Length Of Lamella Research Articles

A RETROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CRIBRIFORM LATERAL LAMELLA LENGTH AND ANGLE IN COMPARISON WITH KEROS CLASSIFICATION

Introduction: The depth of anterior cranial fossa was described by Keros in the year 1962. It is used for traumatic risk assessment during endoscopic surgery involving anterior skull base by ENT Surgeons. The purpose of this study is to measure the length of the lateral lamella, the angle formed by the lateral lamella and the horizontal plane passing through the cribriform plate on CT PNS and to correlate it with Keros Classication. Material and Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out by review of CT-Scan of Paranasal sinus of patients above 18 years from November 2019 to October 2021. The lateral lamella (LL) length, the angle formed by the lateral lamella and the horizontal plane passing through the cribriform plate and the depth of the olfactory fossa was measured by viewing the DICOM images of the CT scan. Results: A total of 102 CT Scan of Paranasal sinuses of patients were assessed. The length of lateral lamella was greater in males compared to females. There were no signicant differences in the lateral lamella length between each side. The most common type of angle was Class II (88.7%), followed by Class III (6.9 %) and Class I (4.4%). When the depth of the cribriform fossa was assessed by Keros classication, type I (63.7%) was the commonest presentation followed by Keros type II (36.3%). A strong correlation was found between types of Keros and lateral lamella length (Pearson coefcient = 0.679), which was found to be statistically signicant [p-value - 0.0005]. In this study, we noted that there were gender and sidewise variations on Keros classication. Conclusion: Lateral lamella length and angle formed by the lateral lamella and the horizontal plane passing through the cribriform plate is as important as the depth of olfactory fossa. An acute angle increases the risk of injury to skull base during endoscopic sinus surgery.

CMOS enhanced the mucosal immune function of skin and gill of goldfish (Carassius auratus Linnaeus) to improve the resistance to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection

Methodsof supporting mucosal immune barrier integrity and prevention of some pathogenic infections in aquatic species, are key areas of active study, often focusing on feed additives. The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of feeding cMOS (concentrated mannan oligosaccharide) on the gill and skin mucosal barriers of goldfish (Carassius auratus Linnaeus) and evaluate health status during Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection. After feeding the cMOS-containing diet for 60 days, Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed greater length of gill lamella and thicker dermal dense layer, while Alcian Blue and Periodic acid–Schiff (AB-PAS) staining showed higher numbers of mucin cells in cMOS fed fish. Chemical analysis showed that fish fed cMOS had greater enzyme activity of lysozyme (LZM) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in gill and skin tissues, while qRT-PCR revealed higher expression of Muc-2 and IL-1β, as well as lower expression of IL-10. After Ichthyophthirius multifiliis challenge, goldfish fed the cMOS diet had lower mortality and infection rates, as well as fewer visible white spots on the body surfaces. Histologically, the gill and skin of these fish presented less tissue damage and fewer parasites, and had a greater number of mucus cells. In addition, the expression of Muc-2 and IL-10 were notably higher while the expression of IL-1β was significantly lower in cMOS fed goldfish than control fed fish. In this study, cMOS fed goldfish had stronger immune barrier function of skin and gill mucous, and better survival following Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection.

Ethmoid roof morphometric measurements of a pediatric population using computed tomography.

To reveal the anatomical relationships of the ethmoid roof on CT in pediatric case group. We measured the depth of olfactory fossa (DOF), the width of olfactory fossa (WOF), the angle between lateral lamella and cribriform plate (LLCPA), the width of the olfactory cleft (WOC), the length of lateral lamella (LLL), orbital roof fovea to ethmoidal distance (ORFED) and orbital roof to cribriform plate distance (ORCPD) and we determined Keros and LLCPA types from paranasal sinus CT of subjects under 16years of age retrospectively. The incidence of Keros type I was higher in females and Keros Type II in males. The ORCPD, DOF and LLL values were found to be higher in 13-16years age group and WOF and LLCPA in 4-6years age group. The prevalence of Keros type II was higher in the 13-16 age group, and Keros type I was higher in other age groups. LLCPA type A was the most frequent in all age groups and in both sexes. There was a positive correlation between age and ORCPD, DOF, LLL, and a negative correlation with ORFED, WOF, LLCPA. Olfactory fossa width and depth had a negative correlation. LLCPA had a positive correlation with WOF and a negative correlation with DOF. There was a positive correlation between LLCPA and LLL. DOF and LLL had a positive correlation too. Paranasal sinus CT provides useful information about frontal skull base anatomic relations before sinus surgery in pediatric cases.

The Importance of Cribriform-Lamella Angle in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery.

The aim of this study is to evaluate cribriform-lamella (CL) angle and length of lateral lamella (LL) on CT scan and to correlate CL angle with LL length and Keros classification. Retrospective study analyzing 500 CT scans of PNS was performed at a tertiary care hospital. The CT scan anatomy of anterior cranial base was evaluated for Keros, CL angle and LL length. The relationship between these measurements was studied. Keros type I (75.2%) was the commonest finding in our study. Males have increased depth of olfactory fossa but there were no differences between the sides. Type A angle of CL (66.1%) was the commonest with females having an increased CL angle as compared to males. The LL length was 3.6mm (± 0.8). There were no significant difference between sex/side of LL. Keros was found to be strongly correlated with the LL length whereas it has mild negative correlation with CL angle. There was no correlation between CL angle and LL length. Keros classification is the commonest criteria used to assess the risk of injury to anterior cranial base. However, we have found that the CL angle has an important role to play in the angulation/slope/level of anterior cranial base during endoscopic sinus surgery. CL angle needs to be considered as an important factor during endoscopic sinus surgery.

Estimation of the ethmoid roof depth and length of lateral lamella of the cribriform plate, upper attachment of the uncinate process and anterior ethmoid artery in multiplanar reconstructions of Computed Tomography.

All CT examinations were performed using the 320-detector Aquilion ONE CT Scanner (Canon Medical Systems, Otawara, Japan). Axial, coronal,sagittal reconstructions were performed by using dedicated workstation software (Vitrea Enterprice Siute, Version 6.7; Vital Images, Minnetonka USA). The Statistica 13 software was used for the analysis, results were considered statistically significant at the level of p<0,05. The most frequent types of Uncinate Process according to Landsberg- Friedman criteria in group of mens are: type I-30,77%,type II-30,77%, type III-26,92%, type VI-7,69%, type V-3,85%, type IV-0% respectively. In women's group: type III-44,12%,type II-32,35%, type I-8,82%,type V-8,82%, type IV-5,88%, type VI-0%. The median LLCP length in the anterior-posterior dimension measures 13 mm i. e. Yenigun type II on the both sides. The median value of depth in the superior-inferior dimension of the LLCP in the ethmoid roof is 5 mm i.e. Keros type II on both sides. The mean distance between Anterior Ethmoid Artery and Upper Attachment of the Uncinate Process measures approximately 9,73 mm and 9,16 mm on the right and left side respectively. The assessment of the AEA, UAUP and configuration of the anterior skull base on CT multiplanar reconstructions contribute to optimazing the results of frontal sinus surgery.

Study of Length of Lateral Lamella of the Cribriform Plate

Study of Length of Lateral Lamella of the Cribriform Plate

Anatomical variations of anterior ethmoidal artery at the ethmoidal roof and anterior skull base in Asians.

The variations of the anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) in different populations should be recognized by surgeons to prevent unwarranted complications during surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the anatomical variations of AEA in Asian population. A cross-sectional study of 252 AEA identified by computed tomography (CT) of the paranasal sinuses. The multiplanar CT images were acquired from SOMATOM® Definition AS+ and reconstructed to axial, coronal and sagittal view at 1mm slice thickness. 42.5% of AEA was within skull base (grade I), 20.2% at skull base (grade II) and 37.3% coursed freely below skull base (grade III). The prevalence of supraorbital ethmoid cell (SOEC) and suprabullar cell (SBC) was 29.8% and 48.0%. The position of AEA at skull base has significant association with SOEC (p < 0.001), but not with SBC (p = 0.268). Type I Keros was 42.1% and Type 11 Keros was 57.9%. When lateral lamella's height is longer, the probability increases for AEA to course freely within the ethmoid sinus (p = 0.016). The mean distance of AEA from skull base was 1.93 ± 2.03mm, orbital floor 21.91 ± 2.47mm and nasal floor 49.01 ± 3.53mm. The position of AEA at skull base depends on the presence of SOEC and length of lateral lamella, but not with SBC. When compared to European population, the mean distance between AEA and nasal floor is shorter in Asians.

Relationship between Height of Ethmoid Skull Base and Length of Lateral Lamella by Sectional Coronal Computed Tomography Scan before Endoscopic Sinus Surgery.

Background:Damage to ethmoid skull base (ESB) and lateral lamella (LL) during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) causes penetration into the brain. This study is aimed to determine the relationship between the height of ESB and length of LL by sectional coronal computed tomography (CT) scans before ESS.Materials and Methods:In a cross-sectional study, 100 patients admitted to ENT clinic of Al-Zahra Hospital, filled the consents regarding the use of CT scan stereotype. Each stereotype was evaluated and using the software on two sides the height of ESB and the length of LL were measured, investigated and recorded. Next, the maximum and minimum height and length in the two sides was measured, and its mean calculated. Then, the relationship between the length of LL and the height of ESB was investigated.Results:There was a direct correlation, with the rate of 0.25 between the length of right LL and height of right ESB that was significant according to Pearson test (P = 0.013). Also, the rate of correlation between the left LL and height of left ESB was 0.15 that was not significant according to Pearson test (P = 0.15).Conclusion:Based on this study there was a direct correlation between height of the right ESB and the length of LL, but this correlation is very low, about 0.25 and even this correlation was lower in the case of left, about 0.15, which both of them are not significant. This may be due to other affecting factors, such as length, slope and angle of fovea ethmoidallis from the horizontal line.

Histopathological effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on the gill and intestine of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles

ABSTRACTIn current research, the combined effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on the histopathological anomalies of gill and intestine tissues in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were studied. Common carp were exposed to TiO2 NPs (10.0 mg L−1), CuO NPs (2.5 and 5.0 mg L−1), and mixture of TiO2 NPs (10.0 mg L−1) + CuO NPs (2.5 and 5.0 mg L−1) for two periods of exposure (10 and 20 days) and recovery (30 and 40 days). The most common histopathological anomalies in the gill of common carp such as hyperplasia, oedema, curvature, fusion, aneurism, and necrosis were observed. The synergistic effect of co-existing TiO2 NPs and CuO NPs reduced the length of secondary lamella and increased the diameters of the gill filaments and secondary lamellae. Moreover, the presence of TiO2 NPs increased the CuO NPs effects on the histopathological anomalies of intestine tissue and the synergistic effect of TiO2 NPs and CuO mixture leads to an increase in the severity of histopathological lesions such as degeneration, swelling of goblet cells, and necrosis - erosion in the intestine tissue. In conclusion, the presence of TiO2 NPs increased the toxicity of CuO NPs.

Temperature Dependence of Lamellar Thickness in Isothermally Crystallized Poly(butylene terephthalate)

In order to clarify the crystallization from the melt in poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), the heating processes of isothermally crystallized PBT have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and small-angle X-ray scattering. Both the melting temperature and the crystallization temperature dependences of the lamellar thickness show two distinct regions separated by 208 °C, which indicate two equilibrium transition temperatures, 270 and 335 °C. On the basis of the proposed crystallization model, it is interpreted that the crystallization proceeds through the mesophase below 208 °C and directly from the melt above 208 °C. The experimental results also show the constant excess length of lamella over the experimental temperature range.

Histopathological biomarkers in juvenile silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to a sublethal lead concentration

The aim of this study was to determine the 96-h lethal concentration (96-h LC50) of lead (Pb) in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, and to determine histopathological biomarkers in fish exposed for 96-h to a sublethal concentration at 25% of the LC50. The 96-h LC50 was 108mgl−1. In gills, the length and thickness of lamella and thickness of the filament epithelium were significantly higher in fish exposed to Pb for 48-h than in control fish whereas the interlamellar distance decreased. In the liver, the area occupied by lipid droplets and size of hepatocytes showed significantly higher values after 24-h of exposure. The percentage of abnormal renal tubules was higher in fish exposed to Pb, exhibiting a time-dependent increase. These variations in histopathological biomarkers permit the definition of the overall response of R. quelen to Pb and the potential usefulness in the monitoring of Pb contamination.

Computed tomographic Assessment of Lateral Lamella of Cribiform Plate and Comparison of Depth of Olfactory Fossa

Endoscopic sinus surgery is an upcoming branch in rhinological practice but with some major risks since it has to play around the skull base area. Lateral lamella of cribriform plate is the thinnest area of the skull base. Thus this study is undertaken to evaluate the height of lateral lamella of cribriform plate and the depth of olfactory fossae by the help of computed tomographic images. Computed tomographic study of 50 patients was done in Advanced Imaging and Diagnostic center, Kathmandu Medical College. Coronal sections at the centre of infra-orbital foramina were taken as reference slide. The height of cribriform plate point was subtracted from the height of medial ethmoidal roof point to measure the length of lateral lamella of cribriform plates on both sides. The median height of LLCP in 100 slides was 2.8 mm. LLCP height was 0 to 3.9 mm in 86 slides, 4 to 7 mm in 12 slides and greater than 7mm in 2 slides. The LLCP length was greater in right side in 28 (56%) patients and was greater in left side in 19 (38%) patients. It was equal in both sides in only three patients (6%). As regards the length of LLCP; 0 to 3.9 mm length was most common. The olfactory fossa depth was more in the right side compared to the left side. Thus, right side is more vulnerable to injury during surgery. Thus adequate caution has to be exercised by the rhinological surgeon during endoscopic sinus surgery.