Line Length Research Articles

Mathematical support for dosing systems of dry bulk materials of medicines used in clinical and hematological syndromes

The quality of medicines required in modern conditions determines the high requirements for the composition of each component of bulk materials and the strict implementation of the recipe of the final product with the required accuracy. A prerequisite for the products is the operational reliability of the equipment with an increase in the level of automation and ensuring the safety of production and comfortable working conditions of personnel. The preparation of medicines poses the task of organizing the production process with fewer pieces of equipment, a shorter length of transport lines and, accordingly, a reduction in energy consumption. The article presents the relevance of the study and classification of medicines. The principle of operation of a screw weighing dispenser for the pharmaceutical industry as a control object is described. A mathematical model of a screw device for dosing bulk materials of the pharmaceutical industry has been developed.

An extended impedance‐based fault location algorithm in power distribution system with distributed generation using synchrophasors

AbstractAccurately locating power distribution faults reduces the total outage duration and provides better system reliability. Fault location using the traditional impedance‐based method may be very challenging in an active distribution system. However, taking into consideration the ease of implementation and cost effectiveness, a novel impedance‐based method is proposed to locate the fault by using the highly accurate time‐synchronized voltage and current phasors obtained from distribution phasor measurement units. The synchrophasor measurements obtained from the substation and various feeder segments are used in a two‐step algorithm based on the apparent impedance calculation to locate the exact source of the event. The algorithm uses phasor estimates to first identify the faulted feeder sub‐region and later uses measurements from a remote end device to eliminate pseudo‐faulted points to obtain the actual fault location. The effectiveness of the proposed method is realized using IEEE 34 bus system. Based on different fault types simulated at various parts of the system, the algorithm accurately estimates fault location in the range of ±1% of the line length. The proposed method is effective in locating faults for any type of network and topologies, with as many or as few (minimum 2) phasor measurement units in the system.

Retracted: Optimisation of Working Line Length during the Period of Gently Inclined Slope in Tilted Coal Seam Open-Pit Mine

Retracted: Optimisation of Working Line Length during the Period of Gently Inclined Slope in Tilted Coal Seam Open-Pit Mine

Deciphering the genetic architecture of plant height and main shoot length in backcross introgression lines of Sinapis alba + Brassica juncea allohexaploids

Deciphering the genetic architecture of plant height and main shoot length in backcross introgression lines of Sinapis alba + Brassica juncea allohexaploids

Critical pressure versus mechanical criteria for the analytical modeling of wetting on multiscale surfaces

HypothesisIn order to better understand the outstanding wetting behaviors of many vegetal surfaces, it is necessary to properly carry out an analytical modeling of mixed-state wetting on real and multiscale surfaces. The energetical approach is limited with regards to its ability to describe the dynamics of the impregnation of surface asperities and therefore, a mechanical or a critical pressure approach can be more suitable. Nevertheless, as yet they have not been applied on natural surfaces with a sufficiently accurate description of the latter and have only yielded qualitative results. ExperimentsThe theoretical basis underlying both the mechanical and the critical pressure approaches to capillary phenomena is thoroughly derived and discussed. Critical pressure criteria that are applicable to real multiscale surfaces are introduced and applied to the case of the sacred Lotus, accounting for its nanoscale topography. FindingsEffective anchorage depths, solid-liquid contact areas and triple line lengths are calculated. Results quantitatively show that the presence of a nanoscale topography leads to a more superficial mixed-state wetting and increases the maximal overpressure sustainable by the menisci in a composite-wetting state. It is also demonstrated that the surface asperities of Nelumbo nucifera leaves have evolved to withstand severe raindrop impacts without being over-sized. Eventually, we show that the mechanical approach is flawed. Therefore, we strongly advocate using critical pressure criteria when designing multiscale water-repellent surfaces, for which we suggest design guidelines.

Complexity of Vocal Vibrato in Opera and Jazz Recordings: Insights From Entropy and Recurrence Analyses

Vibrato is an oscillation in frequency, intensity, and timbre of the singing voice. Previous studies have found a relationship between its periodicity and perceived quality. The diversity of vibrato enriches the music and singer's performances but create challenges for quantifying and capturing the characteristics that contribute to achieving these expressive goals. Vibrato tones have been addressed using rate, extent, jitter, and shimmer; however, these do not necessarily capture relevant complex time-varying features. This paper applies techniques from disciplines that specialize in periodicity and complexity to provide insight into vibrato characteristics not yet understood. This study aimed to assess whether nonlinear metrics are relevant features in characterizing and illustrating differences in vibrato behavior in opera and jazz singing, as well as considering the relationship of nonlinear metrics to other vibrato parameters. Vibrato tones from published music material of world-class singers from opera and jazz were analyzed with entropy, recurrence, and the established parameters of rate, extent, jitter, and shimmer. Dimensionality reduction was employed to consider the relationship and significance of each of the metrics in collectively characterizing vibrato. The principal component, explaining 40% of variability, had positive weights of determinism and line length derived from recurrence while having negative weights of rate, shimmer, and sample entropy. Using these components, the vibrato tones from opera compared to jazz singing were found to be more regular and had lower rate and extent, and it was possible to spotlight singers and notes with high periodicity. Our study shows that nonlinear metrics applied to vibrato tones provide a valuable tool for observing and quantifying regularity in vibrato tones. The results of this study highlight the potential for more detailed descriptions of vibrato characteristics that may support categorization of individuals, genres, or musical expression in the future and could be applicable to pedagogical techniques.

Modeling of Stainless Steel Bending Force on CNC Press Brake

Bending processing is one of the most common plastic deformation processing procedures. It is widely represented in the metal processing industry. In this paper, sheet metal bending on a CNC press with a tool that has two basic parts is analysed: the lower-die and the upper-punch. The sheet metal material is stainless steel, which is one of the most commonly used materials. During the bending process on presses, one of the main challenges is the experimental determination of the bending force. The methodology used in this work is based on the experimental stochastic method, that is, design of experiment. A rotatable plan for three input parameters: material thickness, bending angle and bending line length, are varied at five levels. The output parameter is precisely the bending force. No special devices are needed to measure the bending force as an output parameter, because the bending force is measured and registered on the CNC press via the control panel. After the experiment, using the experimental design matrix, the coefficients of an adequate nonlinear mathematical model were determined. Such a mathematical model is suitable for analysis and optimization of the bending force.

Comprehensive optimization framework for transmission expansion planning with fractional frequency transmission system

AbstractThe Fractional Frequency Transmission System (FFTS) operates with low frequency to decrease the electrical length of AC transmission lines, consequently enhancing transmission capacity. The integration of renewable energy sources via FFTS will significantly impact power system planning. This paper presents a Fractional Frequency Transmission Expansion Planning (FF‐TEP) model, which considers the interaction between FFTS and the industrial‐frequency power grid. This model addresses the challenges posed by the integration of offshore wind power through FFTS, and takes several key factors into account, including the active power coupling of Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter (M3C), inverter capacity, and converter transformer capacity. To address the non‐convexity caused by AC power flow, this paper introduces a Genetic‐Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (G‐PSO) with dynamic penalties tailored to the M3C structure. This approach incorporates both crossover and mutation operators from Genetic Algorithms (GA) into Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The penalty function dynamically adapts according to the M3C structure, resulting in improved global optimization while maintaining computational efficiency. The results of two case studies demonstrate that FFTS can significantly enhance transmission capacity while reducing cable charging power. This reduces investment costs and decreases voltage offset issues.

Model-Driven Multibeam Line Measurement System Design

Multibeam bathymetric system is a complex combination of multi-sensor system. The multibeam bathymetric system is mainly used in the measurement of water depth of waterways, and the scientific layout of the survey line can improve the measurement efficiency, and at the same time, truly and perfectly reflect the topography of the waterway. This paper establishes a mathematical model of coverage width and overlap rate between adjacent strips for multibeam bathymetry, and calculates the parameters such as water depth, coverage width and overlap rate between adjacent strips at the center point of different survey lines. Firstly, a single slope multibeam line model was established to calculate the coverage width and the overlap rate between adjacent strips of the multibeam bathymetric system, taking into account the influence of the slope of a single slope. Then, considering the influence of the angle between the direction of the survey line and the projection of the normal direction of the seafloor slope on the horizontal plane, a mathematical model of multibeam bathymetry with variable survey line direction is established by downscaling the geometrical relationship in the three-dimensional space to the two-dimensional plane. Again, based on the principle of line design, all the lines with overlap rate between 10% and 20% are comprehensively screened, and the enumeration method is adopted to find out the optimal lines under each group of conditions. Finally, a three-dimensional seabed model is constructed based on the actual sea depth data, and the optimal measurement direction and spacing of the survey lines are determined based on the real seabed topographic features, which achieves the goal of minimizing the length of the survey lines, and at the same time, ensures that the survey lines can cover the entire sea area to be surveyed, and the iterative method is used to search for the final direction of the survey lines and find the optimal solution.

Correlated spectral and recurrence variations of Cygnus X-1

ABSTRACT We present results of recurrence analysis of the black hole X-ray binary Cygnus X-1 using combined observations from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer All-sky Monitor and the Japanese Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image aboard the International Space Station. From the time-dependent windowed recurrence plot (RP), we compute 10 recurrence quantities that describe the dynamical behaviour of the source and compare them to the spectral state at each point in time. We identify epochs of state changes corresponding to transitions into highly deterministic or highly stochastic dynamical regimes and their correlation to specific spectral states. We compare k-Nearest Neighbors and Random Forest models for various sizes of the time-dependent RP. The spectral state in Cygnus X-1 can be predicted with greater than 95 per cent accuracy for both types of models explored across a range of RP sizes based solely on the recurrence properties. The primary features from the RP that distinguish between spectral states are the determinism, Shannon entropy, and average line length, all of which are systematically higher in the hard state compared to the soft state. Our results suggest that the hard and soft states of Cygnus X-1 exhibit distinct dynamical variability and the time domain alone can be used for spectral state classification.

Characteristics of atomic removal and mechanism of damage formation in vibration-assisted nano cutting of copper-nickel alloy

Vibration-assisted machining technology can effectively improve the quality and efficiency of nano cutting, but the characteristics of atomic removal and the mechanism of damage formation have not been systematically studied. In this paper, copper-nickel alloy material is taken as an example. The characteristics of vibration-assisted nano cutting and the plastic deformation behavior of materials were revealed by molecular dynamics simulation. The simulation results show that vibration-assisted nano cutting reduces tangential force, lateral force, and total force, strengthens the anisotropy of atomic motion, and causes greater displacement and removal of Cu/Ni atoms. The intermittent contact is beneficial for the elastic recovery of workpiece atoms, releasing internal stress and atomic strain, reducing the depth of damage and the length of dislocation lines. The difference in surface/subsurface damage to the workpiece is relatively small with an amplitude of 1 Å. With amplitudes of 3 Å and 5 Å, and as the frequency increases, the complete lattice structure is destroyed, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of FCC structural atoms and RDF peak. However, an appropriate increase in frequency can increase the removal of Cu/Ni atoms, improve the topological structure, and reduce RMS. The HCP and BCC structural atoms affect the generation of dislocation lines, with an amplitude of 3 Å and a frequency of 7.5 GHz, achieving the minimum damage depth and dislocation line length. Excessive amplitude of 10 Å results in irreversibly severe damage to the surface/sub-surface of the workpiece. This study will provide a new approach for optimizing vibration-assisted nano-cutting technology and achieving low-damage nano cutting of alloy materials.

Phononic-Crystal-Based SAW Magnetic-Field Sensors.

In this theoretical study, we explore the enhancement of sensing capabilities in surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based magnetic field sensors through the integration of engineered phononic crystals (PnCs). We particularly focus on amplifying the interaction between the SAW and magnetostrictive materials within the PnC structure. Through comprehensive simulations, we demonstrate the synchronization between the SAWs generated by IDTs and the resonant modes of PnCs, thereby leading to an enhancement in sensitivity. Furthermore, we investigate the ΔE effect, highlighting the sensor's responsiveness to changes in external magnetic fields, and quantify its magnetic sensitivity through observable changes in the SAW phase velocity leading to phase shifts at the end of the delay line. Notably, our approach yields a magnetic field sensitivity of approximately S~138 °mT for a delay line length of only 77 µm in homogeneous magnetic fields. Our findings underline the potential of PnCs to advance magnetic field sensing. This research offers insights into the integration of engineered materials for improved sensor performance, paving the way for more effective and accurate magnetic field detection solutions.

Integrated nonlinearity calibration optical-electrical engine for FMCW LiDAR application.

We demonstrate an integrated optical-electrical calibration module for improving the nonlinearity of the optical source for frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) LiDAR applications. The linearity of the light source has a considerable influence on FMCW LiDAR range performance, and calibration is typically necessary. However, a majority of existing calibration techniques are based on separate devices, resulting in high cost and limited integration. Our module is made up of a silicon photonic chip with a long optical delay line, a tunable phase shifter, two balanced photodetectors, and some passive components. For this module, we also built the aided amplification and voltage bias circuits. After packaging this module, we used it with our nonlinearity calibration algorithm to analyze the laser's relative nonlinearity. After nonlinearity calibration, the laser relative nonlinearity 1-r2 could be improved to 10-6∼10-7. In the future, the calibration result of nonlinearity could be enhanced further by increasing the length of the on-chip optical delay line.

Typification of Projects for Development of High-Speed Rail

The emerging demand for improving consumer parameters of rail passenger transport leads to the need to build a dedicated railway infrastructure for passenger trains with speeds exceeding in some sections 250 km/h. The high capital intensity of dedicated infrastructure development projects imposes significant restrictions on their scope and financial feasibility. The geographically determined location of urban agglomerations in European and Asian countries has led to formation of many approaches to the routing of lines for high-speed passenger transportation.The projects for development of dedicated high-speed railways being developed in various countries differ in their technical, technological, and operational characteristics. The use of different approaches has led to different efficiency of the passenger traffic, expressed in the demand of passengers for transportation.A structural analysis of existing high-speed transportation projects allowed revealing general patterns of their development. By the number of operational tasks arising with regard to movement of trains, the phases of traffic development were divided into linear, tree­like and network stages. Thus, when moving from the linear structure of a high-speed rail, an additional problem arises of trains passing from the main track to the secondary one. The transition to the network stage can result in emergence of parallel passages rail tracks between urban agglomerations.To generalise the experience of operating high-speed systems in the world, the article describes the developed method that allows comparing different projects for organising high-speed rail with each other. The comparison is made according to the main characteristics of traffic: travel time between separation points, the traffic speed, the total length of the railway line. Identification of the patterns inherent in various projects for development of high-speed rail will make it possible to compare their technological parameters, to identify the scope of rational use of high-speed lines and areas of competition with other core types of transport.

MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH SEX IN THE KEEL-BILLED TOUCAN RAMPHASTOS SULFURATUS

Sexing monomorphic birds is essential for reproduction in conservation programs. In ramphastids (toucans) species, males have longer beaks than females, making beak morphometry potentially useful for sexing. In this study, we measured the following traits: curved beak length, total culmen length, straight beak length, curved and straight length of the ventral line of the gnathotheca, beak width, lateral area of the rhinotheca, and cloacal opening in 44 Keel-billed Toucans, as well as previously reported morphometric data from 17 additional individuals. Measurements were obtained using two methods (manual and image processing software), and the reliability between the two methods was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Individuals of unknown sex were sexed via PCR tests. The ICC showed poor reliability between the two measurement methods, so we only used manual measurements for comparisons between the sexes. We used GLMMs to determine whether the morphometric traits we measured could be used to determine sex in keel-billed toucans. In addition, we evaluated GLMMs to determine which morphometric trait was the strongest predictor of sex in this species. Beak length was longer in adult males than in females. The GLMMs indicated that beak traits associated with sex in this species are beak curved length, beak straight length, straight length of the ventral line of the gnathotheca, and total culmen length. The straight length of the ventral line of the gnathotheca was the strongest predictor of sex in the Keel-billed Toucan. Unlike previous research, the development of GLMMs allows us to determine the probability of a toucan’s sex based on continuous variables, facilitating sexing and allowing us to evaluate the reliability of the estimation of the sexing of each toucan. This method is an alternative for situations where other sexing methodologies cannot be performed.

Investigation on the Energy-Absorbing Properties of Bionic Spider Web Structure.

In recent years, spider webs have received significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties, including strength, toughness, elasticity, and robustness. Among these spider webs, the orb web is a prevalent type. An orb web's main framework consists of radial and spiral threads, with elastic and sticky threads used to capture prey. This paper proposes a bionic orb web model to investigate the energy-absorbing properties of a bionic spider web structure. The model considers structural parameters such as radial line length, radial line cross-sectional diameter, number of spiral lines, spiral spacing, and spiral cross-sectional diameter. These parameters are evaluated to assess the energy absorption capability of the bionic spider web structure. Simulation results reveal that the impact of the radial line length and spiral cross-sectional diameter on the energy absorption of the spider web is more significant compared to the radial line cross-sectional diameter, the number of spiral lines, and spiral spacing. Specifically, within a radial line length range of 60-80 mm, the total absorbed energy of a spider web is inversely proportional to the radial line length of the web. Moreover, the number of spiral lines and spiral spacing of the spider web, when within the range of 6-10 turns and 4-5.5 mm, respectively, are proportional to the total energy absorbed. A regression equation is derived to predict the optimal combination of structural parameters for maximum energy absorption. The optimal parameters are determined as follows: radial line length of 63.48 mm, radial line cross-sectional diameter of 0.46 mm, ten spiral lines, spiral spacing of 5.39 mm, and spiral cross-sectional diameter of 0.48 mm.

Practical Considerations for Laser-Induced Graphene Pressure Sensors Used in Marine Applications.

Small, low-power, and inexpensive marine depth sensors are of interest for a myriad of applications from maritime security to environmental monitoring. Recently, laser-induced graphene (LIG) piezoresistive pressure sensors have been proposed given their rapid fabrication and large dynamic range. In this work, the practicality of LIG integration into fieldable deep ocean (1 km) depth sensors in bulk is explored. Initially, a design of experiments (DOEs) approach evaluated laser engraver fabrication parameters such as line length, line width, laser speed, and laser power on resultant resistances of LIG traces. Next, uniaxial compression and thermal testing at relevant ocean pressures up to 10.3 MPa and temperatures between 0 and 25 °C evaluated the piezoresistive response of replicate sensors and determined the individual characterization of each, which is necessary. Additionally, bare LIG sensors showed larger resistance changes with temperature (ΔR ≈ 30 kΩ) than pressure (ΔR ≈ 1-15 kΩ), indicating that conformal coatings are required to both thermally insulate and electrically isolate traces from surrounding seawater. Sensors encapsulated with two dip-coated layers of 5 wt% polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone and submerged in water baths from 0 to 25 °C showed significant thermal dampening (ΔR ≈ 0.3 kΩ), indicating a path forward for the continued development of LIG/PDMS composite structures. This work presents both the promises and limitations of LIG piezoresistive depth sensors and recommends further research to validate this platform for global deployment.

A Line Length Independent, Pseudo-Transmission Permittivity Sensor Basing on Dielectric Waveguides

This contribution introduces a novel, dielectric waveguide based, permittivity sensor. Next to the fundamental hybrid mode theory, which predicts exceptional wave propagation behavior, a design concept is presented that realizes a pseudo-transmission measurement approach for attenuating feed-side reflections. Furthermore, a transmission line length independent signal processing is introduced, which fosters the robustness and applicability of the sensor concept. Simulation and measurement results that prove the sensor concept and validate the high measurement accuracy, are presented and discussed in detail.

Modeling and Optimization of Parallel Disassembly Line Balancing Problem With Parallel Workstations

To reasonably arrange disassembly facilities and plan enterprise space, we propose a parallel disassembly line balancing problem (PW-PDLBP) with parallel workstations. Additionally, a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model that minimizes the line length, number of workstations, idle time balancing index, and energy consumption is established based on the problem characteristics and is solved using the GUROBI optimizer. Furthermore, a multi-objective enhanced differential evolution algorithm (MEDE) is developed to obtain high-quality disassembly schemes for PW-PDLBP. The correctness of encoding and decoding and the solving performance of MEDE are verified by comparing with the MINLP model and four existing algorithms. Then, an instance consisting of two different types of end-of-life TVs is optimized. Finally, the effectiveness of PW-PDLBP in improving enterprise space utilization is validated by comparing it with the parallel line layout without parallel workstations.

The influence of varus and valgus deviation on the contact area of patellofemoral joint in healthy knees

ObjectVarus-valgus lower alignment is a risk factor for patellofemoral osteoarthritis, but malalignment alone affect not only the tibiofemoral joint but also the patellofemoral joint. The aim of the present study was to analyse the contact area of patellofemoral joint in varus alignment and valgus alignment of healthy subjects using magnetic resonance imaging.MethodsTwenty-six healthy subjects with valgus lower limb alignment (Group I, n = 26) and twenty-six volunteers with varus lower limb alignment (Group II, n = 26) was performed. An MRI scan was used to capture and measure the patellofemoral joint articular cartilage contact area at different degrees of knee flexion (20°, 40°,60°) in passive movement. All subjects were categorized on the basis of the global limb alignment and mechanical alignment of the femur and tibia. Varus alignment is hip–knee–ankle angle ≥ 3°; and valgus alignment is hip–knee–ankle angle ≥ − 3°. To obtain medial facet contact area and lateral facet contact area for each slice, the length of each respective line of contact was multiplied by the 5 mm slice thickness.ResultsThe overall joint contact area increased from 168.0 ± 20.5 mm2 at 20° knee flexion to 334.4 ± 30.5 mm2 at 60° knee flexion in group (I) The overall joint contact area increased from 178.0 ± 18.9 mm2 at 20° knee flexion to 328.9 ± 27.2 mm2 at 60° knee flexion in group (II) There was a significant difference in lateral facet contact area between group I and group II at 40° of knee flexion. There was significantly different in medial facet contact area between group I and group II at 20° and 40° of knee flexion.ConclusionsThroughout the knee movement, the contact area on the lateral facet of the patellofemoral joint was greater in the valgus group. In the early phase of knee flexion, the contact area of the medial patellofemoral joint was larger in the varus group. Lower alignment is an important factor in patellofemoral joint degeneration.