Length Of Pistil Research Articles

Caracterización fenotípica en flores de Cacao (Theobroma cacao l.) en 40 híbridos experimentales en la finca experimental La Represa

Pollination is one of the most decisive practices in cocoa cultivation; therefore, to determine the self-compatibility and evaluate the morphology of the flower, it was carried out in the experimental farm "La Represa", Quevedo, Ecuador. For this purpose, a completely randomized DCA design was used, with forty treatments, considering treatments the cocoa hybrids used, with three repetitions. Tukey's multiple range test (P≤0.05) was applied to determine the differences between the means. Manual pollination tests were performed to determine the percentage of fertilization with fifteen flowers per treatment, whose pollination rate stood out in the T26 and T38 treatments with 100% self-compatibility, followed by T15 and T35 with 80% anti-incompatibility. Variables such as the length and width of sepal and petal, peduncle length, length of staminoid and pistil, and the weight of the flower were also recorded where different hybrids stood out, such as T1 and T11 for sepal length and width with 2.70 and 8.20 mm respectively. In the height and width of the petal, the T10 and T26 treatments stood out with 2.50 mm. In the size of the peduncle, I highlight the T20 with 1.81 mm and T6 with 6.20 mm for the length of the staminoid. The length of the pistil, the T10, obtained the highest index at 2.50 mm. However, the weight of the flower highlighted the T13 and T20 treatments, registering the highest average with 0.065 g, concerning the other hybrids studied. Keywords: Autocompatibility, cocoa , hybrids , pollination ; flowers .

Microchiritaminor (Gesneriaceae), a new species from north-western Vietnam.

Microchiritaminor (Gesneriaceae), a new species from the limestone area in Son La Province, north-western Vietnam, is described here. The new species resembles M.hamosa, but it differs by the combination of corolla tube shape, stamens number and the length of pistil. Detailed morphological description, together with photographic plates, information on phenology, distribution, ecology and preliminary conservation status of the new species are presented.

Forestiera veracruzana (Oleaceae), a new species from the riparian forests of central Veracruz, Mexico

The new species Forestiera veracruzana is described and illustrated. This newly described plant is part of the tree and shrub strata of riparian forests in the lowlands and hills of the Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco. Forestiera veracruzana is morphologically similar to F. corollata, and F. isabeliae by the presence of petals, and possibly to F. rhamnifolia, which also grow in similar environments, but it can be readily distinguished from these by its polygamodioecious condition, the length of peduncle, and the length and shape of pistil at anthesis.

Seed set in inter specific crosses of male sterile Mentha spicata with Mentha longifolia

Mentha is one of the most important genera of the Lamiaceae with a wide geographical distribution and considerable commercial importance. The general aim of this work was to group 34 accessions from four species of mint using ISSR molecular markers to select some accessions to estimate the potential cross-ability of mints valuable in breeding and phytochemical research. The reproductive characteristics including the type of flower, petal color, sepal and petal lengths, length of stamen and pistil as well as the number of free and living pollen grains in the anther were also studied to find out cross-ability patterns and the possible reproductive barriers. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) among and within species showed more intra-specific variation (92.24%) in comparison with inter-species variation (7.76%). Results of cluster analysis based on ISSR data grouped the mint genotypes into five clusters. By this, the greatest genetic similarity was found between Ms12 from M. spicata and Ml29 from M. longifolia. The genotype Ms12 along with Ms22, the other genotype from M. spicata, were found to be male sterile due to stopped stamen development. These two had higher combining ability (seed set) when used as the female parent in intra-specific crosses and when crossed with M. longifolia compared to the other genotypes in diallel crosses. The highest number of hybrid seeds was obtained where Ml29 was crossed as the male parent with male sterile Ms12 as the female one. This high success rate of seed set in interspecific crosses between M. spicata and M. longifolia could be related to their genomic similarity confirmed by ISSR molecular data. Therefore, producing hybrid seeds and subsequent generations from crosses between these species, utilizing male sterility mechanism, can be a source of new genetic variation for mint.

Morphology, anatomy and karyology of endangered Turkish endemic Physoptychis haussknechtii Bornm. (Brassicaceae) from Central Anatolia

Abstract In this study, the morphology, anatomy, pollen morphology, leaf and seed micromorphology and karyology of the Turkish endangered endemic Physoptychis haussknechtii were investigated in detail for the first time. The species was studied in terms of detailed morphology. Basal leaves are narrowly spatulate and cauline leaves are linear to oblanceolate; both leaves are covered with flattened stalked five-armed trichomes. Raceme length was found to be up to 6 cm and 9 cm in the flowering and fruiting stages, respectively. Sepals are linear-oblong, rarely elliptic with obtuse to subacute apex. Petals are spatulate with emarginate apex. Some morphological characteristics such as dimensions of cauline leaves and ovary and length of pistil were measured for the first time. In an anatomical study, root, stem, basal leaf and cauline leaf were examined. The anatomical results showed that the plants have secondary growth in roots, primary growth in stems, amphistomatic and equifacial basal and cauline leaves with anisocytic stomata. Pollen grains are radial symmetrical, isopolar and tricolpate. The ratio of polar axis to equatorial diameter is 1.16, and pollen shape is subprolate. Exine sculpturing is reticulate under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Seeds are obovatesuborbicular, compressed and pale brown. The chromosome number of P. haussknechtii was defined to be 2n=16. The karyotype formula of P. haussknechtii consists of five metacentric chromosome pairs and three submetacentric chromosome pairs.

Floral biology in Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata: A comparative structural and functional characterization

Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, belonging to the olive complex, is largely distributed in Asia and Africa. In this research, reproductive structures were studied at both structural and functional levels in Asian and African cuspidata accessions with the aim to broaden the knowledge about the floral biology of this subspecies. Morpho-structural observations showed that the cuspidata flower is very similar to the europaea one. Nevertheless, some biometric parameters (length of pollen, pistil, ovule, and embryo sac) significantly differed between the two subspecies. Furthermore, numerous and interesting differences were observed between Asian and African cuspidata accessions for the morphology of stigma papillate cells, degree of secondary cell wall thickenings of the endothecial cells, persistence of the tapetum, ovule and embryo sac length. At functional level, main differences were in the synchrony/asynchrony of the microsporogenesis, percentage of male meiotic abnormalities and sterile pollen, development of ovules. The influence of the growth environment on these features is discussed.

Quantitative trait loci analysis of morphological traits in Citrus

The objectives of this study were to understand the genetic basis of morphological variation observed in the genus Citrus and its relatives and to identify genomic regions associated with certain morphological traits using genetic linkage mapping and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analysis with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. First, a genetic linkage map was constructed with RAPD markers obtained by screening 98 progeny plants from a {Citrus grandis × [C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata]} × {[(C. paradisi × P. trifoliata) × C. reticulata] × [(C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata) × C. sinensis]} intergeneric cross. The map contains 69 RAPD markers distributed into nine linkage groups. Then, 17 different morphological traits, including six tree and two leaf characters of 98 progeny plants and six floral and three fruit characters of about half of the same progeny plants were evaluated for 2 years and statistically analyzed for variation. Statistical analysis of individual traits indicated that trunk diameter and growth, tree height, canopy width, tree vigor and growth, leaf length and width, petal and anther numbers, petal length and width, length of pistil and style, fruit length and diameter, and fruit segment number showed normal or close to normal distribution, suggesting that these traits may be inherited quantitatively. Quantitative data from the morphological traits were analyzed to detect markers and putative QTLs associated with these traits using interval mapping method. QTL analysis revealed 18 putative QTLs of LOD > 3.0 associated with 13 of the morphological traits analyzed. The putative QTLs were distributed in several different linkage groups, and QTLs associated with similar traits were mostly mapped to the same LG or similar locations in the linkage group, indicating that the same genomic region is involved in the inheritance of some of the morphological traits.

Pollen–pistil interaction, pistil histology and seed production in A×B grain sorghum crosses under chilling field temperatures

SUMMARYSix pairs of isogenic lines of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) were sown in field plots in Montecillo, State of México (2240 m altitude), in 2005 and 2006. Crosses A (♀)×B (♂) were done in each pair. In A-lines, the length of pistil, stigma, style and ovary, as well as the ovary width, were measured. In B-lines, pollen diameter, viability (cytoplasm density) and production were evaluated. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth in the pistils of the A-lines, were quantified in vivo with aniline blue and epifluorescence 18 h after pollination (HAP), while fertilized pistils were counted at 96 HAP. Histological studies on both pollinated and non-pollinated pistils were performed in one male-sterile line. Seed yield, mean-seed weight, seeds per panicle and seed set (SS; seeds/flower/panicle) were determined at harvest. Pollen viability was the variable most related to pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Stigma receptivity was not associated with its morphology. Growth of the pollen tube in stigma, style and ovary was observed in the transmitting tissue 18 HAP, running parallel to the vascular tissue. Yield under chilling field temperatures (minimum average of 6 and 8°C) prevailing during flower development and pollination ranged from 7 to 12 g/panicle. The differences in seed production and SS among A×B crosses did not depend on the amount and viability of pollen.

Long term investigations of flowers and leaves on mainly non-domestica plums

The author dealt with plum species representing different eco-geographic areas by their genetic adaptation and their hybrids, as European (P. domestica, P. italica, P. cerasifera), Asian (P. salicina, P. simonii, P. ussuriensis), American (P. americana, P. besseyi, P. munsoniana, P. tomentosa). The rootstocks of the trees examined were seedlings of C. 679 myrobalan with the exception of Laroda and Santa Rosa II, which were grown on three different stocks: seedlings of C. 174 myrobalan, C. 449 bitter almond and C. 471 sweet almond. The size of peduncle, length of pistil, stamen number per flower, relative stamen number (SN/PL) have been suitable for description and distinction of varieties. Similarly shape of leaves, length of petiole, length and width of blade helped the identification.
 The ratio of the dimensions of leaves, length of petiole and of leaf blade, also contributed to the distinction of European, Asian and American plum species, notwithstanding their relations with ecological conditions as well as historical, technical properties, pomological features, etc. Computed indicators (relative stamen number and shape-index of leaves) also have been useful data.
 Significant correlations have been found between colour of nectaries and mean values of variety-groups. The potential values of non-European varieties for purposes of commercial production could be forecasted from the point of view of quality, ecological, pomological as well as market value. It is important, however, to know the effect of the rootstock and growing site as well as their interaction, on the one hand, whereas the resistance or tolerance of the varieties as limiting factors, at least to the sharka (Plum pox) virus, Xanthomonas pruni, on the other hand (cf. Surányi & Erdős, 2004a and 2004b).

FLORAL CHARACTERISTICS IN Gossypium hirsutum AND G.barbadense COTTON

Flower characters viz... length of ovary, style, stigma and pistil, number of ovules and anthers and diameter of pollen in Gossypium hirsutum and G.barbadense cotton were studied. The range of variability was found to be more for pollen diameter in G.hirsutum and for number of anthers in G.barbadense while it was low for length of ovary in both the species. The length of ovary and length of stigma were more or less same in both the species. The value for length of style, length of pistil, number of anthers and pollen diameter were greater in G.barbadense than in G.hirsutum. Numbers of ovules were more in G.hirsutum cotton.

THE DEGREE OF THE PUBESCENT AT PISTIL OF THE VARIOUS APRICOT CULTIVARS, CLONES AND HYBRIDS

Considering the variation of apricot cultivars, clones and hybrids of 39 apricots the significance differences in the length of pistil, then part of the pistil length without pubescents, distribution, density and length of pubescents at ovary and style were studied. It was shown by F-test and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test that the investigated parameters of pistil can be used as one of the methods for determination of apricot cultivars, clones and hybrids.

In vitro pollen embryogenesis in Nicotiana tabacum L. and its relation to pollen sterility, sex balance, and floral induction of the pollen donor plants

Pollen sterility, sex balance, and floral induction of the pollen donor plants were tested for a possible relation to embryogenesis from in vitro cultured tobacco pollen (Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Badischer Burley). The pollen grains destined to become embryos in culture (P-grains) were sterile for the donor plants as judged by their staining reaction with acetocarmine and fluorescin-diacetate, and by an in vitro germination test. They were produced in high frequency in flowers which exhibited a shift in sex balance towards femaleness. Sex balance could be measured by the relative length of pistil to stamens. High P-grain frequency, high pollen sterility, and a shift in sex balance towards femaleness could be induced by raising the donor plants under short days and/or low temperature (18-15° C) as compared to long days at 24° C. Short days and/or low temperature also reinforced floral induction, revealing that the tobacco variety Badischer Burley is a quantitative short day and low temperature plant and that the variety follows the rule that conditions of strong floral induction shift sex balance towards femaleness. At 12° C and short days, contabescent flowers were formed with completely sterile anthers containing a few and mostly collapsed P-grains. Based on these results, it is now possible to predict conditions by which haploids via pollen embryogenesis might be produced in high frequency from low-yielding and recalcitrant species.

Identification and Classification of the Green Tea Varieties by the Morphological Characters of Flower Organs

The flower organs of tea plants show a very wide variation. Accordingly, the morphological characters of the flower organs had been investigated and the variance components of years, varieties and sampled flowers were estimated for the purpose of identification of tea varieties. As a result, a new method of the expression of types of flower organs has been proposed.Characters of pistil showed the distinct variation among the varieties. Large variances among years were also observed in flower size, length of pistil (b+c), and length of un-splitting part of style (a).Heritabilities in broad sense were estimated to be 0.460 in flower size, 0.342 in number of petals, 0.044 in number of style arms, and 0.846 in splitting degree of style arm, respectively.Three characters of pistil having not only large variances among varieties but small ones among years were used in the classification of 48 green tea varieties. Each character was coded as follows:First, the capital letter (L, M or S ; long, equal or short) indicates the relative length of pistil to stamens. Secondly, the small letter (s, m or d ; shallow, medium or deep) expresses the splitting degree of style arm (a/(b+c)) and lastly the dush (, ' or empty ; distinct, obscure or no) which is set at the second letter's shoulder denotes the constriction of style arm. For instance, Yabukita, Okumidori and Yutakamidori could be coded as Sd, Lm and Lm', respectively.By this method, the three groups of varieties which have been sometimes confused could be clearly discriminated, respectively. Therefore, the flower type coding by using the three pistil characters was confirmed to be very effective for identification of the tea varieties.

Development of the Rice Panicle : I. Characteristics of the growth of spikelets at different positions on panicle

This study was undertaken to elucidate the growth process of young panicle of rice. The growth of each spikelet was investigated in relation to the positional differences and was compared with that treated with thinning and top-dressing at the end of spikelet differentiation stage (16 days before heading). Three spikelet positions, the upper (T-1), the middle (M-2) and the lower (B-2'), were selected for this experiment (Fig. 1a, b). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. In controls, the length of lemma, empty glumes and the width of spikelet at maturation decreased on lower position. But there was little differences in the length of anther and pistil, and the diameter of pollen among the spikelets at different positions on panicle (Fig. 2, Table 3 and 4). 2. The growth of each spikelet proceeded succesively from the upper to the lower position on panicle (Fig. 3). 3. Interrelationships of the growth of each spikelet organ were almost the same in all spikelets on panicle. Lemma, anther and pistil in a spikelet began to grow simultaneously. Marked growth occurred in lemma from 16 to 8 days before flowering, in anther and pistil from 16 to 3 or 2 days before flowering, and in the width of spikelet from 16 to 6 days before flowering (Fig. 4). 4. Regardless of spikelet position on panicle, meiosis of pollen was found to occur in the anther of the same length. However, the lemma length at meiotic stage in the upper spikelet was different from that in the lower one. Meiosis of the upper spikelet occurred when it was smaller than the lower spikelet (Fig. 2 a, c). 5. When the nutritive conditions were improved by thinning and top-dressing, the length of panicle, the number of spikelet, the length of primary branches and the diameter of rachis increased. The increase of the spikelet number was due to the decrease of degenerative spikelets (Table 1 and 2). 6. The lemma length of middle and lower spikelets, the length of empty glumes and pistil of all spikelcts, were increased by the treatment. The anther length and the pollen diameter in all spikelets were not increased and the growth period of anther in the lower spikelet was shortened by the treatment. The growth of the upper spikelet was not promoted by the treatment (Fig. 5, Table 3 and 4). Thus, the spikelet organs, which seemed to be differentiated in various manner from the apex, showed the different responses to the treatment. From these results, it is assumed that the positional differences in the spikelet growth were not only dependent upon the distribution of translocated substances but also upon the physiological specificity of each organ of the spikelet.

Differential Response of Stylar Elongation in Tomatoes to Soil Moisture Levels1

Abstract Abnormal elongation of styles of tomato flowers in hot dry weather has been observed by some workers (5, 6, 7). This has been found to cause poor pollination and reduction in fruit set. The exposed stigmas may also dry up in hot dry weather resulting in failure of fertilization and blossom drop (57). Tomato styles were also observed to elongate abnormally under conditions of low soil moisture (5). A differential response of style elongation to length of photoperiod for 2 greenhouse tomato varieties was observed by Burk (1). Howlett (2) reported that the maximum length of pistil in relation to the stamens was obtained when the plants were growing during a period of relativelv short day, under light of low intensity, and with an abundance of readily available nitrogen. The author has found no reports on the differential response of style elongation of tomato varieties grown under different soil moisture levels.

Differential Response of Stylar Elongation in Tomatoes to Soil Moisture Levels1

Abstract Abnormal elongation of styles of tomato flowers in hot dry weather has been observed by some workers (5, 6, 7). This has been found to cause poor pollination and reduction in fruit set. The exposed stigmas may also dry up in hot dry weather resulting in failure of fertilization and blossom drop (57). Tomato styles were also observed to elongate abnormally under conditions of low soil moisture (5). A differential response of style elongation to length of photoperiod for 2 greenhouse tomato varieties was observed by Burk (1). Howlett (2) reported that the maximum length of pistil in relation to the stamens was obtained when the plants were growing during a period of relativelv short day, under light of low intensity, and with an abundance of readily available nitrogen. The author has found no reports on the differential response of style elongation of tomato varieties grown under different soil moisture levels.

Factors influencing seed-setting in alfalfa

This paper reports the results of a study of pollination and fertilisation in alfalfa. The experimental material consisted of plants of the Grimm variety and certain high seed-setting selections which are normally self-fertilised.The high seed-setting types do not differ from the low seed-setting types with respect to the stage of anther dehiscence, amount and distribution of the pollen, or relative length of pistil and anthers. Anther dehiscence in both types regularly begins in the pointed bud stage and pollination is completed at the erect standard stage.Pod-setting is shown to depend upon flower tripping. Tripped flowers set a high proportion of pods, while untripped flowers invariably wilt and drop.