Length Of Root System Research Articles

Comparison of Dwarf Water Hyssop (Bacopa monnieri) in Emerged and Submerged Systems in Aquariums

Dwarf water hyssop (Bacopa monnieri) is a popular choice among aquarium enthusiasts for its ease of care and rapid growth. Despite its popularity, research on its suitability as an aquarium plant is scarce. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of various fertilizer formulas and growth performance in both emerged and submerged culture systems. Dwarf water hyssop was cultured for four weeks in emerged and submerged systems using different NPK fertilizer formulas (18-18-18, 25-5-5, 30-20-10, and 8-24-24), alongside a control group without fertilizer. Remarkably, growth performance (i.e. plant height, number of leaves, number of nodes, and root length) and survival rate did not significantly differ between plants with and without fertilizer application in either culture system. Among the fertilizers tested, treatment 4 (NPK 30-20-10) showed the most promising results for dwarf water hyssop growth in both emerged and submerged culture systems. In the emerged system, these treatments led to a minimum height increase (7.96±1.49 cm), a medium number of new leaves (4.41±1.91 leaves/explant), a moderate number of new nodes (3.08±0.29 nodes/explant), and a substantial root system length (2.67±1.16 cm). Conversely, in the submerged system, a minimum height increase (1.65±0.32 cm), medium number of new leaves (1.33±1.66 leaves/explant), moderate number of new nodes (1.08±0.76 nodes/explant), and root system length (0.36±0.86 cm) were observed. Overall, plant morphology and growth performance were superior in the emerged system compared to the submerged system after four weeks of culture. Outstandingly, all plants survived, regardless of fertilizer application of formula, in both culture systems. Given its slow growth, dwarf water hyssop is ideal for aquarists seeking a dwarf aquatic decoration. The emerged culture system is recommended for mass production of this ornamental plant, while the submerged culture system is suitable for elaborate ornamental aquariums.

Commercial maize hybrids have smaller root systems after 80 Years of breeding

Roots have gained attention for their role in improving plant function in high-stress environments and providing ecosystem services such as soil organic carbon storage. An important step in breeding for enhanced root phenotypes is understanding how root traits have changed historically due to selection for yield and other aboveground traits. However, among the few era panel studies focused on roots, there are conflicting findings about how breeding has altered traits such as root system length and biomass, while other traits such as root depth distribution, root size class distribution, and tissue quality remain largely unexplored. Our aim was to assess breeding-driven changes in root traits that are relevant to resource acquisition and soil carbon sequestration. We grew twelve maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids from the Corteva/Pioneer ERA panel, spanning from 1936 to 2014, in 1.5 m deep mesocosms. At the eight-leaf stage, intact root systems were imaged and analyzed using a custom root phenotyping platform, and roots and shoots were subjected to carbon and nitrogen analysis and Diffuse Reflectance FTIR to assess variation in tissue composition. We found that the newest hybrids produced 40% less root biomass and 36% less root length than the oldest hybrids, with declines of 0.024 g year−1 (s.e.: 0.005, p < 0.01) and 0.86 m year−1 (s.e.: 0.23, p < 0.01) with no changes in maximum rooting depth, which averaged 113 cm (±5.62). , and no directional shifts in chemical composition. We also found a decline in the root-to-shoot ratio from 0.58 g g−1 to 0.46 g g−1 (s.e.: 0.0006, p < 0.05). Our results suggest that selection for yield has indirectly decreased root system size over 80 years of maize breeding. Smaller root systems of modern hybrids may contribute to the higher optimum plant populations and higher yields of modern maize hybrids.

Vigor of hybrid corn seeds is determinant for the establishment of seedlings in the field

The objective of this work was to determine the importance of vigor during the initial establishment of the maize crop. The work was carried out using 8 lots of hybrid corn seed, in which four lots were characterized as high vigor and four lots characterized as low vigor. After obtaining the seeds, they were sown in the field to determine the association between vigor and seedling performance at 21 days after sowing. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with four replications. Seedling emergence was measured daily up to 21 days, and at the end of the period, the shoot length, root system length, total seedling length and their respective masses, root system volume and stem diameter were determined. Seed vigor was positively associated with all measured variables, except for root system length. All parameters evaluated were superior in the group of seeds characterized as having high vigor. It is concluded that the vigor of hybrid corn seeds is crucial for the higher speed and uniformity of emergence in the field, being essential to form seedlings with superior performance in field conditions.

Initial seedling development of Tectona grandis L. f. under different substrates and shading level

The management of nurseries poses a delicate task within a forest seedling production system, where quality is paramount for successful cultivation. Seedlings serve as the initiation point in the production process, exerting subsequent impacts on plant performance in the field. This study aimed to evaluate the production of Tectona grandis seedlings under varying shading levels and substrates. Six shading levels (0%, 18%, 35%, 50%, 70%, and 80%) and two substrates (Vivatto Slim Plus® and 50% Vivatto Slim Plus® + 50% sand) were stipulated. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of ten plants; each shading level was considered as one experiment. Seedling emergence, stem diameter, length of the largest root, height of aerial part, total length, fresh and dry biomass of aerial part and root systems, total dry biomass, and Dickson's quality index were evaluated. Direct exposure to sunlight negatively impacts the development of Tectona grandis seedlings, with 18% shading recommended. The commercial substrate Vivatto Slim Plus® proved suitable for the production of higher-quality seedlings.

Crescimento e atributos fisiológicos de mudas de mirtileiro inoculadas com fungos micorrízicosarbusculares

ABSTRACT: High-quality seedlings are one of the key factors in achieving high yield and precocity of blueberries. The inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance the development of seedlings in the nursery, ensuring more vigorous seedlings in a shorter time. This study evaluated the effect of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the development of ‘PowderBlue’blueberryseedlings. The treatments were arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, in which the first factor was the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Gigaspora rosea, Glomus clarum, G. rosea + G. clarum, and a control level without mycorrhizae, while the second factor consisted of usingindole-3-butyric acid(IBA) and a control level without IBA. Semi-hardwood cuttings were planted in pots containing sterilized soil and kept in a greenhouse for 660 days. The percentage of rooted cuttings, plant height, root system length, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass, peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities, SPAD index, mycorrhizal efficiency and dependence, number of spores, and soil basal respiration were evaluated. Plants inoculated with G. clarum without IBA and inoculated with G. rosea with IBA showed higher dry matter and SOD and POD enzyme activities, but the use of IBA had a negative effect on the fungus. The inoculation of blueberry cuttings with G. clarummay help seedlingdevelopment, thus improving biometric and biochemical parameters. Furthermore, the plant regulator IBAwas essential in establishing the symbiosis between blueberry and the AMF G. rosea.

Evaluation of the growth efficiency of some citrus rootstocks for spraying melatonin growth regulator under salt stress conditions

This research was conducted to determine the impact of spraying the increased regulator melatonin on the tolerance of some citrus roots to salt stress. The results showed that the Sour Orange root was significantly superior to the rest of the citrus rootstocks and recorded the highest increase in the rate (Height, diameter, quantity, and area of leaves for the plant), while the root Volkamer lemon was significantly the best by recording the highest rate of arid mass of the root system and plant life. Furthermore, irrigation with electrical connection water (1.7 sec.m-1) led to obtaining the highest values ​​for vegetative plant girth growth characteristics (plant girth, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of the vegetative and root system and root length). Moreover, treatment with the growth regulator melatonin at a concentration of (100 mg.L-1) showed the most significant percentage in the trait (plant height, diameter of the stem, number of leaves, size of the leaves, and dry weight of the vegetative both root system and root length). As well as the binary and triple interactions between these study factors led to a clear significant superiority in the studied traits compared to the comparison treatment, as the triple interaction treatment (Sour Orange root + melatonin at 100 mg. l-1 as the concentration+ salinity of irrigation water at a concentration of 1.7 decimens.m-1) was the most significant treatment by giving the highest increase in the rate of vegetative characteristics. Finally, the treatment (rootstocks Volkamer lemon + melatonin at 100 mg.l-1 as the concentration + salinity of irrigation water at a concentration of 1.7 dm. m-1) recorded the highest rate of length and weight of the root when it is a dry system. Keywords: melatonin; rootstocks; salinity

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION OF THUJA OCCIDENTALIS AND FEATURES OF ROOTED PLANT DEVELOPMENT

The article examines the study of the influence of growth stimulants on the formation and formation of the root system of decorative conifers. Namely, western thuja (Thuja occidentalis), and its forms: western thuja f. heather-like (Thuja occidentalis var. `ericoides`), western thuja f. globose (Thuja occidentalis var. `globosa'), western thuja f. golden globe (Thuja occidentalis var.`Golden Globe`). The highest percentage of rooting in thuja western f. heather-like, regardless of the method of processing the cuttings before planting for rooting. The lowest percentage of rooting is characterized by western thuja f. globose The use of root formation stimulators in general had a positive effect on the overall percentage of rooting of both thuja western and thuja western f. globose. Treatment of cuttings with Kornevin compared to the use of Heteroauxin provided lower indicators. As a result of the research, it was established that according to the indicators of rooting of cuttings, the length of the root system, the number of shoots formed, and the number of roots, thuja western f. heather-like surpasses other forms. The lowest percentage of rooting was noted in thuja western f. spherical according to all variants of the experiment. Also, studies have shown that the differences are reliable in the length of the root system, the diameter of the root neck, growth, the number of side shoots, and the number of roots that have formed. The use of rooting stimulants on cuttings of western thuja and its forms had a positive effect on rhizogenesis and, in general, the process of root system formation. Cuttings treated with rooting stimulants have a high survival rate and outperform the control in terms of root system length, the number of shoots formed, and the number of roots, and at the same time have reliable differences in biometric indicators. It should be noted that the level of rooting in the control testifies to the appropriate technological level of work and a significant variation in the ability to root in different types of western thuja.

Effect of Organic Fertilizer on Initial Lettuce Development

Aims: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the application of organic fertilizer in different concentrations under the initial development of lettuce plants.&#x0D; Study Design: The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 5 plants for each treatment.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The present work was carried out in the premises of the Escola Família Agrícola de Ladeirinhas 'A' - EFAL, located in the Municipality of Japoatã in the State of Sergipe, Brazil. Between September 2022 - December 2022.&#x0D; Methodology: Daily applications of organic fertilizer were performed in lettuce plants of Cv. Repolhuda, with a volume of 200 ml per plant, in the morning and afternoon, except for days with precipitation. To evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer, different concentrations 0% (control) were used. 5%, 10% and 20%. The following variables, fresh mass, number of leaves, plant height and root system length were analyzed.&#x0D; Results: The results obtained with the application of organic fertilizer, showed that the plants that were fertilizer showed better initial development of lettuce Repolhuda, when compared with plants that did not receive the application of fertilizer for most of the variables analyzed in this study, and the concentration of 20% presented the best result.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results obtained with the application of organic fertilizer, showed that the plants that were fertilized showed better initial development of lettuce.

Exploring the relationship between deep roots and shoot growth of wheat under different soil moisture: A large soil column experiment 1

The root system is the main organ for crops to absorb water. Crops adjust the growth of underground roots to obtain the most suitable growth state according to environmental changes. However, there is still a lack of research on how deep root systems affect crop growth. Therefore, this study designed a soil column experiment with a 3 m transparent glass tube depth. The soil moisture was controlled to be 50% (W1, water shortage), 70% (W2, suitable), and 90% (W3, surplus) of the maximum field capacity, respectively, and cut off the deep root system under 50 cm at the jointing stage of wheat. To explore the growth state of the deep root system under different soil moisture and its effects on the photosynthetic characteristics, growth characteristics, yield, and water use efficiency of wheat. The results showed that the W1 and W3 treatments increased the length of the deep root system at the heading stage of wheat by 15.5% and 1.3%, respectively, compared with the W2 treatment. The root system of W1 is distributed in deeper soil, while the root system of W3 is more distributed at 50–80 cm. After root cutting, the root system grows fastest under W3, followed by W1, indicating that crop root growth is affected by soil moisture and crop demand characteristics. Unlike the root response, aboveground growth, photosynthetic physiology, and canopy temperature of wheat increased with soil moisture, suggesting that below-ground and aboveground crop growth is not synergistic under soil moisture limitation. Cutting roots reduced wheat yield by 15.3% under W1. However, under W3 treatment, root cutting would reduce the short-term water consumption of wheat, but it would cause the regrowth of underground roots and increase the growth of aboveground parts, increasing the total water consumption of crops. While under W2, cutting the root can reduce the water consumption while maintaining the wheat yield. Therefore, maintaining appropriate soil moisture by adjusting irrigation strategies is an important measure to regulate the growth of wheat underground and above ground and ensure efficient production. At the same time, crops pay more attention to the function of deep root systems when water is scarce.

Genetic analysis of grapevine root system architecture and loci associated gene networks.

Own-rooted grapevines and grapevine rootstocks are vegetatively propagated from cuttings and have an adventitious root system. Unraveling the genetic underpinnings of the adventitious root system architecture (RSA) is important for improving own-rooted and grafted grapevine sustainability for a changing climate. Grapevine RSA genetic analysis was conducted in an Vitis sp. 'VRS-F2' population. Nine root morphology, three total root system morphology, and two biomass traits that contribute to root anchorage and water and nutrient uptake were phenotyped. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed using a high density integrated GBS and rhAmpSeq genetic map. Thirty-one QTL were detected for eleven of the RSA traits (surface area, root volume, total root length, fresh weight, number of tips, forks or links, longest root and average root diameter, link length, and link surface area) revealing many small effects. Several QTL were colocated on chromosomes 1, 9, 13, 18, and 19. QTL with identical peak positions on chromosomes 1 or 13 were enriched for AP2-EREBP, AS2, C2C2-CO, HMG, and MYB transcription factors, and QTL on chromosomes 9 or 13 were enriched for the ALFIN-LIKE transcription factor and regulation of autophagy pathways. QTL modeling for individual root traits identified eight models explaining 13.2 to 31.8% of the phenotypic variation. 'Seyval blanc' was the grandparent contributing to the allele models that included a greater surface area, total root length, and branching (number of forks and links) traits promoting a greater root density. In contrast, V. riparia 'Manitoba 37' contributed the allele for greater average branch length (link length) and diameter, promoting a less dense elongated root system with thicker roots. LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARY DOMAIN (LBD or AS2/LOB) and the PROTODERMAL FACTOR (PFD2 and ANL2) were identified as important candidate genes in the enriched pathways underlying the hotspots for grapevine adventitious RSA. The combined QTL hotspot and trait modeling identified transcription factors, cell cycle and circadian rhythm genes with a known role in root cell and epidermal layer differentiation, lateral root development and cortex thickness. These genes are candidates for tailoring grapevine root system texture, density and length in breeding programs.

Meloidogyne spp. in Eucalypts - Reproduction and Damage to Seedling Growth.

Eucalypts are cultivated worldwide, but little is known about their status as hosts of root-knot nematodes (RKN) (Meloidogyne spp.). Moreover, information is scarce regarding the nature of the damage caused by RKN to eucalypt seedlings and trees. To investigate these aspects, we separately inoculated Meloidogyne enterolobii, M. javanica and M. incognita in seedlings of the world's most cultivated eucalypts: Eucalyptus dunni, E. grandis, E. cloeziana, E. camaldulensis, E. saligna, Corymbia citriodora, and the hybrid E. grandis × E. urophylla. After six months of greenhouse cultivation, we assessed nematode reproduction and variables that expressed the seedlings' shoot and root growth. We observed a diverse pattern of host statuses to RKN among the eucalypts, and all three Meloidogyne species reduced (p < 0.05) the root system mass, volume and length of E. grandis, E. saligna and the hybrid E. grandis × E. urophylla. Our results reaffirm previous reports indicating that RKN can delay the growth of seedlings in nurseries, who should thus adopt appropriate sanitary measures to avoid RKN establishment and spread. Moreover, the damage caused by RKN to eucalypts after just six months of cultivation suggests that the growth of eucalypt trees may be affected over the course of several years of cultivation.

Proportions of sewage sludge in the production and quality of Malpighia emarginata DC. seedlings.

Sewage sludge (SS) has nutritional contents and has been implemented in the cultivation of seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of Malpighia emarginata DC. seedlings produced in different substrates with SS. Treatments were implemented with the addition of SS, and after 180 days seedling the characteristics were measured: aerial part and root system length, stem base diameter, number of leaves, fresh and dry mass of aerial part and root, and total biomass. The Dickson Quality Index (DQI) was calculated and the macro and micronutrient content of the aerial part and root. The accumulation of macronutrients in the root system followed the order of N>K>P>Ca>Mg>S, and aerial part of N>Ca>K>P>Mg>S, in the two vegetative structures N and S were in lower concentration. For micronutrients, the accumulation in the root system occurred with Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B, and aerial part with Fe>Mn>Zn>B>Cu. It was noted that in the two vegetative structures the Fe content was more concentrated. The use of SS in the substrate formulation proved effective in obtaining viable seedlings for field planting, being recommended the treatment with 60% SS + 40% organic compost.

Eficiência de uso de fósforo por genótipos de meloeiro

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of phosphorus use with melon genotypes cultivated in a hydroponic system. Ten melon genotypes were evaluated in solutions with and without phosphorus restriction. A randomized block design in a 10 × 2 factorial scheme was used, with five replicates. The following characteristics were evaluated: leaf number, stem diameter, main branch length, root system length, root system volume, chlorophyll, root and shoot phosphorus concentration ratio, total phosphorus, root and shoot dry matter ratio, total dry matter, and phosphorus use, acquisition, and internal utilization efficiencies. The existence of variability among genotypes was verified for all evaluated characteristics, except for chlorophyll. Genotypes A-16, A-29, A-50, A-52, and Trinity were classified as efficient and responsive in the phosphorus-restricted solution and are promising for breeding studies.

Root system architecture and environmental flux analysis in mature crops using 3D root mesocosms.

Current methods of root sampling typically only obtain small or incomplete sections of root systems and do not capture their true complexity. To facilitate the visualization and analysis of full-sized plant root systems in 3-dimensions, we developed customized mesocosm growth containers. While highly scalable, the design presented here uses an internal volume of 45 ft3 (1.27 m3), suitable for large crop and bioenergy grass root systems to grow largely unconstrained. Furthermore, they allow for the excavation and preservation of 3-dimensional root system architecture (RSA), and facilitate the collection of time-resolved subterranean environmental data. Sensor arrays monitoring matric potential, temperature and CO2 levels are buried in a grid formation at various depths to assess environmental fluxes at regular intervals. Methods of 3D data visualization of fluxes were developed to allow for comparison with root system architectural traits. Following harvest, the recovered root system can be digitally reconstructed in 3D through photogrammetry, which is an inexpensive method requiring only an appropriate studio space and a digital camera. We developed a pipeline to extract features from the 3D point clouds, or from derived skeletons that include point cloud voxel number as a proxy for biomass, total root system length, volume, depth, convex hull volume and solidity as a function of depth. Ground-truthing these features with biomass measurements from manually dissected root systems showed a high correlation. We evaluated switchgrass, maize, and sorghum root systems to highlight the capability for species wide comparisons. We focused on two switchgrass ecotypes, upland (VS16) and lowland (WBC3), in identical environments to demonstrate widely different root system architectures that may be indicative of core differences in their rhizoeconomic foraging strategies. Finally, we imposed a strong physiological water stress and manipulated the growth medium to demonstrate whole root system plasticity in response to environmental stimuli. Hence, these new "3D Root Mesocosms" and accompanying computational analysis provides a new paradigm for study of mature crop systems and the environmental fluxes that shape them.

Effect of citrus root stocks and melatonin spraying on some biochemical characteristics under salt stress conditions

This research was conducted determine the impact of spraying the increase regulator melatonin on the tolerance of some rootstock to salt stress. The results showed that Sour Orange root was significantly superior to the rest of the rootstocks, and recorded the highest increase in the rate (Height, diameter, quantity, and the area for leaves of plant), while the root Volkamer lemon was significantly the best by recording the highest rate of arid mass of the root system and plant life. Furthermore, irrigation with electrical connection water (1.7 ds.m-1) led to obtaining the highest values for vegetative plant girth growth characteristics (plant girth, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of the vegetative and root system and root length). Moreover, treatment with the growth regulator melatonin at a concentration of (100 mg.L-1) showed greatest percentage in the trait (plant height, diameter of the stem, number of leaves, size of the leaves, and dry weight of the vegetative both root system and root length). As well as, the binary and triple interactions between these study factors led to a clear significant superiority in the studied traits compared to the comparison treatment, as the triple interaction treatment (Sour Orange root + melatonin at 100 mg.l-1 as the concentration+ Irrigation of salinity water with concentration 1.7 ds.m-1) was the most significant treatment by giving the highest increase in the rate of vegetative characteristics. Finally, the treatment (rootstocks Volkamer lemon + melatonin at 100 mg.l-1 as the concentration + Irrigation of salinity water with concentration 1.7 dm. m-1) recorded the highest rate of length and weight of the root when it is dry system.

AVALIAÇÃO DO DESENVOLVIMENTO RADICULAR DA BRACHIARIA BRIZANTHA CULTIVAR MARANDÚ EM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE COMPACTAÇÃO

This experiment was carried out in a greenhouse from September 26, 2022 to November 1, 2022. The experiment was carried out in order to learn more about the influence of compacted soils on the development of the forage plant Brachiaria brizantha cultivar Marandú, by means of morphogenic evaluations, measuring its potential in the process of soil decompaction and variation in the productivity of Fresh Matter (MF) and Dry Matter (MS). The influence of compaction was measured according to evaluations of root system length, plant length, number of tillers and evaluations of root system and whole plant dry matter. The data obtained were evaluated and structured in a scatter plot with a trend line and R-squared, analyzing the Pearson correlation coefficient of each variable. The results obtained showed that compaction has a strong influence on all variables compared, while the greater the density of the soil, the lower the vegetative indices.

In vitro germination and controlled release fertilizer effects on ex vitro development of Eugenia uniflora L. plantlets

AbstractBackgroundEugenia uniflora L (Myrtaceae) is a native shrub from Brazil and is used in traditional medicine and also in the food industry to produce different types of juices, jellies, ice cream, and can also be consumed unprocessed. This species is propagated by seeds, which have irregular germination leading to low producer orchards affecting its economic viability for large‐scale production and the quality of seedlings. Thus, the main goal of this study was to evaluate different in vitro germination conditions and the effects of substrate and fertilizer on ex vitro plantlets development.ResultsSeeds germinated in MS0 under light had the highest speed germination index (1.63). The highest root system length was observed in seeds cultivated in MS + 1 μmol GA3 in the presence of light (12.85 cm). Plantlets developed under MS + 1 μmol GA3 in the presence of light, showed the highest dry weight mass (29.7 mg). The three‐way ANOVA indicated that the type of fertilizer, culture medium, and light conditions separately showed significant effects on shoot length (p &lt; 0.0001, 0.0278, and 0.036 respectively), root collar diameter (p &lt; 0.0001, 0.0428, and 0.0165, respectively) and also for the fresh and dry weight of the shoot, just by the type of fertilizer (p &lt; 0.0001) and culture medium (p &lt; 0.05) used.ConclusionIt was concluded that MS0 under light is the most suitable condition for Brazilian cherry germination and commercial substrate plus the controlled release NPK 15‐9‐12 fertilizer provides better plant growth.

Impact Of Inoculation by Native Endomycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Tetraclinis Articulata on Plant Growth and Mycorrhizal Diversity in the Forest Nursery

In Morocco, Tetraclinis articulata is one of the species of great socio-economic value. Improving the resistance and survival of thuya to sometimes extreme environmental conditions is a concern of managers. For this, the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can promote the good growth of this species. We aim to study the effect of a native endomycorrhizal inoculum on the growth of T. articulata plants under nursery conditions. Our results showed that after eighteen months of inoculation, there was a significant effect on the growth of the mycorrhizal plants as compared to the non-mycorrhizal plants. Concerning the root fresh weight (8.58 g), the root system length (34 cm), the collar diameter (5.44 mm), and the number of branches (27) of the mycorrhizal plants are higher than those observed in the non-mycorrhizal plants, 7.67 g, 30 cm, 4.13 mm, and 24, respectively. However, the results of the height and the fresh weight of the shoot part of the non-mycorrhizal plant are superior to those observed in the mycorrhizal plants. The number of spores formed in the rhizosphere of plants inoculated was 135/100 g of soil. And they were represented by 29 endomycorrhizal species belonging to ten different genera: Glomus (6 species), Acaulospora (8 species), Rhizophagus (3 species), Diversispora (1 species), Funneliformis (3 species), Septoglomus (2 species), Scutellospora (2 species), Claroideoglomus (1 species), Entrophospora (1 species) and Gigaspora (2 species). Diversispora versiformis is the most abundant species; its frequency of occurrence reached 30%. The results of this inoculation study highlight the importance of native endomycorrhizal fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of Aderj in increasing the root system and improving the growth of T. articulata plants.

Physiological and morphological response of tomato plants to nano-chitosan used against bio-stress induced by root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV)

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) have been reported to be responsible for large economic losses of agricultural crops due to their wide host range and variety of suitable climates. The control measures of these parasitic nematodes depend upon synthetic nematicides and a small number bio-based products. Chemical nematicides are eliciting adverse effects on the environment and human health. In the present study, an alternative tool, nano-chitosan was tested for the control the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, and Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV) in greenhouse-cultivated tomato. The effect of nano-chitosan on morphological (weight and length of shoot and root systems) and biochemical responses (Polyphenol oxidase, Peroxides, Total soluble phenol and Total protein) was assessed. The obtained results indicated that densities of Meloidogyne incognita alone or in the presence of TMV were decreased by nano-chitosan at a range of 45.89 to 66.61%, while root gall desntiy was reduced between 10.63 and 67.87%. Moreover, the density of TMV on tomato leaves singly or in the presence of M. incognita was suppressed at range of 10.26 to 65.00% after 20 days of infection, and reached up to 58.00% after 40 days of infection. However, soil application of nano-chitosan pre infection reduced TMV density only by 5.48%. Morphogenesis of tomato plants such as shoot and root systems were significantly improved. The impacts of nano-Chitosan applications on total soluble phenol, total protein, polyphenol oxidase and peroxides after 20 and 40 days of infections varied.

Time of permanence and rooting quality of minicuttings of eucalypt clones

Establishing the optimal time for rooting permanence and evaluation of the rooting quality of eucalypt clones allows us to optimise the production process and increase the quality of the seedlings produced. This study aimed to determine the optimal time for rooting permanence and the rooting quality of three eucalypt clones. Minicuttings from the clones AEC 0144, GG100 and VM01 were propagated in a greenhouse and evaluated for six weeks. The percentages of callus- rooted, rooted and live minicuttings, the number of roots, root system length, and root dry mass were evaluated. The selected clones differed in the speed and rate of rooting, reflecting differences in the optimal time in the rooting house for the minicuttings. Clone VM01 presented the lowest rate and speed of rooting. We conclude that optimisation of the rooting process can be achieved using logistic model fitting and noting the intercept between the daily current increment and daily average increment curves of the rooting percentage, since the other variables are dependendent on this.