Length Of Breastfeeding Research Articles

Impact of different obstetric interventions and types of delivery on breastfeeding: a nationwide cross-sectional survey of Hungarian women

BackgroundWe assessed the effect of different obstetric interventions and types of delivery on breastfeeding.MethodsA quantitative, cross-sectional study was carried out using an online questionnaire. Data collection was performed in 2021 in Hungary. We included biological mothers who had raised their at least 5-year-old child(ren) at home (N = 2,008). The questionnaire was completed anonymously and voluntarily. In addition to sociodemographic data (age, residence, marital status, education, occupation, income status, number of biological children, and anthropometric questions about the child and the mother), we asked about the interventions used during childbirth, and the different ways of infant feeding used. Statistical analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel 365 and SPSS 25.0. Descriptive statistics, two-sample t tests, χ2 tests and ANOVA were used to analyse the relationship or differences between the variables (p < 0,05).ResultsWe found that in deliveries where synthetic oxytocin was used for both induction and acceleration, there was a higher incidence of emergency cesarean section. However, the occurrence of vaginal deliveries was significantly higher in cases where oxytocin administration was solely for the purpose of accelerating labour (p < 0.001).Mothers who received synthetic oxytocin also received analgesics (p < 0.001). Women giving birth naturally who used oxytocin had a lower success of breastfeeding their newborn in the delivery room (p < 0.001). Children of mothers who received obstetric analgesia had a higher rate of complementary formula feeding (p < 0.001). Newborns born naturally had a higher rate of breastfeeding in the delivery room (p < 0.001) and less formula feeding in the hospital (p < 0.001). Infants who were breastfed in the delivery room were breastfed for longer periods (p < 0.001). Exclusive breastfeeding up to six months was longer for infants born naturally (p = 0.005), but there was no difference in the length of breastfeeding (p = 0.081).ConclusionsObstetric interventions may increase the need for further interventions and have a negative impact on early or successful breastfeeding.Trial registrationNot relevant.

Unconditional Cash and Breastfeeding, Child Care, and Maternal Employment among Families with Young Children Residing in Poverty.

Poverty interferes with parents' breastfeeding, child-care, and employment options and ability to meet their parenting goals. This study-the first randomized controlled trial of early childhood poverty reduction in the United States-investigates how increased economic resources affect 1,000 low-income US mothers' breastfeeding, child-care, and employment practices and the ability to meet their intentions for these practices in the first year of their infant's life. The likelihood and length of breastfeeding, use of nonparental child care, and maternal employment did not statistically differ among mothers who received a high ($333) or low ($20) monthly unconditional cash gift. The higher monthly cash gift, however, delayed the starting age of child care by almost 1 month and increased mothers' ability to meet their breastfeeding intentions reported at birth.

Association of food consumption patterns and nutritional status of children under 5 years from rural households in Northern regions, Namibia

BackgroundMany developing countries, Namibia included, have a high prevalence of malnutrition among children, especially in rural subsistence farming areas where inadequate food supply is common. Poor diets in children under 5 years may result in negative health impacts. This study determined the association of food consumption patterns and nutritional status of children under 5 years from rural households in Oshana and Oshikoto regions in Namibia.MethodEmploying a cross-sectional descriptive design, 377 children under 5 years participated in this study using purposive sampling. Validated dietary diversity and food frequency questionnaires were used to obtain information on demographic characteristics, commonly consumed food per week, and meal frequencies for the recruited children. Anthropometric measurements were obtained to assess nutritional status of children using Emergency Nutrition Assessment (ENA) software. Descriptive and inferential statistics were computed using the IBM® SPSS® Statistics (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 27.ResultsStaple foods, mostly grains, roots and tubers, along with flesh foods, legumes and nuts were commonly consumed. Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables were solely consumed in Oshana region (10.7%) and not in Oshikoto. Oshana exhibited a lower dietary diversity score (4±1 SD) compared to Oshikoto (5±1 SD). The prevalence of adequate feeding practices varied, with Oshana having 38.8% meeting minimum milk feeding frequency (MMFF), 55.6% minimum dietary diversity (MDD), 69.8% minimum meal frequency (MMF), and 27% minimum acceptable diet (MAD). In Oshikoto, these figures were lower at 2%, 7%, 32%, and 0.5%, respectively. Stunting, underweight, wasting, and overweight were also documented, with slight differences between the two regions. The study did not find association between nutritional status and MMFF, MDD and MAD. However, significant associations were found between specific food types, amount of food, breastfeeding length, MMF and malnutrition indicators in both regions (p<0.05).ConclusionMost study participants consumed locally available staple foods. Stunting, underweight, and wasting were prevalent among children in the two regions which were significantly associated to the amount of food consumed, MMF and/ some food types. Improving food environments and eliminating access barriers to diversified diets can mitigate high prevalence of malnutrition among rural children.

Partners with a Highly Favorable Attitude Toward Breastfeeding Contribute to Promoting Initiation and Length of Breastfeeding for More than 5 Months in a Population-Based Canadian Study.

Introduction: Promoting maternal breastfeeding for at least 6 months is important to improve children physical health during infancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood. For this guideline to be followed, it is paramount to identify what factors best support the initiation and length of breastfeeding. This study estimates the contribution of various child- and parent-level factors, as well as the sociodemographic context in predicting maternal breastfeeding initiation and duration. Methods: This study draws on data from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. Mothers who never breastfed when the infant was 5 months old (n = 630, 28.3%) were compared to mothers who breastfed for less than 5 months (n = 844, 38.0%) and mothers breastfeeding for more than 5 months (n = 749, 33.7%), using multivariable multinomial regression models. Results: Mothers with a partner showing a positive attitude toward breastfeeding were up to 13 times more likely to breastfeed their infant for more than 5 months. The positive attitude of partners toward breastfeeding was the strongest predictor of breastfeeding duration, followed by the maternal educational attainment and timing she returns to work. Most prenatal and perinatal child-level factors and the sociodemographic context predicted breastfeeding duration, but to a lesser extent. Discussion: This finding underscores the role of the partner's attitude in promoting initiation and length of breastfeeding. As such, educational campaigns and health practitioners could target both the mother and their partner in promoting breastfeeding.

Factors associated with the length of breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic: a survival study.

To investigate the repercussions of COVID-19 on the length of breastfeeding and analyze the associated factors in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. This is an epidemiological, prospective cohort study. Data were collected from medical records and through telephone interviews. Women who weaned were estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The log-rank test was used to verify differences between groups, analyzing weaning time, according to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. The values of hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Cox regression analysis. A total of 1,729 women participated in the study. During the COVID-19 pandemic, brown women and women undergoing cesarean section were more likely to stop breastfeeding. The birth route and mothers' ethnic characteristics were associated with early weaning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such findings are important to guide the assistance of the multidisciplinary team, especially nursing, during the post-pandemic period and in future epidemiological scenarios.

Relationship between bone mineral density and body compositions, strength, type of sport competition, vitamin D and birth-related factors in elite Polish track and field athletes: a cross-sectional study

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the forearm bone mineral density (BMD) in Elite Competitive Track and Field Athletes. Somatic, body composition, hand grip strength birth variables, and blood vitamin D levels were also analyzed. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the participants were 30 elite Polish athletes. Somatic measurements, body composition by kinanthropometry, and bioelectrical impedance were taken. Forearm bone parameters were measured by densitometry in two points distal (dis) and proximal (prox). Measurement of hand grip strength (HGS) on a dynamometer was performed. Birth-related factors such as birth weight and length of breastfeeding were collected by direct interview. Vitamin D concentration was assessed by blood test. Results: Low BMD was not observed in the distal part of the forearm. Significantly more frequent low BMD prox were found in endurance athletes (EA) group compared to throwing athletes group (TA) (χ2=10.8; P = .001; Φ= .6). Inadequate vitamin D levels were significantly higher in the EA group compared to TA (χ2=10.8; P = .001; Φ= .6). The main parameters affecting BMD dis and BMC prox of men athletes were HGS (kg) and type of sports competition (Rˆ2 adj= .93; .89). BMC dis was affected by the type of sports competition (Rˆ2 adj= .83). There was also a significant relationship between the T-score prox and the HGS (Rˆ2 adj= .98). In the case of women, the main parameters affecting BMD prox were menarche age and body composition (Rˆ2 adj= .93). The BMC prox was affected by the age of the menarche (Rˆ2 adj= .73). Conclusions: In conclusion, the present study found that the highest BMD of the forearm bones was characterized by men and women athletes training in athletic throws relative to running sports. Screening assessment of bone mineral status should be included in sports diagnostics.

Specific Determinants of Stunting Toddlers in Lampung Province: Spatial Data Analysis

The prevalence of stunting still varies between districts, even though it shows a decreasing trend nationally. Variations in the correlation of specific determinants are characteristic of each region that must be considered when designing stunting control strategies, considering the significant future impacts. The study aims to identify specific determinants of stunting among toddlers between districts in Lampung Province. With an ecological design, the study uses aggregate data from the Indonesian Nutrition Status Study Report 2022 and Welfare Statistics of Lampung Province 2022. The analysis was carried out in stages with the Moran's Index and Local Moran's Index (LISA), using ArcMap and GeoDa software. Based on the analysis results, there are three districts with stunting prevalence above the national average and ten districts above the provincial average. Comparison year over year (YoY) shows that the two districts have increased from low to high or very high. We also found six variables specifically correlated with the prevalence of stunting: access to safe drinking water and sanitation, poverty, birth attendant, age at pregnancy, and length of breastfeeding. Increasing and improving specific determinants is an essential step in designing control strategies.

Hubungan Antara Usia Balita, Pemberian ASI dan Daerah Tempat Tinggal dengan Kejadian Diare pada Balita di Indonesia

Diarrhea is a condition of defecation with a watery consistency and a frequency of more than three times per day. The prevalence of diarrhea among toddlers in Indonesia reached 11% based on the 2018 Riskesdas data. Diarrhea can be caused by several factors, including internal and external factors. Internal factors that contribute to diarrhea include the age of the toddler and breastfeeding practices. External factors that can cause diarrhea stem from environmental factors including socioeconomic factors. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the age of toddlers, breastfeeding practices, and geographical location with the incidence of diarrhea among toddlers in Indonesia. This study was a secondary data with a cross sectional design. The study sample consist of the entire population of women of reproductive age (WRA) who toddlers within the last five years prior to the 2017 IDHS, amounting to 17,848 respondents. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the age of toddlers (p=0.042), breastfeeding practices (p=0.000), and geographical location (p 0.000) with the incidence of diarrhea among toddlers in Indonesia. The frequency of diarrhea incidence among toddlers born within the last five years prior tothe 2017 IDHS was 14.2%. Based on the child factor, the percentage of diarrhea incidence in children under five years old is most prevalent in the 12-59 month old group (14.5%). The incidence of diarrhea in children under five is also influenced by the length of breastfeeding, the length of breastfeeding in children under five for 6-24 months (15.1%) and rural residence (15.4%).The occurrence of diarrhea among toddlers is also influenced by the duration of breastfeeding, particularly breastfeeding for 6-24 months (15.1%). In conclusion, the age of toddlers, breastfeeding practices, and geographical location have a significant relationship with the incidence of diarrhea among toddlers.

Infant Complementary Feeding Methods and Subsequent Occurrence of Food Neophobia-A Cross-Sectional Study of Polish Children Aged 2-7 Years.

The study used an anonymous survey questionnaire consisting of five parts as the research tool. The first part of the questionnaire was a metric and concerned the socio-demographic data of the parent/guardian and their child. A standardised questionnaire assessing food neophobia among children was used to assess food neophobia: the Food Neophobia Scale-Children (FNSC). In the study group, 171 children (29.23%) had a low risk of food neophobia according to the FNSC, 182 children (31.11%) had a medium risk of neophobia, and 232 children (39.66%) had a high risk of neophobia. A correlation was observed between the age and the risk of food neophobia (p = 0.0002). Statistically significant differences were found between children aged 2 and 4 (p = 0.003) and children aged 2 and 5 years (p = 0.049). We observed no correlation between gagging (p = 0.88557), choking (p = 0.17597), and needing medical intervention (p = 0.61427) and the risk of associated neophobia. In the study group of children, the highest risk of food neophobia was characterized by children aged 4, 5, and 7 years. The length of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding did not affect the risk of food neophobia. In the month in which complementary feeding (CF) was introduced, the children were fed using the baby-led weaning method (BLW method), and introducing puree and puree with lump food into the children's diet also did not affect the risk of food neophobia. It was shown, however, that children whose mothers observed difficulties during CF and whose children had a vomiting reflex and spat food out of their mouths during CF were more likely to develop food neophobia at the preschool age.

Factors Associated with Early Child Development: A Pre-Screening Study

Factors Associated with Early Child Development: A Pre-Screening Study

Determinant of Stunting among Toddler in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Introduction: Information on risk factors related to stunting is required as basic information in providing appropriate interventions in reducing the incidence of stunting. This study aimed to determine the relative risk factors for stunting.&#x0D; Methods: The sample of 75 infants was selected by proportional cluster random sampling. The study design was a descriptive correlation by analyzing primary data through observation and interviews using questionnaires and secondary data through Mother and Children Handbook (MCH) observation. Data analysis uses logistic regression.&#x0D; Results: Maternal education (p=0.005; OR=0.241), Maternal Occupation (p=0.005; OR=4.926), Father Occupation (p=0.000; OR=0.137), Maternal age at pregnancy (p=0.084; OR=1.775), Maternal Hemoglobin level at pregnancy (p=0.114; OR=2.917), Maternal arm circumference at pregnancy (p=0.000; OR=7.313), Ante Natal Care frequency (p=0.802; OR=0.889), Parenting (p=0.000; OR=0.323), Weight at birth (p=0.001; OR=6.424), Length of breastfeeding (p=0.005; OR=4.219), Age when starting to get complementary foods (p=0.000; OR=7.313), Dietary habit of children (p=0.090; OR=0.404), Infection history at children (p=0.001; OR=0.353).&#x0D; Conclusion: The risk factors for stunting are maternal education, maternal occupation, father occupation, maternal arm circumference at pregnancy, parenting, weight at birth, length of breastfeeding, age when starting to get complementary foods, and infection history in children. It is expected that stunting prevention efforts are carried out by controlling the causative factors.

Change in stunting and its associated factors among children aged less than 5 years in Ethiopia using Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey data from 2005 to 2019: a multivariate decomposition analysis

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to assess change in stunting and its associated factors among children aged less than 5 years in Ethiopia using Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey...

Candida species and selected behavioral factors co-associated with severe early childhood caries: Case-control study.

Severe Early Childhood Caries (sECC) is a multifactorial disease associated with the occurrence of specific oral microorganisms and other environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors. This study aimed to construct a multivariable model including the occurrence of Candida spp. and selected behavioral factors (length of breastfeeding, serving sweet beverages and beginning of brushing child’s teeth) to determine their relationships to the occurrence of sECC.In this case-control study 164 children with sECC and 147 children without dental caries were included. MALDI-TOF MS and multiplex qPCR were used to identify Candida spp. and selected bacteria in dental plaque samples, respectively. A questionnaire on oral hygiene, diet, and children’s health was filled in by the parents.The constructed multivariable logistic regression model showed an independent influence of the microbial and behavioral factors in sECC etiopathogenesis. The occurrence of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis was associated with higher odds of sECC development (odds ratio, OR: 9.62 and 16.93, respectively), together with breastfeeding of 6 months or less (OR: 2.71), exposure to sweet beverages (OR: 3.77), and starting to brush child’s teeth after the 12th month of age (OR: 4.10), all statistically significant (p < 0.01).Considering the high occurrence of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis in dental plaque in children with sECC, we propose them as “keystone pathogens” and risk factors for sECC. The models showed that presence of specific species of Candida in dental plaque may be a better descriptor of sECC than the mentioned behavioral factors.

Lama Menyusui Dan Tingkat Kemiskinan Keluarga Kaitannya Dengan Kejadian Stunting Pada Anak Balita : Studi Literatur

Background Stunting is one of the nutritional problems faced in today's world that many toddlers experience. Stunting is a condition where children under five have a length / height that is less when compared to age. The incidence of stunting arises from conditions such as poverty and inappropriate breastfeeding. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between length of breastfeeding and the level of family poverty with the incidence of stunting in children under five in a literature study. The type of research used is a literature study with secondary data collection from scientific research articles from 2015-2020. Article selection is done by setting inclusion and exclusion criteria consisting of duplication, title, abstract and PICOS criteria. Search data using the online Google Scholar, DOAJ, PubMed and Garuda databases using the key words "long breastfeeding" AND toddler stunting, and family poverty level AND "toddler stunting". The articles obtained were 289 articles, but only 11 articles that matched the inclusion criteria. Selected articles are then evaluated. The results of this literature study found that 5 out of 11 articles that examined the relationship between poverty and stunting showed that 100% of the articles stated that there was a relationship. Children from poor families tend not to get good nutrition because they cannot provide food at the household level. . Likewise with the length of breastfeeding. 6 out of 11 articles that reviewed this subject, 100% showed that there was a relationship between the length of breastfeeding and the risk of stunting. The longer breastfeeding is given, the less stunting occurs. In conclusion, The family poverty rate and the length of breastfeeding are related to the incidence of stunting in children under five

Breastfeeding has no protective effects on the development of coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundKawasaki disease (KD) is a self-limiting vasculitis with an unknown etiology. It has been reported that breastfeeding has a potential protective effect on KD development. However, whether breastfeeding has an effect on the development of coronary artery lesions (CALs) remains unclear.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with the main diagnosis of KD hospitalized in our hospital from May 2017 to November 2018. Standardized telephone interviews were carried out to obtain feeding practices before KD was onset.ResultsTwo hundred and ninety-three (51.6%) were exclusively breastfed, 223 (39.3%) were partially breastfed and 52 (9.2%) were formula fed. There were no significant differences in the characteristics regarding age, gender, incomplete KD, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance, and the laboratory variables among the three groups. With formula feeding as a reference, patients exclusively breastfed and partially breastfed seemed to have a higher incidence of CALs, even after adjusting confounders, but were not statistically significant. After grouping patients who were older than six months into formula feeding, partial breastfeeding for < 2 months, partial breastfeeding for ≥ 2 and < 4 months, partial breastfeeding for ≥ 4 and < 6 months and exclusively breastfeeding based on the length of breastfeeding, the results remained the same (P > 0.05).ConclusionsBreastfeeding has no protective effect on the development of CALs in KD.

Impact of Education, Socioeconomic Status and Employment on Breast Feeding duration among Nursing Mothers

Breastfeeding provides a number of benefits for both newborns and mothers. In any event, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, the occurrence of breast-feeding care has declined sharply. From the mother, bosom milk provides abundant and efficiently swallowed healthy components, cell reinforcements, chemicals, insusceptible characteristics, and living antibodies. Breastfeeding provides a number of advantages for both newborns and moms. Despite significant evidence to the contrary, breast-prevalence feeding's has remained low across the world. The goal of this study was to see how a mother's education affected her children, socioeconomic position, and employment on the length of time she breastfed her child. The current study was conducted in Delhi to determine the impact of a mother's education, employment, and socioeconomic level Breast-feeding duration in urban and rural nursing moms. A total of 200 breastfeeding mothers from the city and 200 lactating mothers from the countryside were considered for the study. A purposeful random inspection of data technique is used and collected directly from mothers occupying a tailored survey to assess the impact of the mother's education, employment, and socioeconomic level on the length of breast feeding. Following the data collection, the data will be properly categorized and organized under numerous headings. Information and attitude were used to code. Following that, the content and quantifiable research was completed using percentages.

Does Husband Support Associated with the Duration of Breastfeeding?

Background: Breastfeeding coverage in the Bengkulu ranks second lowest (68.9%) in Indonesia. The husband is the closest person mother who can support successful breastfeeding up to 2 years. This study aimed to examine the effect of husband support on the duration of breastfeeding. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study. A sample of 44 fathers who had children aged 2-3 years in Lingkar Barat community health center, Bengkulu, was selected for this study. The dependent variable was breast­feeding duration. The independent variable was informational support, assessment support, instrumental support and emotional support. Data collection using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression. Results: The results showed the informational support (b= 0.37; 95% CI= -0.07 to 0.75; p= 0.046), apprisial support (b= 0.29; 95% CI= -0.39 to 0.98; p= 0.393), and instrumental support (b= 0.43; 95% CI= -0.18 to 1.05; p= 0.161) were positively associated with the duration of breastfeeding. Emotional support was negatively associated with the duration of breastfeeding (b= -0.37; 95% CI= -1.03 to 0.29; p= 0.252). Conclusion: Husband's support is associated with length of breastfeeding.

Association between sociodemographic characteristics and age stopped breastfeeding on early childhood weight status

IntroductionEpidemiological studies have suggested that breastfeeding is associated with child weight status. However, the length of breastfeeding in relation to child weight remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated the association between age stopped breastfeeding and child weight status by sociodemographic characteristics. MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis utilized a nationally representative sample of 3248 U.S. children ages 2–6 years from 2009 to 2018, from parents interviewed as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Child body weight and height were measured during physical examination. Information on age stopped breastfeeding and other demographic characteristics were assessed using questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to examine the association between age stopped breastfeeding and child weight status, adjusting for potential confounders. ResultsChildren breastfed for ≤ 11 months had an increased odds of being overweight and obese with the strongest association observed among those classified as obese (OR=2.12; 95%CI 1.23, 3.64) compared with children breastfed for > 11–24 months. The association between breastfeeding and child weight status was observed by racial/ethnic groups. Non-Hispanic white and Black children breastfed for ≤ 11 months had an associated increased likelihood of being overweight than their counterparts breastfed for > 11–24 months. Among Hispanic children, we observed elevated odds of being obese when breastfed for ≤ 11 months (OR=1.98; 95%CI 1.00, 3.91) than those breastfed for > 11–24 months. ConclusionChild weight status was associated with age stopped breastfeeding, where likelihood of being overweight and obese were greatest among children breastfed for ≤ 11 months.

Discrete-Time Markov Chain Application to Population Growth Control in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria

The study considered the birth gap with four states, length of breastfeeding with four states and type of contraceptives used with five states, by mothers with at least three conceptions in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. Data was obtained from the population using a self-designed and administered questionnaire. Results showed that the steady state probability of birth gap was highest at state 4 which is &gt; 24 months implying that 3 out of five women on the long – run will space their births at more than 2 years which ultimately will lead to lower child birth, improved mother’s welfare and healthier children. Also, the distribution of mothers and their switching after each period of childbirth shows that contraceptives are indeed effective in controlling conception. Lastly, the transition probabilities of the states are significantly greater than zero and the state are dependent on each other (p &lt; 0.05). The study therefore concluded that increased birth gaps, elongated length of breastfeeding and the use of contraceptives by mothers in Lagos Metropolis when combined will ultimately lead to slowing childbearing and population growth rate thereby serving as strong instruments in population growth control.

Abstract P5-01-08: Mechanistic differences between abrupt and gradual involution of mouse mammary gland

Abstract Objective: Epidemiological studies indicate a direct relation between length of breast feeding and protection against risk of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive subtype. While prolonged breastfeeding allows gradual involution (GI) of the breast, short-term or no breast feeding leads to abrupt involution (AI). We modelled AI and GI of breast in mice, and showed that mice subjected to GI have better protection from tissue remodeling associated injuries in the mammary gland. Our data revealed late development of ductal hyperplasia aided by pro-tumorigenic microenvironment in the AI glands1. Detailed mechanism of mammary gland involution immediately following cessation of lactation has been studied in the past, but only in the AI setting, that is after abrupt removal of pups at the peak of lactation2,3. The goal of this study is to conduct stepwise comparison of the mechanism of GI vs. AI early on to understand the protective effect of GI against breast cancer risk.Methods: Wild-type FVB mice were used in all our studies. Females were mated at 8 weeks of age and uniparous mice were allowed to nurse (6 pups/dam) for 7 days. Females were then assigned randomly to AI or GI cohort. All pups were removed from the AI dams on postnatal day7 (PND7). Three pups each were removed from GI dams on day28 and 31. Mammary glands were harvested intermittently between PND7 and PND35. H&amp;E stained sections were used for histological studies. Unstained FFPE sections were used for immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assay. Total RNA and protein from whole mammary gland was used for qPCR and western blot respectively. Results: GI glands transitioned from fully active lactating to near involuted glands over a period of 8 days (PND17- PND25), while for AI glands it took &amp;lt; 4 days (PND8.5-PND12). The shrinkage and flattening of tall epithelia and loss of acini was gradual in GI glands as opposed to rapid breakdown of acini and adipocyte repopulation in AI gland. Apoptotic cell count peaked on PND11 (5%) in AI vs. PND25 (3%) in GI glands. The pStat3Y705+ cells were highest on PND8.5 (25%) in AI vs. on PND25 (11%) in GI glands. Macrophage infiltration (F4/80+) peaked on PND11 (35%) and remained elevated at ~24% till PND25, while in GI glands increase was gradual from PND17 through PND25 (27%). Expression of key genes identified in AI mice2,3 have markedly different expression pattern in GI mice (Table). While some peaked at a later time point in GI vs. AI coinciding with maximum cell death, expression of some are significantly low or undetectable in GI glands at both RNA and protein level. Conclusions: We show for the first time that kinetics of cell death, adipocyte repopulation, immune cell infiltration and inflammatory state of glands undergoing abrupt vs. gradual involution are markedly different. Several genes known to play a key role during AI are either not expressed or barely detectable in the GI glands at any time point during involution. These data suggests that not only the kinetics, but mechanism of GI and AI are not identical. We conclude that orchestrated cell death in GI protects from drastic lysosomal, and immune cell activities that predisposes mammary glands to higher risk of neoplastic changes.Significance: Epidemiological data highlights the benefits of prolonged breastfeeding in protecting against breast cancer, particularly, TNBC, an aggressive subtype prevalent in the African American women. Our study highlights the mechanism underlying the benefits of gradual involution of breast. GeneFold Change compared to PND7 (GI vs. AI) Peaked on (GI vs. AI)Stat34.0 vs. 5.9PND25 vs. PND8.5Ctsb2.8 vs. 3.4PND25 vs. PND8.5CD143.4 vs. 20PND25 vs. PND8.5Orm11.7 vs. 10PND25 vs. PND12Lrg130 vs. 216PND25 vs. PND12MMP215.8 vs. 27PND25 vs. PND12Chi3L11350 vs. 572, 859PND28 vs. PND11, 28Cebpδnone vs. 4.4None vs. PND8.5CtsLnone vs. 5.7None vs. PND8.5Orm2none vs. 370None vs. PND12Slpinone vs. 92None vs. PND8.5 Citation Format: Bhuvaneswari Ramaswamy, Neelam Shinde, Morgan Bauer, Maria Cuitino, Saba Mehra, Resham Mawalkar, Mustafa Basree, Allen Zhang, Kirti Kaul, Xiaoli Zhang, Ramesh Ganju, Sarmila Majumder. Mechanistic differences between abrupt and gradual involution of mouse mammary gland [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-01-08.