Features Of Letters Research Articles

Cost and benefit of parafoveal information during reading acquisition as revealed by finger movement patterns

Contrary to expert readers, children learning to read have limited ability to preprocess letters in parafoveal vision. Parafoveal letters induce crowding cost: the features of neighboring letters interfere with target letter identification. We longitudinally studied the weight of parafoveal cost and benefit in two group of children (N = 42), during their first school year (Group 1) and at the end of second school year (Groupe 2). Using a novel digit-tracking method, a blurred text was presented and rendered unblurred by touching the screen, allowing the user to discover a window of visible text as the finger moved along it. We compared two conditions: (1) a large window, where crowding was enhanced by the presence of parafoveal information; (2) a small window, where crowding was suppressed by blurred parafoveal information. Finger kinematics were simultaneously recorded. We found that at the beginning of first-grade, digital fixations - brief slowing or stopping of the finger on a specific point - are significantly longer in the large compared to the small window condition, as parafoveal crowding increases text processing difficulty. This effect diminishes and disappears at the end of second-grade as reading performance improves. In the large window condition, longer digital saccades - rapid movements of the finger changing position - appear by the end of first grade suggesting that parafoveal exposure become more beneficial than harmful when children acquire basic reading skills. Our results show that in beginning readers, crowding has a cognitive cost that interfere with the speed of the learning reading process. Our findings are relevant to the field of education by showing that visual crowding in first grade should not be underestimated.

Parafoveal letter identification in Russian: Confusion matrices based on error rates.

In the present study, we introduce parafoveal letter confusion matrices for the Russian language, which uses the Cyrillic script. To ensure that our confusion rates reflect parafoveal processing and no other effects, we employed an adapted boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) that prevented the participants from directly fixating the letter stimuli. Additionally, we assessed confusability under isolated and word-like (crowded) conditions using two modern fonts, since previous research showed that letter recognition depended on crowding and font (Coates, 2015; Pelli et al., 2006). Our additional goal was to gain insight into what letter features or configurational patterns might be essential for letter recognition in Russian; thus, we conducted exploratory clustering analysis on visual confusion scores to identify groups of similar letters. To support this analysis, we conducted a comprehensive review of over 20 studies that proposed crucial properties of Latin letters relevant to character perception. The summary of this review is valuable not only for our current study but also for future research in the field.

Specifics of syntactic structures of Russian business writing (compared with Arabic)

The object of the study is the syntactic features of modern Russian and Arabic business correspondence; the subject is the specific features of the syntax of modern Russian business documents, which become more obvious in comparison with Arabic business writing. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the features characteristic of Russian business writing at the present stage of its development, and comparing these features with the features of Arabic business letters. Also a certain novelty is the connection made by the author between the history and culture of Russian and Arab official business correspondance styles and the transformations that they are actively occurring. One of the author’s tasks was to find out why new features of business correspondence, spreading under the influence of globalization, manifest themselves differently in different languages. The study was carried out on the basis of structural-semantic, comparative and functional approaches using methods of component analysis of the text of letters, interpretation of their structure and content, observation, description, comparison. Syntactic structure of modern Russian business writing is currently actively developing. The personal nature of a business letter increases, the ways of expressing imperativeness change, the level of emotionality increases, and all of the above is reflected in the types of syntactic structures used. In Arabic business writing, transformations are less pronounced, which is due to the history of its development and the characteristics of Arab culture. In electronic business correspondence, the syntax of Russian and Arabic business letters has similar changes. It is concluded that Russian and Arabic business writing are influenced not only by globalization processes, but also by their original ancient history, as well as Russian and Arabic culture, which determines the differences in the syntactic structure.

Can the text features of regulatory inquiry letters predict companies’ financial restatements? Evidence from China

PurposeSince the implementation of the regulatory inquiry system, research on its impact on information disclosure in the capital market has been increasing. This article focuses on a specific area of study using Chinese annual report inquiry letters as the basis. From a text mining perspective, we explore whether the textual information contained in these inquiry letters can help predict financial restatement behavior of the inquired companies.Design/methodology/approachPython was used to process the data, nonparametric tests were conducted for hypothesis testing and indicator selection, and six machine learning models were employed to predict financial restatements.FindingsSome text feature indicators in the models that exhibit significant differences are useful for predicting financial restatements, particularly the proportion of formal positive words and stopwords, readability, total word count and certain textual topics. Securities regulatory authorities are increasingly focusing on the accounting and financial aspects of companies' annual reports.Research limitations/implicationsThis study explores the textual information in annual report inquiry letters, which can provide insights for other scholars into research methods and content. Besides, it can assist with decision making for participants in the capital market.Originality/valueWe use information technology to study the textual information in annual report inquiry letters and apply it to forecast financial restatements, which enriches the research in the field of regulatory inquiries.

A Review on Currency Classification and Image to Text Conversion Methodologies

Currency classification and Image to Text OCR are essential technologies that find applications in various domains, including finance, retail, and automation. The approach outlined in this paper has the potential to detect currencies from multiple countries. However, for practical implementation purposes, the focus is solely on Indian paper currencies. This system offers the advantage of convenient currency checking at any time and location, leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for effective implementation. Extensive testing was conducted on each denomination of Indian currency, resulting in an impressive 95% accuracy rate. To further refine accuracy, a classification model was developed, incorporating all pertinent factors discussed in the paper. Notably, the unique features of paper currency play a pivotal role in the recognition process. By emphasizing these elements and harnessing CNN technology, the proposed system demonstrates significant promise in accurately detecting and validating Indian paper currencies. It stands poised to serve various applications effectively. On the other hand, Image to Text OCR focuses on extracting text from images, enabling the conversion of non- editable documents into searchable and editable formats. Both technologies contribute to automation and efficiency in handling diverse visual information. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technologydesigned to recognize and interpret both printed and handwritten characters by scanning text images. This process involves segmenting the text image into regions, isolating individual lines, and identifying each character along with its spacing. After isolating individual characters from the text image, the system conducts an analysis of their texture and topological attributes. This involves examining corner points, unique characteristics of various regions within the characters, and calculating the ratio of character area to convex area Prior to initiating recognition, the system creates templates that store the distinctive features of uppercase and lowercase letters, digits, and symbols. These templates serve as reference models for comparison during the recognition phase. During recognition, the system matches the extracted character's texture and topological Features with those stored in the templates to determine the exact character. This matching process involves comparing features of the extracted character with templates of all characters, measuring similarity, and ultimately recognizing the character accurately.

Letters of a Siberian soldier - a source on the history of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945

The subject of the study is 1941-1944 letters of participant of the Great Patriotic War, Novosibirsk historian Fyodor Sergeyevich Merkuryev. The object of research is frontline letters as a historical source. The purpose of the work is to determine the scientific and cognitive value of F. S. Merkuryev's letters as a source on the history of the Great Patriotic War. In the course of the research, the comparative historical method, the method of causal analysis between events, as well as the method of source studies were used. The informational component of F. S. Merkuryev's letters was determined using the method of textual analysis, and the problem-chronological method allowed to identify the features of letters depending on the time of their writing. As a result of the analysis of almost 300 front-line letters that were not previously introduced into scientific circulation, valuable information was obtained that reveals various aspects of life at the front and in the rear, as well as allowing to trace the combat path of the 49th Cavalry Division formed in Siberia, as well as to get an idea of the specifics of military field living conditions and other details of front-line everyday life. Conclusions are drawn about the significant informational value of the presented epistolary source for the study of certain aspects of the history of the Great Patriotic War, as well as the need for further work on the introduction of such ego documents into scientific circulation.

Philological and historical notes on the introduction of a letter sent by the emperor Honorius to the army (Epistula Honorii)

A tenth-century manuscript, composed in the Kingdom of Pamplona’s courtly circle, transmits a letter by the emperor Honorius to the troops stationed in the city of Pamplona. The brief introduction that precedes the letter features information crucial to the understanding and interpretation of the rest of the text. This article seeks to reevaluate existing scholarship on its content, firstly, by analysing the function of the whole text within the manuscript’s conception and tradition and, secondly, by looking at other Late Antique and Early Medieval sources, to try to recontextualise the prefatory text. My main argument is that an anonymous author from the Kingdom of Pamplona wrote it, or the compilers of the code modified it to suit their own interests.

Speech reflections in Late Modern English pauper letters from Dorset

The overall aim of this article is to show that pauper letters are a valuable, but as yet largely untapped resource for historical dialectological research. Offering a case study based on 31 poor-relief applications sent by 10 individuals to parishes in Dorset between 1742 and 1834, the article aims to identify regional variation, especially as associated with Dorset and/or the Southwest of England more generally, by comparing variant spellings and morphosyntactic usages contained in the letters with features listed in modern dialect surveys (mainly Wakelin 1986; Altendorf & Watt 2008; Wagner 2008), as well as in Dorset poet William Barnes’Dissertationand the reconstruction of his idiolect by Burton (2013). It is possible to isolate 297 occurrences of 52 different phonological and morphosyntactic features in the pauper letters; 11 of these features are salient across the letter selection (i.e. represented by at least three paupers) and are suggestive of the provenance of the letters. The article also offers surprising findings such as the absence of the prototypically Southwestern fricative voicing, features unrecorded by modern synopses (e.g. unmarked possessive), and the presence of a feature (-indfor -ing) which had fallen out of common use in the fifteenth century.

Interpretation of Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia (BIM) Using SSD-MobileNet-V2 FPNLite and COCO mAP

This research proposes a study on two-way communication between deaf/mute and normal people using an Android application. Despite advancements in technology, there is still a lack of mobile applications that facilitate two-way communication between deaf/mute and normal people, especially by using Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia (BIM). This project consists of three parts: First, we use BIM letters, which enables the recognition of BIM letters and BIM combined letters to form a word. In this part, a MobileNet pre-trained model is implemented to train the model with a total of 87,000 images for 29 classes, with a 10% test size and a 90% training size. The second part is BIM word hand gestures, which consists of five classes that are trained with the SSD-MobileNet-V2 FPNLite 320 × 320 pre-trained model with a speed of 22 s/frame rate and COCO mAP of 22.2, with a total of 500 images for all five classes and first-time training set to 2000 steps, while the second- and third-time training are set to 2500 steps. The third part is Android application development using Android Studio, which contains the features of the BIM letters and BIM word hand gestures, with the trained models converted into TensorFlow Lite. This feature also includes the conversion of speech to text, whereby this feature allows converting speech to text through the Android application. Thus, BIM letters obtain 99.75% accuracy after training the models, while BIM word hand gestures obtain 61.60% accuracy. The suggested system is validated as a result of these simulations and tests.

Making Applications for Midwives' Independent Practice Using the Waterfall Method

The patient's medical records at the Independent Midwife Practice (PMB) must be stored and kept confidential in order to provide good, quality, and responsive health services to patients. Nuning Midwife Independent Practice Nuning, S.ST,. Tanah Bumbu was founded in 2012. During its 11 years of existence, patients still have to queue in the waiting room for a long time. This is because the service process and medical records used are still manual. This study aims to make a special application on PMB. Researchers use the research and development method to facilitate the research process and the waterfall method as a reference for the PMB application development process. The resulting development product is a PMB application that can provide convenience to midwives in providing services to patients and reduce the long queue of patients in the waiting room. Data collection used interviews with 2 respondents from PMB owners and midwives. The results of the research are in the form of functional and non-functional system requirements for PMB applications. These needs are translated in the form of system design in the form of system flowcharts, use case diagrams, class diagrams, activity diagrams, entity relationship diagrams, and data flow diagrams. The design is then translated into a programming language using PHP programming and MySQL database. From the results of this study, it has several features, namely login features, patient visit report features, patient referral letter features, detailed identity data features for patients and midwives, notification features, patient registration/registration features independently, and patient examination results record features. Features that are not yet available in the PMB application are the automatic payment feature and the distance between the PMB and the referred hospital.

In a split second: Handwriting pauses in typical and struggling writers.

A two-second threshold has been typically used when analyzing the writing processes. However, there is only a weak empirical basis to claim that specific average numbers and durations of pauses may be associated with specific writing processes. We focused on handwriting execution pauses, because immature writers are known to struggle with transcription skills. We aimed to provide an evidence-based account of the average number and duration of handwriting pauses in the mid-Primary grades and to identify process-level markers of writing difficulties. Eighty 3rd and 5th graders, with and without writing difficulties, participated in the study. We examined pauses in a handwriting-only task, to be able to isolate those which could only be attributed to handwriting processes. Letter features were considered, as well as children's handwriting fluency level. The average duration of handwriting pauses was around 400ms, in line with assumptions that transcription pauses would fall under the 2,000ms threshold. We found that 3rd graders made more and longer pauses than 5th graders. Struggling writers made a similar number of pauses across grades than typically-developing children, although they were significantly longer, even after controlling for the effect of handwriting fluency. Our findings provide an evidence-based account of the duration of handwriting pauses. They also suggest that children need fewer and shorter handwriting pauses as they progress in automatizing transcription. However, some young writers struggle with letter formation even after 3 to 5 years of instruction.

Genre features of shelley's letters

Genre features of shelley's letters

General object-based features account for letter perception.

After years of experience, humans become experts at perceiving letters. Is this visual capacity attained by learning specialized letter features, or by reusing general visual features previously learned in service of object categorization? To explore this question, we first measured the perceptual similarity of letters in two behavioral tasks, visual search and letter categorization. Then, we trained deep convolutional neural networks on either 26-way letter categorization or 1000-way object categorization, as a way to operationalize possible specialized letter features and general object-based features, respectively. We found that the general object-based features more robustly correlated with the perceptual similarity of letters. We then operationalized additional forms of experience-dependent letter specialization by altering object-trained networks with varied forms of letter training; however, none of these forms of letter specialization improved the match to human behavior. Thus, our findings reveal that it is not necessary to appeal to specialized letter representations to account for perceptual similarity of letters. Instead, we argue that it is more likely that the perception of letters depends on domain-general visual features.

N-Trans: Parallel Detection Algorithm for DGA Domain Names

Domain name generation algorithms are widely used in malware, such as botnet binaries, to generate large sequences of domain names of which some are registered by cybercriminals. Accurate detection of malicious domains can effectively defend against cyber attacks. The detection of such malicious domain names by the use of traditional machine learning algorithms has been explored by many researchers, but still is not perfect. To further improve on this, we propose a novel parallel detection model named N-Trans that is based on the N-gram algorithm with the Transformer model. First, we add flag bits to the first and last positions of the domain name for the parallel combination of the N-gram algorithm and Transformer framework to detect a domain name. The model can effectively extract the letter combination features and capture the position features of letters in the domain name. It can capture features such as the first and last letters in the domain name and the position relationship between letters. In addition, it can accurately distinguish between legitimate and malicious domain names. In the experiment, the dataset is the legal domain name of Alexa and the malicious domain name collected by the 360 Security Lab. The experimental results show that the parallel detection model based on N-gram and Transformer achieves 96.97% accuracy for DGA malicious domain name detection. It can effectively and accurately identify malicious domain names and outperforms the mainstream malicious domain name detection algorithms.

Assessing handwriting: a method for detailed analysis of letter-formation accuracy and fluency

Educationally-oriented measures of handwriting fluency – tasks such as written alphabet recall and sentence copying – conflate graphomotor skill and various higher-level abilities. Direct measurement of pen control when forming letters requires analysis of pen-tip velocity associated with the production of sub-letter features that, in a skilled handwriter, are typically produced in a single, smooth movement. We provide a segmentation and coding scheme that identifies these features in manuscript letters and gives criteria for whether or not a feature is accurately formed. We demonstrate that, in skilled handwriters, these features are the product of smooth movements: The velocity profiles of adult writers (N = 27 performing a letter-copying task) producing straight-line features and curved features gave modal velocity-peak counts of 1 and 2 respectively. We then illustrate the utility of our segmentation and coding scheme by describing the velocity profiles of beginning writers (176 first grade students with minimal handwriting training). This sample produced the same features with less accuracy and with a substantially greater number of velocity peaks. Inaccurate features tended to be produced more slowly and less fluently.

Linguistic characteristics of the German letter of recommendation (diachronic aspect)

This article discusses the features of letters of recommendation: types, structure and criteria for evaluating work certificates. The relevance of the work lies in the fact that letters of recommendation have been around for a long time and are an integral part of the business sphere in Germany. Given the lack of workbooks in Germany, providing a letter of recommendation for consideration by a potential employer is a prerequisite. This speech genre requires detailed attention and consideration from the point of view of linguistic and structural features. The object of research is the speech genre "recommendation letter". The subject of the study are structural and substantive features, types of letters of recommendation. The purpose of the work is to consider the types and features of letters of recommendation in the German language in a diachronic aspect. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the types and linguistic characteristics of the German-language recommendation letter are studied from the standpoint of diachrony. The research material was a German website containing archives of old letters of recommendation: Arbeitszeugnis-forum.de.In the course of the study, it was found out that the most preferable is a qualified letter of recommendation containing a detailed description of the employee and opening him a wider range of further career opportunities. Qualified recommendation letters in German have the following features: 1) a letter of recommendation must comply with the principles of truth and benevolence, therefore it must be written positively; 2) a qualified letter contains information about the work performed, various qualities and achievements of the employee, about his behavior among colleagues and clients, as well as thanks and wishes for the future. The analysis of letters of recommendation showed that until 1900, there were mainly simple working certificates in use in Germany. The letter of recommendation did not have a clear structure. The qualified certificate has received great relevance and has been supplemented with characteristics, approximately, since the 1940s.

The Contributions of Letter Features to Arabic Letter Knowledge for Arabic-Speaking Kindergartners

ABSTRACT Studies have suggested that multiple features influence letter knowledge across different orthographies. Arabic offers a unique opportunity to investigate the relations of letter properties on letter knowledge, but research on Arabic letter knowledge is scarce. This study was designed to investigate (a) letter frequency, (b) letter sequence, (c) visual similarity, (d) developmental stage of the phonemes of the letters, and (e) diglossia as possible factors that contribute to Arabic letter knowledge. A total of 142 (Mean age = 67 months) native Arabic-speaking monolingual kindergartners were administered a letter knowledge task. Data were analyzed using Cross-Classified Generalized Random-Effects analysis, which allows partitioning of variance into that due to persons and due to letters to provide a more unbiased estimate of item-level variance. Results showed that letter frequency, late developing sounds, and diglossia were statistically significant when each was entered separately in a model whereas visual similarity and letter sequence were not. However, when all letter features were entered simultaneously, letter frequency was the only feature that contributed significantly to the prediction of Arabic letter knowledge. The present study underscores the important role of letter frequency in Arabic letter knowledge. Implications for assessment and instruction are discussed.

Частное письмо как объект авторского права

Introduction. The development of intellectual property relations raises the question of its scope and its relationship with the institutions of other branches of law. In this connection, is a topical issue the possibility of recognizing letters as objects of copyright protection. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to analyze the possibility of applying copyright law to relationships concerning private letters. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study consists of general (method of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, etc.) and special methods of scientific knowledge (historical-legal, formal-legal, systemic). Results. The mechanism used in pre-revolutionary and Soviet legislation to regulate copyright in relations arising from private letters was analyzed; the presence of copyright features in private letters was investigated. Conclusion. Private letters, as literary texts, may be subject to copyright. The purpose of establishing a special legal regime for letters as copyrights should be to establish a special procedure for the exercise of the author's rights to publish a work.

Paul's Large Letters: Paul's Autobiographic Subscription in the Light of Ancient Epistolary Conventions by Steve Reece

Reviewed by: Paul's Large Letters: Paul's Autobiographic Subscription in the Light of Ancient Epistolary Conventions by Steve Reece Christoph Stenschke Reece, Steve. 2017. Paul's Large Letters: Paul's Autobiographic Subscription in the Light of Ancient Epistolary Conventions. Library of New Testament Studies 561. London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark. ISBN 978-05676690632017. Pp. 256. $135. The continuous stream of detailed studies on ancient epistolography (e.g., Bauer 2011; Doering 2012) keeps throwing fresh light on the epistles of the NT, in particular those belonging to the Corpus Paulinum. Many features of ancient letters and letter writing have been covered in detail. However, as the present monograph demonstrates, some aspects still deserve detailed examination! Reece, a classical philologist by training and perspective (x), starts with the observation that at the end of several of his letters, that is 1 Corinthians, Galatians, Philemon (see also Col and 2 Thess), Paul claims to be penning with his own hand a summary and farewell greeting to the readers. These autographic subscriptions, as they are called, raise a number of questions regarding Paul's letters, which the present monograph seeks to address: Did he write any complete letters himself, or did he always dictate to a scribe? How much did his scribes contribute to the composition of his letters? Did Paul make the effort to proofread and correct what he had dictated? What was the purpose of Paul's autographic subscriptions? What was Paul's purpose in calling attention to their autographic nature? Why did Paul write in large letters in the subscription of his letter to the Galatians? Why did he call attention to this peculiarity of his handwriting? (p. ix) In the short preface, Reece also summarises the ancient epistolary source available: "From around the time of Paul there are extant several dozen letters from the caves and refuges in the desert of eastern Judaea (in Hebrew, Aramaic, Nabataean, Greek, and Latin), several hundred from the remains of a Roman military camp in Vindolanda in northern England (in Latin), and several thousand from the sands of Middle and Upper Egypt (in Greek, Latin, and Egyptian Demotic)" (ix). He also indicates that they are now easily available in digital form on various databases. In part one, Reece examines Paul's autographic subscriptions (3–69). The discussion includes a description of the laboriousness of letter [End Page 205] writing in antiquity (12–16), surveys of the Greek, Latin and Jewish literary letter-writing traditions (17–39) and an examination of Paul's letter writing in the light of his contemporary epistolary conventions (40–50). Reece also analyses the function of autographic subscriptions in ancient letters (51–69). Regarding the rhetorical function of these subscriptions, Reece notes: In sum, Paul's motives for appending autographic subscriptions to his letters, and, in some cases, for declaring explicitly that he has done so, appear to fall in line with at least some of the motives of his letter-writing contemporaries: to authenticate authorship (Paul apparently had concerns about forgeries); to add authority or legality (Paul's letters were not merely casual greetings; they all broach serious subjects, and some of them are even contractual and legal in nature); to provide a personal touch (Paul was fond of his disciples and often wrote to them with great affection); to compensate in a tangible way for one's absence (Paul regarded his letters as a substitute for his physical presence). Other motives for autographic subscriptions expressed by Paul's letter-writing contemporaries do not appear to pertain to his letters: to ensure confidentiality (Paul's letters were largely public in nature); to add an addendum-like postscript (Paul had the leisure and resources to incorporate any afterthoughts into the body of his letters during the several steps of the compositional process). (pp. 68–69) Therefore, it is clear that whatever Paul's motives are, in Galatians he was following the conventions of his letter-writing contemporaries in dictating his letter to a scribe, in adding an autographic subscription and, though to a lesser degree, in remarking explicitly on the fact that he was writing in his own hand (69). Reece summarises his results as follows: In my examination...

TAMIḺMOḺI ILAKKAṆAC CIṞAPPUKAḶ ŌR ĀYVU [NUANCES OF GRAMMAR IN TAMIL LANGUAGE

There is no book that states the grammatical attribute of tamizh literature more elegantly than Tolkāppiyam. Tolkāppiyam is one of the oldest Tamil literature which was written in the third century by Tolkāppiyar. Tolkāppiyar divided Tolkāppiyam into three chapters: letters (Eḻuttu), word (Col), and meaning (Poruḷ). The first chapter is letters (Eḻuttu). The noun (Eḻuttu) is made out of the verb (ezhu). Even though the word ezhu can come with various meanings, in this case it indicates something that has taken shape. Tolkāppiyar has divided the grammar of letters into two different types: The First (Muthal) and The Dependant (Charpu). The First type letters can be divided into two more types which are vowels (Uyir) and consonants (Mei). The vowels (Uyir eḻuttu) also can be divided into two types called (kuril) which produce short sounds and (nedil) which produce long sounds. The consonants have their own types, which are (Valliṉam), (Melliṉam) and (Iṭaiyiṉam). Valliṉam letters produce hard sound while melliṉam consonants produce soft sound and iṭaiyiṉam consonants produce medium sound. Moving on from the The First letters type, The Dependant type letters can be divided in three types: (Kuṟṟiyalukaram), (Kuṟṟiyalikaram), (Āyutam). Besides Tolkāppiyar, Agathiyar also have described the grammar of tamizh literature very precisely. Agathiyam which written by Agathiyar describes grammatical features of letters (Eḻuttu), word (Col), meaning (Poruḷ), consecration (Yaappu), team (Ani).