadian Clock Desynchronization and Insulin Resistance.

The circadian rhythm regulates biological processes that occur within 24 h in living organisms. It plays a fundamental role in maintaining biological functions and responds to several inputs, including food intake, light/dark cycle, sleep/wake cycle, and physical activity. The circadian timing system comprises a central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and tissue-specific clocks in peripheral tissues. Several studies show that the desynchronization of central and peripheral clocks is associated with an increased incidence of insulin resistance (IR) and related diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the impact of circadian clock dysregulation on insulin action. We focus our attention on two possible mediators of this interaction: the phosphatases belonging to the pleckstrin homology leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase family (PHLPP) family and the deacetylase Sirtuin1. We believe that literature data, herein summarized, suggest that a thorough change of life habits, with the return to synchronized food intake, physical activity, and rest, would doubtless halt the vicious cycle linking IR to dysregulated circadian rhythms. However, since such a comprehensive change may be incompatible with the demand of modern society, clarifying the pathways involved may, nonetheless, contribute to the identification of therapeutic targets that may be exploited to cure or prevent IR-related diseases.

The Emergence of Cancer Stem Cells in Early Diagnosed Prostate Cancer

The Emergence of Cancer Stem Cells in Early Diagnosed Prostate Cancer

CircRNA_45478 promotes ischemic AKI by targeting the miR-190a-5p/PHLPP1 axis.

A few studies suggested that circular RNAs were involved in the development of ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the function and regulation mechanism of circRNA_45478 in ischemic AKI remains unknown. In the present study, ischemic injury induced the expressions of circRNA_45478 in mouse proximal tubule-derived cell lines (BUMPT cells) and kidneys of C57BL/6 mice. Functionally, circRNA_45478 mediated I/R-induced apoptosis in BUMPT cells. Mechanistically, circRNA_45478 upregulated the expression of Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) via sponging of microRNA (miR)-190a-5p. Finally, inhibition of circRNA_45478 significantly alleviated the progression of ischemic AKI through regulation of the miR-190a-5p/PHLPP1 pathway. Taken together, our data showed that circRNA_45478/miR-190a-5p/PHLPP1 axis mediated the progression of ischemic AKI.

Circular RNA circRASSF5 Functions as an Anti-Oncogenic Factor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Acting as a Competitive Endogenous RNA Through Sponging miR-331-3p

ObjectiveRecently, emerging studies have validated that circular RNAs participate in multiple biological progresses in various human malignant tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, until now, the elucidated mechanism of circular RNAs is only the tip of the iceberg. In this study, we firstly identify a novel circular RNA circRASSF5 (the only circular RNA derived from the RASSF5 gene), and attempt to investigate its biological function and underlying mechanism in HCC.MethodsqRT-PCR, Western blotting and IHC were applied to detect the expression of related genes. CCK-8 assay, EdU staining, wound healing and transwell assays were used to investigate HCC proliferation, migration and invasion abilities. Animal model studies were included to investigate the function of circRASSF5 in HCC tumorigenesis and metastasis. RNA pull-down assay, luciferase reporter assay and FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) assay were performed to explore the potential biological mechanism underlying circRASSF5 function in HCC.ResultsCircRASSF5 is obviously downregulated in both HCC tissues and cell lines. Low level of circRASSF5 is negatively associated with larger tumor size, severe vascular invasion, more portal vein tumor embolus and unfavorable prognosis. Loss-of-function assay reveals that circRASSF5 remarkably impedes the growth and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circRASSF5 directly interacts with miR-331-3p as a sponge, and then enhances the expression of PH domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP), thus restraining the progression of HCC cells.ConclusionAltogether, we validate that circRASSF5 is a tumor suppressor in HCC, which competitively sponges with miR-331-3p and then enhances the tumor inhibitory effect of PHLPP, indicating the potential application value of circRASSF5 for HCC diagnosis and clinical treatment.