Length Of Time Research Articles

Development and evaluation of vesicourethral anastomosis bench-top model for measurement of traction force on urethra in robotic surgery.

In vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA), which is part of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, surgeons must proceed carefully to avoid urethral damage. We developed and evaluated a VUA bench-top model that can measure the traction force on the urethra during robotic surgery. The VUA model included the urethra, bladder, pelvic bones, and a small force sensor that was capable of measuring the traction force on the urethra. Eight skilled and eight novice urologists performed a VUA task in robotic surgery. The skilled surgeons assessed the model's realism and usefulness as a training tool using a 5-point Likert scale. The evaluation items [task time, maximum force, force volume, and length of time that specific excessive forces were applied to the urethra (2, 3, 4, and ≥ 5 N)] were compared between the skilled and novice surgeons using the Mann-Whitney U test. Measurements were conducted in four directions with respect to the maximum force on the urethra: 11-1, 2-4, 5-7, and 8-10 o'clock. The quality of the model was scored 3.7 to 4.9 points for all 16 items in 4 domains except for "Usefulness compared with animal models." There were differences in the task time and almost all force parameters between the skilled and novice surgeons. We developed a relatively high-quality VUA bench-top model that measures traction force on the urethra, and we have revealed differences in the forces of action on the urethra in two groups of surgeons with different skill levels.

Sustained attention can be measured using a brief computerized attention task

The Continuous Visual Attention Test (CVAT) is a test that detects visuomotor reaction time (RT, alertness), variability of reaction time (VRT, sustained attention), omission errors (OE, focused attention), and commission errors (CE, response inhibition). The standard test takes 15 min, while the ultrafast version only 90 s. Besides overall task length, the two versions differ by target probability (20% and 80% in the 15-min vs. only 80% in the 90-s test) and stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) (1, 2, and 4 s in the 15-min vs. only 1 s in the 90-s test. We aimed to analyze the effect of target probability, SOA, and time length on the CVAT variables across the 15-min task and to verify correlations and agreements between the 15-min and the 90-s CVATs. 205 healthy participants performed the two CVATs on the same day. Considering the 15-min task, RT and CE were strongly affected by target probability. Conversely, VRT was not affected. When the 15-min task was compared to the 90-s task, we found no significant difference in the VRT variable. Additionally, a significant agreement between the two tasks was found for the VRT variable. We concluded that sustained attention can be measured with the 90-s CVAT.

Current urethroplasty trends in recent GURS fellowship graduates.

To assess self-reported urethroplasty success rates and outcomes of recent GURS fellowship graduates and compare these data to the large body of published urethroplasty outcomes literature. A voluntary survey was distributed from June 1 to June 30, 2023 to GURS fellowship graduates of the last 5 years. Participants were surveyed on time since graduation, operative volume, outcomes, and quoted success rates for urethroplasty. Data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, and correlative analyses. We received responses from 49/101 (48.5%) GURS graduates. Five-year post-graduates were most represented (44.7%). The majority (52.2%) consider 81-90% of urethroplasty successful, without significant change with years in practice. Approximately 65% quoted excision and primary anastomosis (EPA) as > 90% successful. Over half of the respondents had performed > 60 urethroplasties since graduation. Only 31.3% of respondents reported re-intervening in > 10% of their postop patients, with a weak positive correlation between years in practice and need for re-intervention (p 0.01). Nearly 20% of respondents referred patients to an external reconstructionist. Increased length of time in practice does not result in higher reported urethroplasty success rates, counseling on successful outcomes, or rates of re-intervention and complications. Our survey highlights that the traditionally used success rates for urethroplasty may not be reflective of new graduates and lower volume reconstructive surgeons in their early career.

The TALAPRO-3 study design: a plain language summary.

This summary is about the ongoing research study called TALAPRO-3. This study is testing the use of two medicines called talazoparib and enzalutamide. The two medicines are being used together as a treatment for patients with a type of cancer called metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer and changes in specific DNA repair genes within their tumors. The study began in May 2021, and includes 599 patients from 27 countries. Metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer is known as mCSPC for short. It is cancer that has started in the prostate and spread to other body parts. The prostate is a gland below the bladder and helps make semen (the liquid that contains sperm). Castration-sensitive means that the cancer responds to treatments that lower testosterone in the blood. In this study, some patients will take talazoparib plus enzalutamide while others will take a placebo plus enzalutamide. Talazoparib and enzalutamide are two different cancer medicines. Talazoparib is not currently used to treat patients with mCSPC. Enzalutamide is used to treat patients with prostate cancer. Talazoparib plus enzalutamide is being compared with a placebo plus enzalutamide to see if patients live longer without their cancer getting worse, or them dying, when taking talazoparib plus enzalutamide or when taking a placebo plus enzalutamide. This study aims to find out if treatment with talazoparib plus enzalutamide increases the length of time the patients in the study live without their cancer getting worse, or them dying, compared with treatment with a placebo plus enzalutamide. The study will also measure how long the patients in the study live, the number and types of side effects they have, their general health and quality of life, and whether there are changes in how patients report their pain.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03395197 (TALAPRO-2) (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Dietary adherence and associated factors among hypertensive patients in governmental hospitals of Guji zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

BackgroundThe Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet has been shown to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive adults, but there is limited information available on dietary adherence and related factors among hypertensive patients in the study area. Hence, the current study aimed to assess dietary adherence and associated factors among hypertensive patients aged greater than or equal to 18 years old in governmental hospitals of Guji zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia.MethodsA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted between June 5, 2023, and August 30, 2023. For this study, patients with a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher on two separate occasions were classified as hypertensive. Thus, the study involved 399 hypertensive patients who were selected using systematic random sampling methods. The level of knowledge regarding hypertension was measured through the use of hypertension knowledge-level scale (HK-LS) questionnaires, while the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were assessed using the Cronbach’s alpha test (α ≥ 0.70).The association between factors was analyzed using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and a 95% confidence interval. Variables with p-values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsAmong the respondents, only 28.30% (CI: 23.9, 33) of participants were found to be adherent to the recommended diet. Factors like participation in nutritional education, level of knowledge, respondents’ ages, and length of time since hypertension diagnosis showed a strong association with adherence to recommended dietary guidelines.ConclusionsThe research findings indicated that the level of compliance with the prescribed diet was generally subpar among individuals with hypertension in comparison to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet recommendations. So, it is essential to offer hypertensive patients an education focused on health and nutrition in order to enhance their adherence to dietary guidelines and promote a healthier dietary routine. The results of this research will also be valuable in increasing awareness among policymakers and the general public about the dietary adherence and its associated factors, thus aiding in the development and execution of suitable interventions.

Comparative assessment of safety and efficacy between the AirSeal system and conventional insufflation system in robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis aimed to compare perioperative outcome measures between the AirSeal system and conventional insufflation system in robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Up to May 2024, comprehensive searches were conducted across various prominent databases worldwide, such as PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar, focusing solely on English-language materials. Reviews and protocols devoid of published data were excluded, along with conference abstracts and articles unrelated to the study's aims. Primary outcome measures encompassed operative duration and hospitalization length, while secondary outcome measures included estimated blood loss and complications. The meta-analysis included five cohort studies, encompassing a total of 1503 patients. In comparison to the conventional insufflation system group, the AirSeal group displayed shorter operative times (WMD -15.62, 95% CI -21.87 to -9.37; p < 0.00001) and reduced hospital stays (WMD -0.45, 95% CI -0.60 to -0.30; p < 0.00001). Fewer major complications (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.66; p = 0.01). Notably, there were no significant differences observed in estimated blood loss or overall complications between the two groups. Compared to conventional insufflation systems, employing the AirSeal system in robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy appears to potentially decrease operative time and hospital length of stay without a concurrent rise in estimated blood loss or complication rates.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of the Rapid Access Lung Cancer Clinic.

The Rapid Access Lung Cancer Clinic (RALC) experienced fewer referrals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland. Our aim was to determine the impact of the pandemic on the key performance indicators (KPIs) of the Cork University Hospital (CUH) RALC, using a retrospective chart review of the referrals and attendances. The medical charts of patients referred to CUH-RALC from 03/2019 to 02/2020 (period I), and from 03/2020 to 02/2021 (period II) were reviewed. Performance of the RALC was determined based on average wait time from referral to 1] acquisition of the first CT scan, 2] consultation, and 3] receiving a cancer diagnosis, and compared between periods I and II. Average monthly referrals (57.3 vs 42.1, p = 0.0078) and RALC reviews (24.3 vs 22, p = 0.0310) were lower in period II compared to period I. However, no difference was seen in the length of time from referral to review at RALC or time to receive cancer diagnosis. There were shorter wait times from referral to CT scan (11.2 vs. 8.7 days, p = 0.0011) and to surgery (109.0 vs 79.3 days, p = 0.0236) in period II. The COVID-19 pandemic had minimal impact on the performance of RALC at our institution. Fewer referrals to RALC in period II may relate to hesitancy in attending general practitioner (GP) and/or GPs raising the thresholds for referrals to RALC during the early lockdown period of the pandemic. A national evaluation will be required to fully determine the impact of this pandemic on lung cancer in Ireland.

Concealed firearm carrying laws and defensive firearm use in public locations of US metropolitan areas, 1986–2004

ObjectivesThere has been extensive debate in the USA as to how laws regulating the carrying of concealed firearms affect crime and public safety. This study examines whether US state laws...

The implementation of the acute care surgery model in the management of patients with acute appendicitis - A 5-year single-center, retrospective experience: An observational study.

We conducted this study to assess the effects of the acute care surgery (ACS) model in the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) based on our 5-year single-center, retrospective experience. The current single-center, retrospective, observational study was conducted in a consecutive series of the patients with AA who had been surgically treated at a tertiary referral hospital in Seoul, Korea, between January 2016 and December 2020. At our institution, the ACS model was first introduced in March 2018. Therefore, our clinical series of the patients were divided into 2 groups: the pre-ACS group (March 2014 to February 2018) and the post-ACS group (March 2018 to December 2022). Key time intervals include emergency department registration to request for surgical consultation, request for surgical consultation to decision on surgery, decision-to-operating room, time to decision on surgery and length of emergency department stay. Moreover, outcomes include rates of perforation and complications and discharge within 24 or 48 hours. We compared key time intervals, outcomes, and length of hospital stay between the 2 groups. A total of 900 patients with AA were finally included in the current study, 447 and 453 of whom were divided into the pre-ACS group (n = 447) and the post-ACS group (n = 453), respectively. There were significant differences in key time intervals, outcomes, and length of hospital stay between the 2 groups (P < .05). In conclusion, our results showed that the implementation of the ACS model was effective in improving key time intervals, rates of perforation, and discharge within 24 or 48 hours in the patients with AA.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation of The Indonesian Version Functional Assessment of Denture Instrument as a Measuring Tool for Complete Denture Functional Quality.

Making good quality dentures is necessary to avoid patients' discomfort when adapting to new dentures. Several studies regarding the assessment of the quality of dentures have been carried out in many other countries, such as using the Functional Assessment of Dentures (FAD) by Anastassiadou. However, studies have yet to be conducted in Indonesia. This study aims to obtain a valid and reliable instrument to measure the quality of complete dentures (CDs). This study also aims to find out whether the functional quality of a CD measured with the Indonesian version of the FAD Instrument (PFGT) can affect patient satisfaction in receiving CD treatment (measured with Indonesian version of Patient's Denture Assessment [PDA-Id]) and to find contributing factors to the functional quality of a CD. The study was conducted in two stages. The first stage was a qualitative study using cross-cultural adaptation methods and focus group discussions with experts. The second stage was a quantitative test with a total of 40 subjects for statistical analysis in the form of a kappa test, test-retest, Kuder-Richardson (KR) 20, and a correlation test between PDA-Id and PFG. Multivariate analysis was done to analyze contributing factors to the functional quality of CD. The final instrument was obtained from the qualitative test, which was tested for content and face validation. The interrater kappa test result of 0.828 shows an almost perfect agreement. The results of the intrarater test-retest (0.564; p > 0.05; intraclass correlation coefficient 0.889) showed excellent instrument stability. The results of the internal consistency test with Kuder-Richardson 20 (1.08; KR > 1) showed good internal consistency. The correlation test results between PFGT and PDA-Id (0.044; p < 0.05) showed a positive correlation. Multivariate analysis showed a relationship between the quality of the CD, the length of time the CD was used, and the patient's satisfaction with CD treatment. The PFGT instrument is considered a valid and reliable tool to measure the functional quality of a denture that can distinguish between good and bad quality.

Identifying factors impacting missingness within smartphone-based research: Implications for intensive longitudinal studies of adolescent suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

Intensive longitudinal research-including experience sampling and smartphone sensor monitoring-has potential for identifying proximal risk factors for psychopathology, including suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB). Yet, missing data can complicate analysis and interpretation. This study aimed to address whether clinical and study design factors are associated with missing data and whether missingness predicts changes in symptom severity or STB. Adolescents ages 13- to 18 years old (N = 179) reporting depressive, anxiety, and/or substance use disorders were enrolled; 65% reported current suicidal ideation and 29% indicated a past-year attempt. Passively acquired smartphone sensor data (e.g., global positioning system, accelerometer, and keyboard inputs), daily mood surveys, and weekly suicidal ideation surveys were collected during the 6-month study period using the effortless assessment research system smartphone app. First, acquisition of passive smartphone sensor data (with data on ∼80% of days across the whole sample) was strongly associated with survey data acquisition on the same day (∼44% of days). Second, STB and psychiatric symptoms were largely not associated with missing data. Rather, temporal features (e.g., length of time in study, weekends, and summer) explained more missingness of survey and passive smartphone sensor data. Last, within-participant changes in missing data over time neither followed nor predicted subsequent change in suicidal ideation and psychiatric symptoms. Findings indicate that considering technical and study design factors impacting missingness is critical and highlight several factors that should be addressed to maximize the validity of clinical interpretations in intensive longitudinal research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Predictors of length of time in service: Characteristics of people in intensive case management for longer than 5 years.

The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of people who stay in intensive case management (ICM) for longer than 5 years. We conducted a secondary analysis of client data collected by a community mental health organization from 2012 to 2022. Using the Gelberg-Andersen Model for Access to Health Services, we conducted a logistic regression with 22 predictor variables, predicting clients in ICM for 5 years or less (N = 531) and those in ICM for longer than 5 years (N = 289). People who were older and those with psychotic disorder, co-occurring substance use disorder, dual diagnosis (with developmental disability), chronic medical condition, and also in another program in the same agency were more likely to be in ICM for longer than 5 years. People who were returning ICM clients and those who completed the ICM program (rather than withdrawing or disengaging) were more likely to be in ICM for 5 years or less. Higher dose of ICM (in contacts) predicted a shorter time in ICM. People with serious mental illness, dual diagnosis, concurrent substance use, and chronic medical conditions and those who are older may need additional supports within ICM and when transitioning out of ICM. People in ICM for a longer time have lower numbers of contacts, indicating that a less intense service may meet their needs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Skeletal muscle dysfunction with advancing age.

As a result of advances in medical treatments and associated policy over the last century, life expectancy has risen substantially and continues to increase globally. However, the disconnect between lifespan and 'health span' (the length of time spent in a healthy, disease-free state) has also increased, with skeletal muscle being a substantial contributor to this. Biological ageing is accompanied by declines in both skeletal muscle mass and function, termed sarcopenia. The mechanisms underpinning sarcopenia are multifactorial and are known to include marked alterations in muscle protein turnover and adaptations to the neural input to muscle. However, to date, the relative contribution of each factor remains largely unexplored. Specifically, muscle protein synthetic responses to key anabolic stimuli are blunted with advancing age, whilst alterations to neural components, spanning from the motor cortex and motoneuron excitability to the neuromuscular junction, may explain the greater magnitude of function losses when compared with mass. The consequences of these losses can be devastating for individuals, their support networks, and healthcare services; with clear detrimental impacts on both clinical (e.g., mortality, frailty, and post-treatment complications) and societal (e.g., independence maintenance) outcomes. Whether declines in muscle quantity and quality are an inevitable component of ageing remains to be completely understood. Nevertheless, strategies to mitigate these declines are of vital importance to improve the health span of older adults. This review aims to provide an overview of the declines in skeletal muscle mass and function with advancing age, describes the wide-ranging implications of these declines, and finally suggests strategies to mitigate them, including the merits of emerging pharmaceutical agents.

A novel minimally invasive and versatile kyphoplasty balloon-based model of porcine spinal cord injury

IntroductionSpinal cord injury (SCI) animal models often utilize an open surgical laminectomy, which results in animal morbidity and also leads to changes in spinal canal diameter, spinal cord perfusion, cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics, and spinal stability which may confound SCI research. Moreover, the use of open surgical laminectomy for injury creation lacks realism when considering human SCI scenarios.MethodsWe developed a novel, image-guided, minimally invasive, large animal model of SCI which utilizes a kyphoplasty balloon inserted into the epidural space via an interlaminar approach without the need for open surgery.ResultsThe model was validated in 5 Yucatán pigs with imaging, neurofunctional, histologic, and electrophysiologic findings consistent with a mild compression injury.DiscussionFew large animal models exist that have the potential to reproduce the mechanisms of spinal cord injury (SCI) commonly seen in humans, which in turn limits the relevance and applicability of SCI translational research. SCI research relies heavily on animal models, which typically involve an open surgical, dorsal laminectomy which is inherently invasive and may have untoward consequences on animal morbidity and spinal physiology that limit translational impact. We developed a minimally invasive, large animal model of spinal cord injury which utilizes a kyphoplasty balloon inserted percutaneously into the spinal epidural space. Balloon inflation results in a targeted, compressive spinal cord injury with histological and electrophysiological features directly relevant to human spinal cord injury cases without the need for invasive surgery. Balloon inflation pressure, length of time that balloon remains inflated, and speed of inflation may be modified to achieve variations in injury severity and subtype.

Effect of Radial Neutron Reflector on the Characteristics of Nuclear Fuel Burn-Up Wave in a Fast Neutron Energy Spectrum Multiplying Medium: A Consistent Parametric Approach

Abstract The influence of radial neutron reflector on the build-up and propagation of a nuclear fuel burn-up wave in a fast multiplying medium is investigated using a consistent parametric approach. Coupled multigroup neutron diffusion equations with a burn-up evolution model are simulated on the two-dimensional cylindrical reactor geometry with azimuthal symmetry. Uranium–plutonium transmutation model is considered, and the simulation is performed by using the finite element multiphysics software package comsol. Transient characteristics of the burn-up wave are represented by two new parameters, namely, transient time (TT) and transient length (TL). TT and TL are defined as the time and distance required for the burn-up wave to attain its steady-state nature. Steady-state phases are characterized in terms of wave velocity, full width half maximum (FWHM), and full width 10% of maximum (FW10M). A sensitivity study of steady-state and transient parameters is conducted for the different values of radial reflector thickness. The potential relevance of these characterization parameters on the development of optimal geometrical configuration of radial neutron reflector in breed and burn (B&amp;B)-based reactor design is addressed based on the sensitivity study.

Management of post-extubation anxiety in the intensive care unit

Post-extubation anxiety causes significant distress in intensive care unit patients. This review provides treatment recommendations for managing anxiety during weaning and extubation from mechanical ventilation. Factors predisposing to anxiety include cerebral vascular disease, endocrine disorders, cardiopulmonary decompensation, disrupted sleep-wake cycles, and the stressful ICU environment. This review analyzed 21 articles sourced from Google Scholar and PubMed, focusing on case reports, case series, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. These studies reported that dexmedetomidine effectively reduces extubation time and ICU length of stay through its anxiolytic properties. Antipsychotics, like quetiapine, showed potential in managing anxiety during ventilator weaning, but high-dose haloperidol posed risks. Benzodiazepines were linked to paradoxical agitation and respiratory suppression. Non-pharmacological treatments, such as aromatherapy, music therapy, and massage therapy, appeared to reduce anxiety and improve sleep quality. Caregiver approaches, including parental presence and psychological training, also reduced anxiety. In conclusion, non-pharmacological approaches should be prioritized, and pharmacological treatments considered when necessary. More research is essential to identify optimal treatments for post-extubation anxiety with minimal patient risk and effective symptom control. Keywords: Anxiety, ICU patients, critically ill patients, post-extubation

The role of ERAS in pancreaticoduodenectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction This study aimed to compare the safety and short-term outcomes of ERAS with standard care for patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) based on literature published following the first publication of ERAS guidelines for PD. Methods Five medical databases were searched for studies that compared ERAS to standard care in adults undergoing PD. Data on postoperative complications, length of hospitalization, readmissions, and time to chemotherapy were analyzed using either a fixed- or random-effects model meta-analysis. Meta-regressions were conducted to investigate the role of operative technique, study origin, and study design. Results Our analysis included 22 studies involving 4043 patients. ERAS was associated with fewer complications (RR: 0.83; 0.75 to 0.91), particularly Clavien-Dindo (CD) grade 1 and 2 complications (RR: 0.82; 0.72 to 0.92), delayed gastric emptying (RR: 0.69; 0.52 to 0.93), and postoperative fistula (POPF) (RR: 0.76; 0.66 to 0.89), and a shorter time to chemotherapy (SMD: -0.68; 95% CI: -0.88 to -0.48). ERAS did not affect the risk for CD grade 3 and 4 complications (RR: 1.00; 0.72 to 1.38), post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage (RR: 0.88; 0.67 to 1.14), length of stay (SMD: -0.56; 95% CI: -1.12 to 0.01), readmission (RR: 1.01; 0.84 to 1.21), and mortality (RR: 0.81; 0.54 to 1.22). The continent of origin was an effect moderator in the role of ERAS in CD grade 1 and 2 complications (p= 0.047) and POPF (p=0.02). Conclusion Implementing ERAS principles in PD improves surgical outcomes without compromising safety. ERAS may also accelerate time to chemotherapy, an essential issue for future research.

Harnessing Nature's Power to Cleanse Water Bodies through Phytoremediation of Aquatic Plants

The use of plants to remove, detoxify, or immobilize environmental contaminants, a process known as phytoremediation, is an emerging field with significant potential for the sustainable and economical treatment of polluted water bodies. Aquatic plants are uniquely suited for this purpose due to their inherent capabilities to uptake and metabolize a diverse range of pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and organic compounds. Although the method does present challenges, including the length of time for effective cleanup and potential toxin bioaccumulation, innovative advancements in fields like genetic engineering and integrated remediation techniques offer promising avenues to overcome these hurdles. Additionally, the function of phytoremediation in carbon sequestration, paired with potential commercial uses, underscores its role as an essential tool for sustainable environmental stewardship. Therefore, it's crucial to continue research, encourage policy backing, and foster community participation to fully exploit the benefits of phytoremediation in aquatic settings.

Design and Evaluation of Natural Face Pack

The majority of cosmetic products on market are synthetic in nature and have a variety of negative side effects when used is an extended length of time. Use of herbal cosmetics is one remedy for this issue. Herbal cosmetics are thought to be generally safe with little adverse effects. Some of main skin problems are acne, redness, wrinkles, dark circles, pimples, dry skin, dead skin. By utilising herbal cosmetics such as face packs, scrubs, creams, etc., all these issues can be reduced. The objective of this work is to Formulation and Evaluation of herbal face pack by using natural ingredients for by using natural substances, radiant skin. Four differ-rent formulations with varying conc. of ingredients like multani-mitti, turmeric, aloe vera, sandal wood, orange peel, neem , nutmeg and rose petals powder are evaluated for their organoleptic properties, stability, physico-chemical parameters, irritancy test and microbial load.

A new extended δ‐shock model with the consideration of shock magnitude

AbstractIn this article, a new ‐shock model that takes into account the magnitude of shocks is introduced and studied from reliability perspective. According to the new model, the system breaks down if either a shock after non‐critical shock occurs in a time length less than or a shock after a critical shock occurs in a time length less than where . The distribution of the system's lifetime is studied for both discrete and continuous intershock time distributions. It is shown that a new model is useful to describe a certain cold standby repairable system.