Lenzites Saepiaria Research Articles

Periodicity and Total Spore Production by Lignicolous basidiomycetes

SUMMARYTotal spore production by Polyporus pubescens, P. betulina, P. versicolor, Lenzites saepiaria, Fomes annosus, and F. fomentarius at hourly intervals was studied over a 24-hr period using the Dodecapus Hourly Total Spore Collector. Spore discharge ranged up to 3.1 × 107 spores per hr per cm2 of exposed hymenial surface (not the true area of the hymenium). Nocturnal patterns of spore release are reported for six species of Hymenomycetes studied in the greenhouse. Some evidence of double maxima was noted in Fomes fomentarius, Polyporus pubescens, and P. hirsutus. Single nighttime maxima are reported for Gymnopilus sp, F. annosus and P. albellus.

STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF FRUITING BODIES IN THE BASIDIOMYCETE LENZITES SAEPIARIA

Studies have been conducted on fruiting body formation in the wood-rotting basidiomycete Lenzites saepiaria. Basidiospores were inoculated into a liquid malt extract medium and the mycelium was harvested after 48-72hr. Washed mycelium placed on cotton pads saturated with a defined medium developed fruiting structures in about 3 weeks. A source of carbohydrate, nitrogen, and phosphorous was essential for this morphogenesis. Spores produced under these conditions were identical in appearance and physiological properties to those obtained from wild basidiocarps.

Decomposition of loblolly pine bark by soil- and root-inhabiting fungi

A modified soil-block test was used to compare the bark-decomposing ability of various soil- and root-inhabiting fungi. Bark of Pinus taeda was highly resistant to decomposition by all 31 fungi tested. A brown-rot fungus, Lenzites saepiaria, caused the most weight loss, but weight losses due to decay by all fungi varied only from 3 to 15%. Isolates of Mucorales produced 3–8% weight losses from stem bark in 12 weeks. Available nutrients were used within 6 weeks; longer incubation resulted in little additional decomposition. Losses in weight from root bark and stem bark were similar, indicating little nutritional difference between these two substrates.Extraction of stem bark with ethanol or water before incubation with Fomes annosus, L. saepiaria, or Scytalidinun lignicola did not increase the amount of decomposition. This suggests that extractives in the bark may not be responsible for the slow rate of decay. Since autoclaving of the bark before incubation with the fungi enabled the fungi to cause more weight loss than did gas sterilization of the bark, the primary reason for the slow rate of decomposition by fungi is considered to be the complex molecular structure of the bark constituents.

Basidiospore Germination in the Wood-destroying Fungus Lenzites saepiaria

SUMMARY: Basidiospores of Lenzites saepiaria are not dormant and resemble vegetative mycelium in physiological properties and in the way they initiate outgrowth on a suitable substrate. Moistened spores respire significantly and autolyse in the absence of growth substrates; glucose, acetate or succinate are oxidized without lag. Optimal germinants, such as malt extract, allow outgrowth of 95% of the spores in 4 to 5 hr. Studies with [14C]leucine, [3H]uridine, [3H]thymidine, [59Fe]FeCl3 and [32P]NaH2PO4 suggest that RNA and protein are synthesized at low rates which increase immediately after addition of a medium supporting germination; synthesis of DNA and Fe-porphyrins commences after approximately 2.5 hr. During germination and outgrowth, glucose is used primarily for synthesis of cellular material and little is converted to CO2. Glucose is initially utilized by the hexose monophosphate shunt and the Embden-Meyerhof pathway becomes active as outgrowth progresses. Exogenous organic acids are utilized primarily as sources of energy or membrane synthesis; CO2 evolution is high and incorporation of these substrates into cellular components is low. Much of the incorporation may involve the fixation of CO2 produced from substrate oxidation.

Ultrastructure of basidiospores and mycelium of Lenzites saepiaria.

Hyde, James M. (University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson), and Charles H. Walkinshaw. Ultrastructure of basidiospores and mycelium of Lenzites saepiaria. J. Bacteriol. 92:1218-1227. 1966.-Ungerminated and germinated basidiospores and 2-day-old mycelial cultures of Lenzites saepiaria were similar in their fine structure. Fixation with glutaraldehyde, followed by osmium tetroxide, was far superior to permanganate. Cell organelles were seen in cytoplasm of spores and hyphae, and clamp connections were abundant in hyphal elements. Numerous lomasomes, vesicular bodies, and complex concentric membranes occurred in the cytoplasm and were often associated with the cell membrane or the dolipore membrane (parenthesome) of the septum. Endoplasmic reticulum was not found, but numerous ribosomes were seen; polyribosome groupings were frequently noted. The nucleus was bounded by a double membrane which contained few pores. Germinating spores exhibited one or more large osmiophilic bodies in association with a vacuole and membranous elements. Other than possessing a thin wall, the emerging germ tube was similar in structure to the parent spore.

THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE LOCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF DECAY FUNGI IN LODGEPOLE PINE LOGGING SLASH

In an investigation to determine the fungal flora of lodgepole pine logging slash and the growth rates and decaying abilities of the principal fungi in vitro as contrasted with conditions in nature, four hymenomycetes were isolated consistently and proved to cause most of the decay; Lenzites saepiaria Wulf. ex Fr., Peniophora phlebioides Jacks. and Dearden, Stereum sanguinolentum Alb. and Schw. ex Fr., and Coniophora puteana (Schum. ex Fr.) Karst. These four fungi comprised 80% of the basidiomycetes isolated from slash. Peniophora phlebioides predominated in the upper portions of individual pieces of slash, Lenzites saepiaria in the center, and Coniophora puteana and Stereum sanguinolentum in the lower portions. Relatively broad temperature ranges and high temperature optima were demonstrated for P. phlebioides and L. saepiaria to grow and cause decay, in contrast with the narrower temperature ranges and lower optimal temperatures demonstrated for C. puteana and S. sanguinolentum. The internal temperatures of slash were proved to fluctuate between wider extremes in the upper portions of slash than in the lower portions. This is believed to be a partial explanation of the characteristic distributions of individual fungi within slash. The relative decaying abilities of the four main fungi as indicated by wood block tests, in decreasing order of importance were: L. saepiaria, C. puteana, P. phlebioides, S. sanguinolentum. Because of its greater frequency, however, P. phlebioides probably ranks higher in the scale of slash decayers than C. puteana.

FURTHER STUDIES OF THE PATHOLOGICAL DETERIORATION IN WIND-THROWN BALSAM FIR IN NEWFOUNDLAND

The rate of pathological deterioration was determined for 175 wind-thrown balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., four to eight years following death. Incipient sapwood decay in the form of reddish-brown or yellowish discoloration decreased from 32 to 13 per cent of the total gross merchantable volume from the fourth to the eighth year. The volume of unfirm sapwood increased from two per cent in the fifth year to 45 per cent in the eighth year. All trees examined in the seventh and eighth years following death contained unfirm sapwood decay and the average depth of radial penetration was 0.5 and 0.8 inches respectively. Stereum sanguinolentum Alb. & Schw. ex Fr. and S. chailletii Pers. were the two main fungi associated with incipient decay. Advanced deterioration was caused chiefly by Lenzites saepiaria Wulf. ex Fr. with Polyporus abietinus Dicks. ex Fr. making up most of the balance. Commercial salvage operations were concluded in the study area eight years following windthrow.

Note on Lenzites Cinnamomea Fr.

While studying Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulf. ex Fr.) Karst., I found, several times, specimens belonging to this species which, however, had been classified as Lenzites cinnamomea Fr. Lloyd placed a note concerning the species with a specimen received by him from Malts of Latvia (Lloyd Coll. 55969) in which he said: The latter [Lenzites cinnamomea Fr.] was named and determined by Fries from Sweden and Mexico, but no other specimens are found in the museums and now the color of these old specimens is all gone. No one ever found Lenzites cinnamomea Fr. but Fries. Fries gave an illustration of it in his Icones which illustrates the plant as bright zinc orange although the plant itself is much darker-russet of Ridgway. Mr. Malts sends this collection as Lenzites saepiaria (Wulf. ex Fr.) Fr., which it is in fact, but this common species always has parts that are brighter color than these. Lenzites cinnamomea Fr. of tradition (Fries Icones) bright zinc orange, does not exist I believe excepting in pictures. Fries described L. cinnamomea Fr. in Ofv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. 8: 51. 1851, from material found on Quercus sp., in Smolandia. He suggested it as a rare species, very similar to Lenzites betulina (L. ex Fr.) Fr., in shape and size, but differing in internal color. Further examination of specimens in mycological herbaria reveals the name L. cinnamomea Fr. applied to specimens of Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers. ex Fr.) Murr., G. abietinum (Bull. ex Fr.) Karst. and G. Berkeleyi (Sacc.) Murr. Even the two collections in Bresadola's herbarium in the National Fungus Collections, named as such by him, are, respectively, G. sepiarium (Wulf. ex Fr.) Karst. (locality unknown) and G. abietinum (Bull. ex Fr.) Karst. (from Neapolim [? Neapolis], Italy). X For these reasons, until the opportunity occurred to examine authentic material from Fries's herbarium, we followed Karsten (1882)

PATHOLOGICAL DETERIORATION IN WIND-THROWN BALSAM FIR IN NEWFOUNDLAND

Fifty wind-thrown balsam fir were examined in Newfoundland for pathological deterioration 3 to 4 years following death. Ninety-eight per cent of the trees examined possessed incipient deterioration in the form of a reddish-brown, or occasionally, a yellowish discoloration. The average depth of radial penetration of incipient deterioration was 0.5 inches. Twenty-two per cent of the trees possessed advanced deterioration, mostly a brown cubical sap rot. The incipient deterioration, caused predominantly by STEREUM CHAILLETHI Pers., occupied approximately 33 per cent of the total merchantable volume. The advanced deterioration was caused chiefly by LENZITES SAEPIARIA Wulf. ex Fr. and occupied less than 1 per cent of the total merchantable volume. Based on present practices in Newfoundland, the loss from deterioration in these windthrown trees once the wood has reached the mill amounts to the volume occupied by advanced deterioration, less than 1 per cent. There are, however, several types of losses which may be incurred before the raw material has reached the mill.

THE BEHAVIOR OF PAIRED MONOSPOROUS MYCELIA OF LENZITES SAEPIARIA (WULF.) FR., L. TRABEA (PERS.) FR., L. THERMOPHILA FALCK, AND TRAMETES AMERICANA OVERH.

Lenzites saepiaria, L. trabea, and Trametes americana are heterothallic and bipolar. In each species complete interfertility exists between haploid mycelia derived from different sources. T. americana is sometimes considered to be a pored form of L. saepiaria. The failure to obtain clamp connections in any pairing of a haploid mycelium of L. saepiaria with a haploid mycelium of T. americana seems significant and lends weight to the conclusion that these two forms are distinct. Haploid mycelia of L. thermophila are completely interfertile with those of L. trabea.

Studies in Wood Decay IV. The Effect of Sodium Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Sulphate, and Chlorid on the Rate of Decay of Douglas Fir Sawdust Induced by Lenzites saepiaria fr. With Special Reference to the Effect of Alkaline Soils on the Rate of Decay of Wood in Contact with Them

Studies in Wood Decay IV. The Effect of Sodium Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Sulphate, and Chlorid on the Rate of Decay of Douglas Fir Sawdust Induced by Lenzites saepiaria fr. With Special Reference to the Effect of Alkaline Soils on the Rate of Decay of Wood in Contact with Them

Studies in Wood Decay. III--The Toxicity of Western Yellow Pine Crude Oil to Lenzites Saepiaria Fries

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies in Wood Decay. III--The Toxicity of Western Yellow Pine Crude Oil to Lenzites Saepiaria FriesHENRY. SCHMITZCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1922, 14, 7, 617–618Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1922Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1922https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50151a011RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views15Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (336 KB) Get e-Alerts

Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. XV. Germination of the Spores of Certain Fungi in Relation to Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

The effect of the hydrogenand the hydroxyl-ion concentration in a mannite medium upon germination of the spores of certain fungi, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium cyclopium, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium sp., and Lenzites saepiaria, and the range within which their most favorable germination occurs have been presented in a recent paper (Webb, '19). Very striking data were obtained from this preliminary study, the features of particular interest being (1) the importance of active acidity in germination and (2) the relatively low percentage of germination under conditions of active alkalinity. It was found, in general, that the majority of the fungi employed showed maximum germination of the spores with relatively high acidity, namely, PH 3.1, and further, that none of the fungi suffered inhibition of germination on the acid side of neutrality until a hydrogen-ion concentration greater than that of PH 2.8 was passed. Germination quantities in most cases decreased, though not necessarily proportionally, with decrease in hydrogen-ion concentration from the optimum concentration previously mentioned. Certain forms, however, such as Penicillhum cyclopium and Fusarium sp., exhibited secondary maxima at or near neutrality. The medium employed in that investigation contained mannite as the sole nutrient, and its hydrogenand hydroxyl-ion concentrations were adjusted by means of equal additions of orthophosphoric acid and successively increasing additions of sodium hydroxide. Logical questions which naturally arise at this

Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. III. Physical Properties of Wood in Relation to Decay Induced by Lenzites saepiaria Fries

Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. III. Physical Properties of Wood in Relation to Decay Induced by Lenzites saepiaria Fries