Les Sources Research Articles

Prediction of the aerodynamic noise of an airfoil via the hybrid methods of aeroacoustics

The accurate prediction of the trailing-edge noise and the determination of its sources are essential to reduce fans and propellers noise. This noise component is due to the scattering of the turbulent boundary layer into acoustic waves by the trailing edge. In this paper, the noise emanating from a CD (Controlled-Diffusion) airfoil is simulated and computed via the hybrid methods of aeroacoustics. In these methods, the aerodynamic and acoustic fields are computed separately. The flow data are obtained using the in-house LES solver SFELES. ACTRAN acoustic solver has been used to solve the acoustics and to provide the near and far fields propagation via Lighthill’s analogy. Curle’s analogy is applied as well in its integral compact formulation which takes the presence of walls into account. Curle’s formulation is applied proposing an approach where the volume and surface integrals have been implemented in SFELES to be calculated simultaneously with the flow in order to avoid the storage of noise sources which requires a huge space. In Lighthill’s analogy, sources and near field maps show that the turbulent boundary layer and wake are the more efficient sources and the center of radiation is the trailing edge. The comparison of the numerical results with the experimental measurements, performed by Moreau and Roger and Moreau et al. , shows an overall excellent agreement confirming the capability of SFELES (LES sources) combined with ACTRAN (Lighthill’s analogy) to predict correctly the noise generated by turbulent flows around airfoils. The acoustic spectrum presents an overprediction up to 5 dB at the frequencies 300 Hz and 550 Hz and an underprediction about 5 dB at the frequencies 1100 Hz and 1750 Hz. The sound pressure level (SPL) obtained using the proposed approach of Curle’s analogy matches very well the experimental results. Thus, Curle’s analogy can be used to obtain a fast, approximated and acceptable results about the noise radiation of airfoils avoiding the storage of noise sources which requires a huge space and time.

Les sources du coaching

Les sources du coaching

Memoirs of Fellows and Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America

Memoirs of Fellows and Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America

Elinor S. Miller (review)

MLR, 100.3, 2005 833 Camus, focusing on Camus's reception in countries of the former Eastern bloc. Isabelle Cielens examines 'la reception de Camus en Lettonie', assessing the author's changing fortunes from the days of Soviet occupation to Latvia's independence in 1991 and beyond. Andor Horvath chronicles Camus's reception in Hungary, while Jana Patockova examines the reception of Camus's (theatrical) work in the former Czechoslovakia. Two further studies complete the volume. Samantha Novello exa? mines the intertextual links between the unattributed notes jotted down in Camus's private notebook in 1947 in preparation for Les Justes and L'Homme revolte and the Russian writer Nicolas Berdiaev's Les Sources et le sens du communisme russe. From this close textual scrutiny Novello deduces the influence Berdiaev had on Camus's understanding of nihilism, totalitarianism, and (Soviet) Marxism. Finally, Frantz Favre consolidates and develops his earlier studies on the parallels between Camus and Nietzsche and provides a useful inventory of works on and by Nietzsche found in Camus's library. By highlighting Camus's annotations on Nietzsche's writings, Favre attests to 'les constantes de sa sensibilite' (p. 198) in relation to the author of Will to Power. In the last analysis, then, this latest contribution to the now wellestablished Serie Albert Camus provides a wide-ranging and scholarly collection of articles testifying to the healthy state of Camus scholarship at the start of the new millennium. University of Central Lancashire Mark Orme Prisms and Rainbows: Michel Butor's Collaborations withJacques Monory, Jiri Koldr and Pierre Alechinsky. By Elinor S. Miller. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; London: Associated University Presses. 2003. 239 pp.; 74 b/w illustr. $65; ?44.50. ISBN 0-8386-3919-4. As the sole full-length study devoted exclusively to Butor's collaborative work with visual artists, Prisms and Rainbows is a very welcome publication. Although Jacques La Mothe's 1999 study L'Architexture du reve (Amsterdam: Rodopi) analysed the relationship between the Matiere de reves cycle and the collaborative works in which it originated, the number, diversity, and inaccessibility of the collaborations have inhibited exploration of the field. In confining her analysis to a selection of Butor's collaborations with three very differentartists (Monory, Kolaf, Alechinsky), Elinor S. Miller has circumscribed a manageable corpus. Miller's overall thesis?that these works are underpinned by the recurrence of certain political issues?gives prominence to a hitherto neglected dimension of Butor's work and helps bridge the gap between his public declarations about the state of the world and critical understand? ing of his creative work, although the term 'political' must be understood broadly as referringto his preoccupation with questions such as imperialism, racism, capitalism, consumerism, exploitation, and the environment. However, the study is also attentive to the humour in these works: Butor tends to be presented as a very earnest and cere? bral writer and Miller's analysis of the playful and comic in his texts is refreshing. Although she has focused on the more accessible collaborations, the selected works are not well known and the study serves an important function of familiarization. Con? sequently, much space is devoted to description of the works. However, Miller also isolates the dominant formal features of Butor's texts (attention to rhythm, interest in typography, polyphony) and highlights the parallels between the writer's technical procedures and those ofthe visual artists. The book is lavishly illustrated, its 74 black and white illustrations constituting in themselves a rich research resource. Fuller contextualization of the selected collaborations within the history of the livre d'artiste and within Butor's oeuvre as a whole would have been useful: in particular, more 834 Reviews extensive analysis ofthe links between Bicentenaire Kit and Butor's other 'American' texts or between the Liechtenstein postcards and 6 810 000 litres d'eau par seconde, Description de San Marco, or Intervalle would undoubtedly have yielded illuminating results. Furthermore, although the link which Miller establishes between Bicentenaire Kit and home assembly kits is convincing, she does not address the issue ofthe work's artistic ancestry (e.g. Duchamp's Boite verte). Finally, the occasional authorial asides fitsomewhat uncomfortably within an academic study, though the...

Sources of Structural Change in Peripheral Rural Areas: The Case of the Western Isles, 1988/89 to 1997

ROBERTS D. and THOMSON K. J. (2003) Sources of structural change in peripheral rural areas: the case of the Western Isles, 1988/89 to 1997 , Reg. Studies 37 , 61-70. The paper considers the sources of structural change in peripheral rural areas, arguing that a greater understanding of sources of change would aid rural development policy makers. Adopting a demand-side perspective, changes in real output are decomposed to distinguish between those brought about by changes in technology, changes in local sourcing patterns and changes in final demand. Empirical analysis focuses on the economy of the Western Isles in Scotland. Results highlight the importance of export demand but also a wide variability between sectors in the direction and magnitude of the different drivers of change. A number of policy implications are drawn in the light of the findings. ROBERTS D. et THOMSON K. J. (2003) Les sources du développement structurel dans les zones rurales périphériques: étude de cas des îles Hébrides occidentales de 1988/89 à 1997, Reg. Studies 37 , 61-70. Cet article cherche à examiner les sources du dé veloppement structurel dans les zones rurales périphériques, affirmant qu'une meilleure compréhension des sources du développement aiderait les décideurs ruraux. A partir d'une approche portant sur la demande, les variations de la production réelle sont décomposées afin de déterminer celles qui s'expliquent par l' évolution technologique, celles qui remontent à la façon de s'approvisonner sur le plan local, et celles qui sont dues à l' évolution de la demande finale. L'analyse empirique porte sur l' économie des îles Hébrides occidentales, en Ecosse. Les résultats soulignent non seulement l'importance de la demande des exportations, mais aussi la variation importante intersectorielle quant à la direction et à l'ampleur des diverses forces motrices du dé veloppement. A la lumière de ces résultats, quelques implications pour la politique sont tirées. ROBERTS D. und THOMSON K. J. (2003) Ursachen strukturellen Wandels in entlegenen ländlichen Gebieten: der Fall der Hebriden in Zeitraum 1988/ 89-1997, Reg. Studies 37 , 61-70. Dieser Aufsatz zieht die Ursachen strukturellen Wandels in abgelegenen ländlichen Gebieten in Erwägung, wobei er den Standpunkt vertritt, daß besseres Verständnis der Ursachen des Wandels den für ländliche Entwicklung Verantwortlichen helfen würde. Veränderungen bei tatsächlichen Erträgen werden aus der Perspektive der Nachfrage zerlegt, um unterscheiden zu können, welche durch Wandel in Technologie, Wandel in Quellenmustern am Orte und Wandel in der Endnachfrage verursacht werden. Die empirische Analyse konzentriert sich auf die Wirtschaft der Hebrideninseln in Schottland. Die Ergebnisse heben die Bedeutung der Exportnachfrage hervor, aber auch eine beträchtliche Ungleichheit zwischen Sektoren in Richtung und Umfang verschiedener Antriebskräfte des Wandels. In Anbetracht dieser Befunde wird auf eine Anzahl grundsätzlicher Auswirkungen aufmerksam gemacht.

Morality: The Catholic View by Servais Pinckaers, O.P.

166 BOOK REVIEWS controversy with Gisbert Voetius (1588-1676), the Dutch theologian who campaigned against Regius and to whom Descartes replied through Regius. Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia (1618-1680), who was living in exile in the Netherlands, was another correspondent of Descartes who challenged him to explain better the interaction of the mind and the body. Descartes was always consistent in affirming the unity of man but again he failed to come up with any explanation that would satisfy the princess. At last in a letter of 21May1643 he blustered that the unity was a primitive notion that was most difficult to explain. His attempt to defend personal immortality was trumped by his failure to give a satisfactory account of our obvious unity. Fowler's book is most readable; the print is large with generous white spacious margins; the quotations are in English, the French and Latin originals are in the footnotes at the bottom of the page; references are given to both the sources in the Adam-Tannery (AD edition and the CMS (Cottingham, Stoothioff, Murdoch) translations. Whenever a person is first mentioned his or her dates are given; reference to the writings of the others besides Descartes and his correspondents (e.g., Mersenne, Gassendi, Arnauld, and others) are well cited. The bibliographies are divided into "Lexica, lndecas, Bibliographies," "Primary Sources," and "Secondary Sources"; the last is quite extensive, including journal articles as well as relevant books. It is puzzling that the Haldane/Ross translation, which was the stand-by of graduate students from 1911 until 1985, is mentioned neither here nor in Stephen Gaukroger's biography of Descartes. The book is expensive, but no library can afford to be without it. It is an outstanding study of an essential part of Descartes's work. DESMOND J. FITZGERALD University ofSan Francisco San Francisco, California Morality: The Catholic View. By SERVAIS PINCKAERS, 0.P. Translated by MICHAEL SHERWIN, 0.P. South Bend, Ind.: St. Augustine's Press, 2001. Pp. 121. $19.00 (cloth). ISBN 0-890318-56-6. The publication and subsequent translation of Fr. Servais Pinckaers's Les Sources de la Morale Chretienne performed an invaluable service for the professional theological world. Now Fr. Pinckaers's popular precis of that seminal work, entitled La Morale Catholique, with its attendant skilled translation by Michael Sherwin, O.P., Morality: The Catholic View, may reach a broader audience with profound pastoral effect. BOOK REVIEWS 167 Pinckaers divides his work into two main sections. The first offers a summary of the history of Catholic moral thought. In this section Pinckaers treats Scripture, the Fathers, the classical period of high Scholasticism, the period of the moral manuals, the Second Vatican Council, and the period following upon the council. Building on his historical narrative, Pinckaers proceeds more systematically in the second section in which he treats of freedom and happiness, the Holy Spirit and the new law, and natural law and freedom. This brief review will tie together three themes that appear in in both the historical and systematic sections. The first is history and ressourcement. The second is the relationship between morality as the search for happiness and morality as obligation. The third is the relationship between the natural law and the New Law. Pinckaers begins with a tour of history. However, he is not interested in the history of moral theology for its own sake. The historical synthesis advances substantive claims about moral theology and the authentic forms of its renewal. It should be remembered that Pinckaers belongs to that generation oftheologians who came of age nurtured in the promise of ressourcement. These theologians believed that the Church would be able to read the signs of the times and renew its mission in the modern world precisely by renewed contact with the Word of God in all of the modes of its transmission. Thus, the scientific study of the Scriptures, the Fathers, the liturgy, and the development ofthe whole theological tradition of the Church served no merely antiquarian interests but rather would "equip the saints for the work of ministry" in the midst of their world. In a phrase, these theologians believed that aggiornamento could only be secured by ressourcement. The Second Vatican...

Bertrand Hemmerdinger (review)

MLR,96. I, 200I MLR,96. I, 200I MLR,96. I, 200I pays the English the greatest honour.' It is time the English-speakingworld also repaidhim the compliment. UNIVERSITY OFLEEDS CHRISTOPHER TODD 'Tableau litteraire de la Francedansle XVIIIesiecle':Un ineditde i806. Mitaphrase de BertrandHemmerdinger. Avec, en appendice,le Cataloguede la bibliotheque de Schweighauser.By JEANSCHWEIGHMUSER. Ed. by BERTRAND HEMMERDINGER. (Biblioteca della Ricerca: Testi Stranieri, 29). Fasano and Paris:Schena and Didier Erudition. 1999. 264 pp. 28,0oo lire. In I806, the former Academie francaise offered a prize for a Tableau litteraire dela Franceau XVIIIesiecle.The Hellenist Jean Schweighaeuser(I742-I830), of Strasbourg , submitteda manuscriptwhich was rejectedwithout ceremony by Suard,the Academy'ssecretaireperpetuel. It isfromthismanuscript,now keptin the Bibliotheque Nationale et Universitaire, Strasbourg, that Bertrand Hemmerdinger has establisheda 'metaphrase',following Stendhal'sadvice to the editorsof a posthumous edition to correct the author's style and suppress his repetitions, while leaving untouched his extravagances. Although they occasionally lapse into gratuitous erudition, the editor's introduction and copious footnotes are usually helpful. We thus learn that Schweighaeuserwas known primarily for his editions of classical texts, with prefaces and notes in Latin. He also wrote extensively in his native German, including a pamphlet of 1792 in which he called on his fellowAlsatiansto denounce counter-revolutionarysympathizersto the authorities. Despite this, his correspondence with his publishersin Leipzig led to arrestand a year's detention during the Terror. The Tableau was his firstwork written in French. It affordsus a privilegedview into the perception of Frenchliterature,in the broadest sense, of a provincialscholar,and willbe of interestto literaryand intellectualhistoriansalike. It combines a certain objectivity concerning literary developments with pleas for the recognition of the intellectualmeritsof the provinces.In his literaryjudgements, the authorprefersto criticizeaspectsof a writer'sworkratherthan to make blanket denunciations. A similar even-handedness is to be found in his enthusiasm for projects such as the Encyclopedie, keenness to defend religion and fascination with theology. And like many contemporary Alsatians who wished to preserve the distinctiveculturalidentity of theirprovince, Schweighaeuser praisesthe eighteenth century'sinterestin foreign cultures.Similarly,while expressingunlimited enthusiasm for his emperor,he suggeststhat some partsof Germanyaremore advanced in their mode of government than France. He also pleads for the reform of primary education and measures to stimulate the intellectual life of the French provinces. The inclusion here of a facsimile of the catalogue of Schweighaeuser'spersonal librarygives us an idea of the range of his interestsand a reminderthat intellectual life in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Francewas not confined to the capital, and helpsmake thisvolume a valuablescholarlyresource. UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS PAUL ROWE Stendhal:Interieurs.By MARIELLA DI MAIO. Fasano: Schena. 1999. 250 pp. 30,000 lire. This collection of essayson Stendhalis aimed at the specialistreader.Some of them are alreadyfamiliar,as they were published separately,and they are united in this book. The firstessay, called 'Les sources du Nil', looks at spatial representationin pays the English the greatest honour.' It is time the English-speakingworld also repaidhim the compliment. UNIVERSITY OFLEEDS CHRISTOPHER TODD 'Tableau litteraire de la Francedansle XVIIIesiecle':Un ineditde i806. Mitaphrase de BertrandHemmerdinger. Avec, en appendice,le Cataloguede la bibliotheque de Schweighauser.By JEANSCHWEIGHMUSER. Ed. by BERTRAND HEMMERDINGER. (Biblioteca della Ricerca: Testi Stranieri, 29). Fasano and Paris:Schena and Didier Erudition. 1999. 264 pp. 28,0oo lire. In I806, the former Academie francaise offered a prize for a Tableau litteraire dela Franceau XVIIIesiecle.The Hellenist Jean Schweighaeuser(I742-I830), of Strasbourg , submitteda manuscriptwhich was rejectedwithout ceremony by Suard,the Academy'ssecretaireperpetuel. It isfromthismanuscript,now keptin the Bibliotheque Nationale et Universitaire, Strasbourg, that Bertrand Hemmerdinger has establisheda 'metaphrase',following Stendhal'sadvice to the editorsof a posthumous edition to correct the author's style and suppress his repetitions, while leaving untouched his extravagances. Although they occasionally lapse into gratuitous erudition, the editor's introduction and copious footnotes are usually helpful. We thus learn that Schweighaeuserwas known primarily for his editions of classical texts, with prefaces and notes in Latin. He also wrote extensively in his native German, including a pamphlet of 1792 in which he called on his fellowAlsatiansto denounce counter-revolutionarysympathizersto the authorities. Despite this, his correspondence with his publishersin Leipzig led to arrestand a year's detention during the Terror. The Tableau was his firstwork written...

Mariella Di Maio (review)

MLR,96. I, 200I MLR,96. I, 200I MLR,96. I, 200I pays the English the greatest honour.' It is time the English-speakingworld also repaidhim the compliment. UNIVERSITY OFLEEDS CHRISTOPHER TODD 'Tableau litteraire de la Francedansle XVIIIesiecle':Un ineditde i806. Mitaphrase de BertrandHemmerdinger. Avec, en appendice,le Cataloguede la bibliotheque de Schweighauser.By JEANSCHWEIGHMUSER. Ed. by BERTRAND HEMMERDINGER. (Biblioteca della Ricerca: Testi Stranieri, 29). Fasano and Paris:Schena and Didier Erudition. 1999. 264 pp. 28,0oo lire. In I806, the former Academie francaise offered a prize for a Tableau litteraire dela Franceau XVIIIesiecle.The Hellenist Jean Schweighaeuser(I742-I830), of Strasbourg , submitteda manuscriptwhich was rejectedwithout ceremony by Suard,the Academy'ssecretaireperpetuel. It isfromthismanuscript,now keptin the Bibliotheque Nationale et Universitaire, Strasbourg, that Bertrand Hemmerdinger has establisheda 'metaphrase',following Stendhal'sadvice to the editorsof a posthumous edition to correct the author's style and suppress his repetitions, while leaving untouched his extravagances. Although they occasionally lapse into gratuitous erudition, the editor's introduction and copious footnotes are usually helpful. We thus learn that Schweighaeuserwas known primarily for his editions of classical texts, with prefaces and notes in Latin. He also wrote extensively in his native German, including a pamphlet of 1792 in which he called on his fellowAlsatiansto denounce counter-revolutionarysympathizersto the authorities. Despite this, his correspondence with his publishersin Leipzig led to arrestand a year's detention during the Terror. The Tableau was his firstwork written in French. It affordsus a privilegedview into the perception of Frenchliterature,in the broadest sense, of a provincialscholar,and willbe of interestto literaryand intellectualhistoriansalike. It combines a certain objectivity concerning literary developments with pleas for the recognition of the intellectualmeritsof the provinces.In his literaryjudgements, the authorprefersto criticizeaspectsof a writer'sworkratherthan to make blanket denunciations. A similar even-handedness is to be found in his enthusiasm for projects such as the Encyclopedie, keenness to defend religion and fascination with theology. And like many contemporary Alsatians who wished to preserve the distinctiveculturalidentity of theirprovince, Schweighaeuser praisesthe eighteenth century'sinterestin foreign cultures.Similarly,while expressingunlimited enthusiasm for his emperor,he suggeststhat some partsof Germanyaremore advanced in their mode of government than France. He also pleads for the reform of primary education and measures to stimulate the intellectual life of the French provinces. The inclusion here of a facsimile of the catalogue of Schweighaeuser'spersonal librarygives us an idea of the range of his interestsand a reminderthat intellectual life in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Francewas not confined to the capital, and helpsmake thisvolume a valuablescholarlyresource. UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS PAUL ROWE Stendhal:Interieurs.By MARIELLA DI MAIO. Fasano: Schena. 1999. 250 pp. 30,000 lire. This collection of essayson Stendhalis aimed at the specialistreader.Some of them are alreadyfamiliar,as they were published separately,and they are united in this book. The firstessay, called 'Les sources du Nil', looks at spatial representationin pays the English the greatest honour.' It is time the English-speakingworld also repaidhim the compliment. UNIVERSITY OFLEEDS CHRISTOPHER TODD 'Tableau litteraire de la Francedansle XVIIIesiecle':Un ineditde i806. Mitaphrase de BertrandHemmerdinger. Avec, en appendice,le Cataloguede la bibliotheque de Schweighauser.By JEANSCHWEIGHMUSER. Ed. by BERTRAND HEMMERDINGER. (Biblioteca della Ricerca: Testi Stranieri, 29). Fasano and Paris:Schena and Didier Erudition. 1999. 264 pp. 28,0oo lire. In I806, the former Academie francaise offered a prize for a Tableau litteraire dela Franceau XVIIIesiecle.The Hellenist Jean Schweighaeuser(I742-I830), of Strasbourg , submitteda manuscriptwhich was rejectedwithout ceremony by Suard,the Academy'ssecretaireperpetuel. It isfromthismanuscript,now keptin the Bibliotheque Nationale et Universitaire, Strasbourg, that Bertrand Hemmerdinger has establisheda 'metaphrase',following Stendhal'sadvice to the editorsof a posthumous edition to correct the author's style and suppress his repetitions, while leaving untouched his extravagances. Although they occasionally lapse into gratuitous erudition, the editor's introduction and copious footnotes are usually helpful. We thus learn that Schweighaeuserwas known primarily for his editions of classical texts, with prefaces and notes in Latin. He also wrote extensively in his native German, including a pamphlet of 1792 in which he called on his fellowAlsatiansto denounce counter-revolutionarysympathizersto the authorities. Despite this, his correspondence with his publishersin Leipzig led to arrestand a year's detention during the Terror. The Tableau was his firstwork written...

Mansart's Colonnade at Versailles: Further Observations

Documents of April and May 1684-including a letter by the Marquis de Louvois to Jules Hardouin-Mansart, dated 22 May 1684-indicate that the Crown was intending to move the sculptures of the Grotto of Tethys to the site then occupied by Les Sources, and that Mansart had been instructed to replace Les Sources with a new design suitable for the sculptures. The eventual new creation, the Colonnade (design begun in June), was probably intended from the outset as a monarchical setting. The spandrel sculptures of the Colonnade may allude to the peace France was enjoying during most of the 1680s.

Objective Reality of Ideas in Descartes, Caterus, and Su�rez

Objective Reality of Ideas in Descartes, Caterus, and Su irez NORMAN j. WELLS IT HAS LONG BEEN ACKNOWLEDGEDthat Francisco Sufirez's distinction between a formal and an objective concept exercised some influence upon Descartes's teaching on 'idea'.' It would appear, however, that not enough attention has been given to that distinction of Sufirez (and especially to another to be mentioned shordy) to aid in dispelling what I take to be a widespread confusion and misunderstanding with regard to 'idea' in Descartes, especially with respect to 'idea' taken 'objectively'. Much, if not all, of the confusion in question has to do with Descartes's admittedly equivocal use of the term 'idea'. For he had allowed that 'idea' could be taken 'materially' (materialiter), on the one hand, for the knowing activity of the intellect. On the other hand, it could be taken 'objectively' (objective) for the thing (res) represented by that knowing activity.' At this point, the contemporary reader can only be brought up short, See E. Gilson, Index scolastico-cart~sien (New York: Burt Franklin Reprint, 1912), 48-49; Discours de la m~thode: Texte et commentazre (Paris: J. Vrin, 1947), 321; G. Rodis-Lewisin her edition of Meditationes de Prima PhRosoph.m (Paris: J. Vrin, 1953), 41 n. 1; L'oeuure de Descartes (Paris: J. Vrin, 1971), 53~ n. 8; J. Collins, Modern European Philosophy (Milwaukee: Bruce, 1954), 165;T.J. Cronin, S.J., Objecttve Being m Descartes and SuArez (Rome: Gregorian University Press, 1966); "Objective Reality of Ideas in Human Thought: Descartes and Su~rez," Wisdom in Depth: Essays in Honor of Henri Renard, SJ., eds. V. F. Daues, S.J., M. R. Holloway, S.J., L. Sweeney, S.J. (Milwaukee : Bruce, 1966), 68-79; L. Gilen, S.J., "Uber die Beziehungen Descartes zur zeitgenossischen Scholastik," Scholastik 32 (1957): 41-66; R. Dalbiez, "Les sources scolastiques de la th~orie cart6sienne de l'&re objectif," Revue d'histoire de la philosophic 3 (1929): 464-72;J. Owens, C.S.S.R., in The Cambridge HtstoU of Later Medu,val Philosophy, eds. N. Kretzmann, A. Kenny, J. Pinborg (Cambridge University Press, 1982), 459; G. Nuchelmans,Judgment and Propositwnfrom Descartesto Kant (Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co., 1983), 36-54 . " Oeuvres de Descartes, ed. C. Adam et P. Tannery, 11 vols. (Paris: J. Vrin, 1897-19o9; hereafter cited according to volume, page and line), Praefatio ad Lectorem, 7: 8. 19-251 "Sed respondeo hic subesse aequivocationem in voce ideae: sumi enim potest vel materialiter, pro operatione intellectus, quo sensu me perfectior dici nequit, vel objective, pro re per istam operationem repraesentata, quae res, etsi non supponatur extra intellectum existere, potest tamen me esse perfectior ratione suae essentiae." It is clear that two realities are to be causally accounted for. The [33] 34 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 28"1 JANUARY 1990 conditioned as we are by an appreciation of 'objectivity' altogether extramental ! It makes for a considerable wrench of perspective to do justice to Descartes's acknowledged doctrine of intramental objectivity and an intramental 'thing represented' (resrepraesentata). 'Idea', then, in traditional Cartesian fashion, designates the act of representing as well as the 'thing represented '. S Yet, for all this, and despite repeated expressions of the same doctrine , there is a persistent tendency in the history of Cartesianism and its scholarship to interpret 'idea' taken 'objectively' as in some way representative. Contrary to what I take to be Descartes's constant position, such a rendering unwittingly transfers that function which is proper to the cognitive activity, mind is the efficient cause of its cognitive activity. With respect to ideas taken 'objectively', such as the ideas of God and the triangle on the levels of metaphysical and mathematical intelligibility, an efficient cause, extrinsic to the mind, is certainly at issue. For here we are in the presence of what is independent of the mind, however intramental it may be. On the triangle, see Medit. 5; 7: 64. ]4s7 : "...est tamen profecto determinata quaedam ejus natura, sire essentia, sive forma, immutabUis et aeterna, quae a me non efficta est, nec a mente mea dependet." For the idea of God, see Medit. 5; 7: 68. l o-12: "Nam sane multis modis inteUigo illam [ideam...

Les sources

Les sources

On the Study of Southeast Asian History

J N I956 THE LONDON UNIVERSITY School of Oriental and African Studies began a series of study conferences to survey and evaluate the course and character of the immense corpus of historical writing extant today on the peoples of Asia. To the Southeast Asia section of the conference twenty-five papers, each by a recognised authority, were contributed, most of them having entailed a good deal of actual research work. For six months before the conference met each was discussed in detail in the School's Southeast Asia Regional History Seminar, with their writers present, wherever possible, to join in the discussion. Early in i96i a volume containing all the papers, with much additional bibliographical information and a brief survey of the discussions, will be published by the Oxford University Press. Long before the conference met it became obvious that its members could not cover the subject adequately: the gaps as yet unbridged and other deficiencies in our knowledge were too great and the workers in the field too few. Remarkable discoveries of both fact and interpretation have been made, especially by French and Dutch scholars in their respective special fields of mainland and island Southeast Asia; the body of existing writings, especially for the period of European contacts, is enormous; Asian as well as Western scholars are making impressive contributions; but the work is still in its pioneer stage. The discovery and collection of evidence, basic research into sources previously unexplored or inadequately explored, these are the essentials that face the student today. Very important work of this sort is being done at present. To mention just a few examples, there are Bernard Philippe Groslier's recent studies of Angkor, especially the later one, Angkor et le Cambodge au XVI' sizcle d'apres les sources portugaises et espctgnoles (Paris, i958), wherein he includes the first satisfactory exposition of the material basis of the old Khmer civilization, the architectural remains of which are still today of unsurpassed magnificence. There are J. G. de Casparis's two volumes of studies of the eighth and ninth century inscriptions of Java (Prasasti Indonesia, I and II, Bandung, i950, i956), which have revolutionized our knowledge of the gailendra period in Indonesian history. There is Paul Wheatley's thorough re-examination of the Chinese, Greek, Arabic, Persian and Indian writings relating to the early historical geography of Malaya, which is soon to be pub-

On the Colour Measurement of Daylight Fluorescent Materials

Standard CIE sources B and C are not suitable as illuminants for colour measurement of daylight fluorescent materials because of their low ultraviolet energy content. An arrangement is described where an increase in ultraviolet energy is obtained by the use of an ultraviolet source in addition to source B or C. This source consists of a tungsten lamp operated at a colour temperature of 2 854 °K and a filter which transmits only below 4 000 A. Two examples of ultraviolet energy distributions obtainable have been calculated and measured. These examples are so chosen that the energy distributions above 3 900 A are the same as source B or C. Daylight fluorescent samples have been measured and the colour computed using the selected ordinate method. Les sources B et C (etalons de la CIE) ne conviennent pas comme illuminants pour les mesures colorimetriques sur les materiaux fluorescents (a la lumiere du jour) a cause de leur faible teneur en UV. L'auteur decrit un dispositif permettant d'augmenter l'energie UV ...

Les sources

Les sources

REVIEWS

A History of Political Thought. By Phyllis Doyle Some Makers of the Modern Spirit. A Symposium. Edited by John Macmurray Homer and Mycenae. By Martin P. Nilsson The Life of Cœsar. By Guglielmo Ferrero. Trans. by A. E. Zimmern An Introductory History. By L. Cecil Smith and L. A. H. Dickinson The Story of England. By Lilias Milroy. The March of History: Book VII, From Earliest Times to the Present Day. By G. S. Maxton and E. H. Dance A Survey of English History. By L. F. Salzman The Master Craftsmen. By M. Gompertz The Place‐Names of Northamptonshire. By J. E. B. Gover, A. Mawer, and F. M. Stenton The French Race. By Jacques Barzun Histoire Sincère de la Nation Française. By Charles Seignobos The Baronial Plan of Reform, 1258–1263. By R. T. Treharne The Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages. By Mgr. Horace K. Mann A History of the Popes. By Fernand Hayward Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century. Edited by Eileen Power and M. M., Postan The European Nations in the West Indies, 1493–1688. By A. P. Newton Italy and the Reformation to 1550. By G. K. Brown Elizabeth, Queen of England. By Milton Waldman The Armada. By Lorna Rea The Spanish Marriage, 1554. By Helen Simpson Documents concerning English Voyages to the Spanish Main, 1569–1580: i. Spanish Documents selected from the Archives of the Indies at Seville; ii. English Accounts, “Sir Francis Drake Revived,” and others, reprinted. Les États de Bretagne de 1661 à 1789. 825 pp. 60 fr.; Les Sources de l'Histoire des États de Bretagne. 100 pp. 6 fr. Par Armand Rebillon English Pulpit Oratory from Andrewes to Tillotson: a Study of its Literary Aspects. By W. Fraser Mitchell The Pretenders from the Pulpit: Sermons, etc. from “Tracts Scarce and Curious” in Winchester Chapter Library, illumined by the tale of the last Stewarts. By Florence Remington Goodman A London Merchant, 1695–1714. By Lucy S. Sutherland The Colonial Background of the American Revolution. By C. M. Andrews Essays in Colonial History. By students of Charles M. Andrews Royal Government in America. By L. W. Labaree Colonial Admiralty Jurisdiction in the Seventeenth Century. By Helen J. Crump The Letters and Journals of Samuel Marsden, 1765–1838. Edited by J. R. Elder Samuel Marsden. By S. M. Johnstone Bohemia in the Eighteenth Century. By Robert J. Kerner. The Story of the British Navy told through the Ages. By H. F. B. Wheeler The Story of H.M.S. Victory. By Geoffrey Callender Nelson. By Brian Tunstall Trafalgar. By A. F. Fremantle. The Trafalgar Campaign. By Edouard Desbrière, translated and edited by Constance Eastwick L'Éveil des Nationalités et le Mouvement Libéral (1815–1848). By Georges Weill Jérǒme Napoléon et la Pologne en 1812. By Abel Mansuy King Edward VII: an Appreciation. By E. F. Benson Edwardian England, 1901–1910; a Series of lectures delivered at King's College, University of London, during the session 1932–3. Edited by F. J. C. Hearnshaw School Text Revision and International Understanding. International Bibliography of Historical Sciences. Edited by the International Committee

Revue des livres

Book reviewed in this article:Serge Vnronoff, Les sources de la vie. Paris, Fasquelles.J. Sim Wallace, The physiology of oral hygiene and recent research. London, Baillière, Tindall & Cox.

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviews in This Article:Les Saintes Icones. Dom Ildefonse Dirks, Hieromoine.St. Hugh of Lincoln. By Joseph Clayton.An Anthology of Contemporary Catholic Poetry. Compiled by Maurice Leahy; with a Preface by D. B. Wyndham‐Lewis.The Well‐Springs. By Alphonse Gratry; translated from Les Sources by Rev. S. J. Brown, S.J.A Saint in the Making. By John Oxenham.The Secret of the Cure d'Ars. By Henri Ghéon; translated by F. J. SheedThe Simplicity of Plainsong. By the Rev. Justin Field, O.P.The Truth of Christianity. Being an Examination of the More Important Arguments for and against Believing in that Religion.March, Kind Comrade: War Experiences with the H.L.I.Foundations of Thomistic Philosophy. By A. D. Sertillanges, O.P. Translated by Godfrey Anstruther, O.P.Evolution and Faith. With other Essays. By Bishop Hedley.The Spirit of the Liturgy. By Dr. Romano Guardini.The Trial of Jeanne d'Arc. A complete translation of the text of the original documents, with an Introduction by W. P. Barrett.Prayers from the Eastern Liturgies. Compiled by Donald Attwater.The Franciscan Adventure: A Study in the First Hundred Years of the Order of St. Francis of Assisi. By Vida Dutton Scudder.Irish Nuns in Penal Days. By Mrs. Thomas Concannon, M.A., D.Litt.Theology. A Monthly Journal of Historic Christianity. Edited by E. G. Selwyn.

Book Review: The Well-Springs (Les Sources)

Book Review: <scp>The Well-Springs</scp> (Les Sources)

Les sources

Les sources

Les Abîmes, les eaux souterraines, les cavernes, les sources, la spel&amp;celig;ologie

AT the outset the author remarks that the man is happy who realises in ripe manhood a project of boyhood. As a youth he was fascinated by the stalactites of the cave of Gargas, and the underground stream near Eaux Chaudes. The impression, at a later date, was deepened by the marvels of Adelsberg; and a visit to Han-sur-lesse (Belgium) in 1888, determined him to explore thoroughly the swallow-holes and caves of Les Causses—the limestone plateaux to the south and west of the Cevennes and Auvergne—with which he had already made acquaintance. Here the rivers often flow through deep gorges—almost cañons, such as is illustrated by Fig.1. In 1888 and the following year the author investigated the underground topography of the Departments of Lozère and Gard, and then extended his researches from Vaucluseto La Charente, going as far as the Puy-de-Dôme, the Côte-d'Or, and Provence, and, yet further afield, to Belgium, the Karst, and the Peloponnesus. Altogether he explored 230 “holes in the rock” which he thus classifies: Swallow-holes (abîmes)110, into 90 of which no descent had been previously made; emissaries of rivers (sources), 40, up 30 of which no one had penetrated; caves, 80, of which 45 were but imperfectly known. Besides these he had sounded, without descending, 35 swallow-holes, and examined 55 large emissaries, which could not be entered. Plans were made of underground galleries, the total length of which amounts to 50 kilometres; rather more than half the work being done by himself, the rest by collaborators. The result of this indefatigable, and sometimes rather risky,work is the most complete original memoir on “cave hunting ”that has ever been published, a quarto volume of nearly 600 pages, containing many plans, and still more numerous illustrations, the latter mostly from photographs, together with a full bibliography of the subject. Les Abîmes, les eaux souterraines, les cavernes, les sources, la spelæologie. By E. A. Martel. 4 phototypes and 16 plans, with 100 smaller illustrations. (Paris: C. Delagrave, 1894.)