Length Andwidth Research Articles

Evaluation of genetic purity on Bambara groundnut lines (Vigna subterranean L. Verdcourt) based on qualitative and quantitative characters

Evaluation of genetic purity Bambara groundnut hope line is very important to maintain genetic purity before being released into new varieties. The purpose of this research to examine 12 lines of local Bambara groundnuts. The experiment consisted of 12 unit, each containing 30 plants. The data results are analysed of cluster test for variables qualitative, quantitative variables by counting the mean, variance, standard deviation and coefficient of diversity. The results showed that the 7 populations lines of hope were uniform because they had a similarity matrix value above 0.80 and the remaining 5 populations of lines of hope were not uniform because they had a similarity matrix value below 0.80. The results of data analysis on quantitative characters showed that age of germination, flowering, and harvest. Terminal leaf length and width, number of internodes, and number of branches had low diversity. Character number of leaves and, diameter of thecrown at the age of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 10 WAP, petiole length, internode length, weight of wetstover, weight of dry stover, lengt hand width of seeds had moderatediversity. Characters of wetpod weight, pod weightdryness, skin thickness ,number of seeds and seed weight varied from high to very high.

Método não destrutivo para estimar área foliar do sapotizeiro a partir de dimensões lineares das folhas

ABSTRACT The leaf area is a parameter of fundamental importance in studies on plant growth and physiology. The objective of this study was to build allometric equations for the accurate and fast estimation of sapodilla leaf areas. In total, 250 leaves of different shapes and sizes were collected from sapodilla matrices trees growing at the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró-RN, Brazil. For each leaf, the length, width, product of length and width (LW), product of length and length, product of width and width, and leaf area were measured. Linear and nonlinear models were used to construct the allometric equations. The best equations were chosen on the basis of the following criteria: the highest coefficient of determination, Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient, and Willmott’s index of agreement; and the lowest Akaike information criterion and root mean square error. It was verified that the models that used the LW value presented the best criteria for estimating the leaf area. Specifically, the equations ŷ = 0.664 × LW1.018 and ŷ = 0.713 × LW, which use LW values, are the most suitable for estimating the leaf area of sapodilla quickly and accurately.

Use of Mathematical Equations to Estimate Leaf Area of Psidium Cattleyanum

The objective of this study was to adjust a mathematical equation to estimate the leaf area of Psidium cattleyanum from the linear dimensions of the leaves. For that, 260 leaves were digitized and the length (L), width (W), product of the multiplication of length and width (LW) and observed leaf area (OLA) were obtained. First degree linear, quadratic and power model equations were fitted, where the OLA was used with the response variable as a function of L, W or LW as an explanatory variable. All models were validated with a sample of 50 separate leaves for this purpose. Thus, the first-degree linear model equation obtained from the product of multiplying the leaf length and width can be used accurately and without the need to destroy the leaves to estimate the leaf area of Psidium cattleyanum.

Mathematical Modeling to Estimate the Leaf Area of Dalbergia frutescens from Linear Dimensions

The objective of this work was to obtain mathematical equations and indicate the most appropriate estimation of the leaf area of Dalbergia frutescens, by a non-destructive method through the linear dimensions of the leaves. A total of 370 leaves of D. frutescens were collected, 270 of which were used to adjust the equations and 100 for validation. The length (L) along the main vein, the maximum width (W), the product of multiplying the length and width (LW), and the observed leaf area (OLA) was measured for all leaves. First degree, quadratic, and power linear equation models were fitted, where OLA was the dependent variable as a function of L, W and LW. From the 100 leaves destined for validation, and using the adjusted equations for each mathematical model, the estimated leaf area (ELA) was obtained. The means obtained from ELA and OLA were compared using Student's t test at 5% probability. The mean absolute error, the root mean square error, and the d Willmott index were also determined. The first-degree linear model represented based on the product of multiplying the length by the width is the most suitable to determine the leaf area of D. frutescens with high precision.

Mathematical models in determining leaf area in eggplant and scarlet eggplant seedlings

The objective of this study was to obtain the best mathematical equation that estimates the leaf area seedlings of eggplant (Solanum melongena) and scarlet eggplant (Solanum gilo Raddi) through the linear dimensions of the leaves. Leaves of seedlings produced in a protected environment in the horticulture sector of the Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo – Campus Itapina, Colatina, in the Northwest region of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, were used. At 45 days after sowing, the length (L) along the midrib and the maximum width (W) of the leaf blade were determined, the product of the multiplication between the length and width (LW) and the observed leaf area (OLA). With the measurements in hand, the first degree linear model equations were obtained, potencyand its respective coefficient of determination. it was foundby analysis of covariance the possible adequacy of only one model to meet the two species. The models were validated, through a sample of leaves intended for this purpose, where their values of L, W and LW were substituted in the modeling equations, obtaining the estimated leaf area (ELA). A simple linear equation was fitted ELA and OLA. The hypotheses H0: β0 = 0 versus Ha: β0 ≠ 0 and H0: β1 = 1 versus Ha: β1 ≠ 1 were tested by Student's t test at 5% probability. The mean absolute error (MAE) and the root mean square error (RMSE) were also determined for all equations. The power () and exponential () model equations better predicted the area of eggplant and scarlet eggplant leaves, being the most recommended for these species.

Cranium morphometry for distinguishing male and female Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) before sexual maturity

Gender determination of Muscovy duck as early as possible is essential for the efficiency and effectiveness of duck production. This study aimed to determine the morphometric differences in prepubertal male and female Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) as predictors of gender. This study used a split-plot design, with the observed variables cranium length, width and height, mandibular length, and rostrum length and width. This study used a total of 80 samples of duck heads consisting of 40 male and 40 female Muscovy duck heads, with ten heads each in the age group of 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively. Results showed that the length, width, and height of the cranium, mandibular length, and rostrum lengthand width were greater in males (p <0.05) than those of the females in all age groups. It could be concluded that the morphometric size of prepubertal male Muscovy ducks head was greater than those of the female ones at the same age; thereby, it could be used to distinguish gender. Based on the morphometrics, further study can also be conducted to measure other body parts of the Muscovy duck apart from the cranium. In addition, it is necessary to study the morphometric measurements of the cranium in other poultry as a basis for identifying sex.

Estimation of Thunbergia grandiflora leaf area from allometric models

Sky vine (Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb) is a vine with important structural components for forest environments. Studies on growth and development are necessary, because of the environmental and economic importance. The leaf area determination is essential for ecophysiological studies to understand the relationship of the plant with the environment. The objective of this work was to estimate an allometric equation to estimate the leaf area of T. grandiflora from linear dimensions. 200 leaves of different shapes and sizes were collected from adult plants and the length (L), width (W), the product between length and width (LW), and real leaf area (LA) were measured. The linear regression, linear without intercept, quadratic, cubic, power, and exponential models were used to estimate the equations. The criteria for determining the best model were higher determination coefficient (R2), Willmott's agreement index (d), lower Akaike information criterion (AIC), the root of the mean error square (RMSE), and BIAS index closer to zero. The leaf area of T. grandiflora can be estimated satisfactorily by the equation ŷ = 0.58*LW.

Allometric models for estimating the leaf area of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) using a non-destructive method

Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) is a cut flower grown due to the wide diversity of colors and longevity in the post-harvest. The leaf area measurement is fundamental in plants because the leaves are directly related to several processes such as transpiration, radiation interception and CO2 fixation that enable the plant to grow. The objective of the work was to determine an allometric equation for estimating the leaf area of lisianthus from linear dimensions. 200 leaves were collected and the leaf length (L), leaf width (W), product between length and width (LW) and real leaf area (LA) were measured. The criteria for determining the best model were the highest determination coefficient (R2), Willmott's concordance index (d), lowest Akaike information criterion (AIC), root mean square error (RMSE) and BIAS index closest to zero. The most suitable model for estimating the leaf area of lisianthus is the linear ŷ = 1.387*LW.

Detection of changes in growth, yield and genetic variation using RAPD markers among M1V2 and M1V3 generations of irradiated ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

The effects of gamma-rays on the growth and yield of twelve mutant lines of Zingiber officinale Roscoe from 2 varieties; namely Bentong and Tanjung Sepat were analysed for a second (M1V2) and a third generation (M1V3). Mutant rhizomes have previously been exposed to different doses (0, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 Gy) of gamma-rays that were propagated until the third generation. In the study, the phenotypic characteristic and genetic variation study using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of ginger mutant lines of M1V2 and M1V3 were analysed and compared with the first generation (M1V1). Parameters such as sprouting rhizome, plant height, the average number of leaves and shoots, average length and width of leaves, and average weights of rhizomes per plant for mutant lines of both varieties were collected. It was observed that the increase in dosage had a negative effect on the growth performance of plants. The number of leaves and shoots, length and width of leaves and average weight of rhizomes for both generations were decreased as the dose increased. The plants from the treatment 5 Gy dose produced the highest ginger rhizome yields of 65.45±1.35 g and 165.0±2.30 g in the Bentong and Tanjung Sepat varieties respectively, after nine months of cultivation in M1V2. While in M1V3, the rhizome yield at 5 Gy showed that the highest rhizome yields were reduced in both varieties of Bentong (45.45±1.25 g) and Tanjung Sepat (125.0±2.30 g). The PCR-based RAPD analysis showed 98.29% of polymorphism which indicated genetic variations between ginger mutant lines. The information provides an important input in determining resourceful management strategies for genetics improvement of ginger.

Structural changes in foot and arch dimensions in the third trimester of pregnancy

PurposeThe goal of the study was to investigate changes in foot anatomical characteristics in the last trimester of pregnancy.MethodsTwenty pregnant women (mean age: 30.8 years) from a local clinic were recruited. Body mass, foot length and width, longitudinal arch height, and several angular variables quantifying plantar and arch structure were measured. A foot imprint was obtained with a digital podoscope (CQ Elektronik System, Poland) at the beginning and end of the third trimester of pregnancy.ResultsBody mass was significantly greater at the end of the last trimester. Increases were also observed in the SztriterGodunow index in both feet (<i>p</i> < 0.007), although foot length and width increased only in the left foot. Among the angular characteristics, the only significant changes involved an increase in the talocalcaneal angle (<i>p</i> < 0.007) and a decrease in the 1st metatarsophalangeal angle in the right foot (<i>p</i> < 0.04).ConclusionsSignificant changes in plantar and arch structure were observed in the final trimester of pregnancy, primarily involving a transverse expansion of the left foot and alteration in the angular characteristics of the right foot. The results of the research show anthropometric changes in feet of women in the last trimester of pregnancy. They indicate the foot parts in which the greatest changes occur and what the direction of these changes is. This will allow to create a preventive foot corrective exercise program for pregnant women.

Role of Plants in Biomonitoring Vehicular Emissions

Introduction: Air pollution caused by the pollutants present in the atmosphere which is harmful to theenvironment and the living population. The plants showed stunted growth, animal’s causes various formof diseases and the pollutants harmfully affect the human beings by causing respiratory problems and thewhole environment is totally affected causing depletion of ozone layer and that directly or indirectly affectsthe living system present in the environment.Materials and Method: The leaf samples were collected from the Sholinganallur area and authenticated.Later the samples were characterized for morphological characters, pigment analysis, Biochemicalparameters and the score of tolerance index of Air pollution was calculated were tabled and graphed as perthe standard protocol.Results: The samples were collected from sholinganallur traffic zonal area and totally 14 leaf samples weregathered from the experimental site and was authenticated. The morphological characters of length andwidth of leaf samples were calculated and in Biochemical parameters, pH of leaf, Relative water contentand ascorbic acid content showed good activity in evergreen shrub. In pigment analysis of chlorophyll,the maximum and minimum amount was found in evergreen shrub Bougainvillea glabra with 68.72mg/gand Tecoma capensis in 14.72mg/g. The APTI value was maximum and minimum in evergreen shrubTabernaemontana divaricata with 114.66 and Nerium oleander with 48.05.Conclusion: The plants found in and around the experimental area possess good activity against the airpollution and these plants can be kept at the roadside to prevent and withstand the air pollution in theenvironment.

A NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING LEAF AREA OF Ceiba glaziovii (Kuntze) K. Schum.

The determination of leaf area is of fundamental importance in studies involving ecological and ecophysiological aspects of forest species. The objective of this research was to adjust an equation to determine the leaf area of Ceiba glaziovii as a function of linear measurements of leaves. Six hundred healthy leaf limbs were collected in different matrices, with different shapes and sizes, in the Mata do Pau-Ferro State Park, Areia, Paraíba state, Northeast Brazil. The maximum length (L), maximum width (W), product between length and width (L.W), and leaf area of the leaf limbs were calculated. The regression models used to construct equations were: linear, linear without intercept, quadratic, cubic, power and exponential. The criteria for choosing the best equation were based on the coefficient of determination (R²), Akaike information criterion (AIC), root mean square error (RMSE), Willmott concordance index (d) and BIAS index. All the proposed equations satisfactorily estimate the leaf area of C. glaziovii, due to their high determination coefficients (R² ≥ 0.851). The linear model without intercept, using the product between length and width (L.W), presented the best criteria to estimate the leaf area of the species, using the equation 0.4549*LW.

Estimation of Leaf Area by Linear Dimensions in Coffea dewevrei

The objective of this research was to select the equation that best estimates the leaf area of the coffee tree Coffea dewevrei, from the linear dimensions of the leaves. For this purpose, 140 leaves of adult plants were collected from the Capixaba Institute for Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension, in the city of Linhares, North of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The length (L), the width (W), the product of the multiplication between the length and width (LW) and the leaf area observed (OLA) were determined from all leaves. For the modeling, a 100 leaves sample was used, where OLA was used as a dependent variable in function of L, W and LW as independent variable, being obtained the following models: linear first degree, quadratic and power. For the validation, a sample of 40 leaves was used, where the values of L, W LW were substituted in the equations generated in the modeling, thus obtaining the estimated leaf area (ELA). A simple linear equation model was fitted for each modeling equation relating ELA in function of OLA. The hypotheses H0: β0 = 0 versus Ha: β0 ≠ 0 and H0: β1 = 1 versus Ha: β1 ≠ 1, were tested using Student's t test at 5% probability. The mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and Willmott's index d for all equations were also determined. The best model that estimates the area of Coffea dewevrei was chosen through the following criteria: β0 not different from zero, β1 not different from one, MAE and RMSE values closer to zero and index d closer to the unit. The area of the leaves can be determined by its greater width (W), through the quadratic model equation ELA=-10.255+1.020(W)+1.293(W)2.

Non-destructive Method for Estimating the Leaf Area of Pear cv. ‘Triunfo’

The present study had as objective to determine mathematical equations to estimate the leaf area of pear cv. ‘Triunfo’ using linear dimensions of the leaves. For that, 300 healthy leaves of different sizes from each quadrant of plants from the small farm of Boa Vista located in the city of Montanha, at the northern side of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil were used. The length (L) along the main vein was measured, along with the maximum width (W) of the leaf blade and observed leaf area (OLA), in addition to the product of the length and width (LW) of each leaf. From these measurements models of linear equations of first degree, quadratic and power were adjusted and their respective R2, using OLA as dependent variable and L, W and LW as independent variable. Based on the proposed equations, the data were validated obtaining the estimated leaf area (ELA). The mean of the ELA and OLA were compared by Student t test 5% probability. The mean error (E), the mean absolute error (MAE) and the root mean squared error (RMSE) was also used as validation criterion. The best equation model was defined based on the non-significant values from the comparison of means of ELA and OLA, E, MAE and RMSE values closer to zero and highest R2. The leaf area of pear cv. ‘Triunfo’ can be estimated by the equation ELA = -0.432338 + 0.712862(LW) non-destructively and with a high degree of precision.

Mathematical Modeling to Estimation Leaf Area of Pimenta dioica from Linear Dimensions

The objective of this work was to obtain regression equations and to indicate the most appropriate from different mathematical models for the estimation of the leaf area of ​​ Allspice (Pimenta dioica) by non - destructive method. 500 leaves of plants located in the municipality of São Mateus, North of Espírito Santo State, Brazil, were collected, 400 of which were used to adjust the equations and 100 for validation. The length (L) along the main midrib, the maximum width (W), the product of the length with the width (LW) and the observed leaf area (OLA) were measured from all leaves. We fitted models of linear equations of first degree, quadratic and power, where OLA was the dependent variable in function of L, W and LW. From the 100 sheets intended for validation, and using the adjusted equations for each mathematical model, the estimated leaf area (ELA) was obtained. Subsequently, a simple linear regression was fitted for each model of the proposed equation in which ELA was the dependent variable and OLA the independent variable. The mean absolute error (MAE), the root mean square error (RMSE) and Willmott's index d also determined. The best fit had as selection criterion the non-significance of the comparative means of ELA and OLA, MAE and RMSE values ​​closer to zero and value of the coefficient of determination coefficient (R2) close to one. Thus, the power model (ELA = 0.7605(LW)0.9926, R2 = 0.9764, MAE = 1.0066, RMSE = 1.7759 and d = 0.9950) based on the product of length and width (LW) is the most appropriate for estimating the leaf area of ​​Pimenta dioica.

Biocontrol of Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf Spot Disease on Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Using Some Trichoderma harzianum Isolates Under In vitro Condition

Faba bean is among common legume crops used as a fresh vegetable in Turkey. Alternaria alternata is one of the main fungal diseases attacking faba bean in Turkey. Investigation of leaf spot disease of faba bean was carried out to find out suitable management strategies under laboratory condition. Five A. alternata (A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5) and five Trichoderma harzianum isolates (T1, T2, T3, T4, and Tc) including control were arranged in complete randomized design factorial, forming a total of 25 treatments. Dual culture plate test revealed that the percentage growth inhibition of A. alternata by T. harzianum was in the range of 53.85 to 82.81 %. In addition, Trichoderma isolates (T2 and T3) were found the most effective with the highest antagonistic activity against A. alternata isolates fungal pathogen caused minimum length and width diameter of leaves lesions. The species of Alternaria and Trichoderma isolates were identified according to cultural characteristics and alignment analysis of ITS sequences in GenBank of NCBI. The results point out that T. harzianum provides the use of high potential antagonists capable of controlling the leaf spot disease of faba bean plant.

Correlation of anthropo-somatometric parameters of the body of practically healthy women of the ectomorphic somatotype with cerebral blood circulation indicators

So far, the search for interconnections between the indicators of central or peripheralcirculation and the constitutional parameters of the body is considerable attention in manycountries of the world. However, most of these works are devoted to studying theproblem of various diseases. The study of such relationships in the contingents of ahealthy population needs further in-depth study. The purpose of the work is to establishthe peculiarities of the connections of anthropo-somatometric parameters of practicallyhealthy women of Podillia with an ectomorphic somatotype with indicators of cerebralcirculation. The results of anthropometric, somatotypological and rheoencephalographicstudies performed in practically healthy urban women of Podillia ectomorphic somatotype(n = 24) were taken from the data bank of the research center of the National PirogovMemorial Medical University, Vinnytsya. The rheoencephalographic parameters weredetermined using a computer diagnostic complex. As a result of processing, the rheogramsautomatically determined the characteristic points on the curve and determined the mainparameters (amplitude, time and derivatives). Anthropometric study according to thescheme of V.V. Bunak included the definition of: total body dimensions, longitudinal,transverse, circumferential size, pelvic size and thickness of skin and fat folds. Thecraniometry included the definition of: girth of the head, sagittal arc, greatest length andwidth of the head, smallest head width, face width and mandible. The somatotype isdetermined by the method of J.Carter and B.Heath, and the component composition of themass of the body - according to the method of J.Matiegka and the formulas of theAmerican Institute of Nutrition. The correlation analysis was performed using thenonparametric Spirman method in the statistical package "STATISTICA 6.0". In practicallyhealthy women from Podillia with ectomorphic somatotype, among correlations indices ofcerebral blood flow with constitutional parameters of the body, the highest percentage,mostly inverse true and false median strength connections is established with the amplitudesindices of the rheoencephalogram. In analyzing the correlations of different groups ofanthropo-somatotypological parameters of the body with cerebral blood circulation indicesin practically healthy women of the ectomorphic somatotype, it was established that theamplitude values of the rheoencephalogram have the highest relative percentages ofconnections with the width of distal epiphyses of long limb tubular bones, somatotypecomponents, girth dimensions, components of component composition body mass,longitudinal body size and cephalometric indices; time indices of the rheoencephalogram- with the circumferential dimensions of the body; derivatives indices of therheoencephalogram - with circumferential body sizes and cephalometric indices.

First Report of Neofusicoccum parvum associated with Bark Dieback of Blueberry in Korea

Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), a woody plantnative to North America, belongs to the family Ericaceae.Blueberry grows abundantly in Canada and the United States andhas become a popular commercial crop in Korea. Blueberry, hasbeen widely cultivated in Korea because of its health benefitsincluding anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, macular degeneration etc. Morethan 15% of blueberry was produced in Gochang and Sunchang ofKorea. In September, 2009, bark dieback disease of blueberry wasfirst observed in Sunchang (< 5%), Jeollabuk-do, Korea. Thetypical symptoms of the disease are blight and dieback of the stems,with lesionsextendin g along the entire branches (Fig. 1A) T. he crosssection of the stem, in the process of dieback, appeared brown andwater-soaked (Fig. 1B). Perithecia were globose type, 25%emergent from the surface with dimensions of 145−245 µm (Fig.1C). Ascospores were spindle or barrel shaped, smooth hyaline,brown in color, biseptate with darker middle cells, and had a lengthand width of 15 −27 × 6 −11 µm with a L/W ratio 2.2 ± 0.5 (Fig. 1D).Diseased plants were collected from orchards in Sunchang, andsurface sterilized with 1% NaOCl. The surface-sterilized tissueswere then rinsed with sterile distilled water, and plated on potatodextrose agar (PDA). The fungal isolates produced white myceliumat 25

Application of linear models for estimation of leaf area in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr

Leaf area estimation is an important measurement for comparing plant growth in field and pot experiments. In this study, determination of the leaf area (LA, cm2) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] involves measurements of leaf parameters such as maximum terminal leaflet length (L, cm), width (W, cm), product of length and width (LW), green leaf dry matter (GLDM) and the total number of green leaflets per plant (TNLP) as independent variables. A two-year study was carried out during 2009 (three cultivars) and 2010 (four cultivars) under field conditions to build a model for estimation of LA across soybean cultivars. Regression analysis of LA vs. L and W revealed several functions that could be used to estimate the area of individual leaflet (LE), trifoliate (T) and total leaf area (TLA). Results showed that the LW-based models were better (highest R2 and smallest RMSE) than models based on L or W and models that used GLDM and TNLP as independent variables. The proposed linear models are: LE = 0.754 + 0.655 LW, (R2= 0.98), T = −4.869 + 1.923 LW, (R2 = 0.97), and TLA = 6.876 + 1.813 ΣLW (summed product of L and W terminal leaflets per plant), (R2= 0.99). The validation of the models based on LW and developed on cv. DPX showed that the correlation between calculated and measured LA was strong. Therefore, the proposed models can estimate accurately and massively the LA in soybeans without the use of expensive instrumentation.

Morphometric parameters of gray and yellow honey bee from Serbia

In the study of the morphometric parameters of honey bees from 6 sites of southern Serbia (Panevlje, Bujanovac Lake, Vranje, Stubal, Repince and Devca), it was found that the average value in gray honey bees for the tongue length (in vivo) was 6.59 mm, length and width of the front wing were 8.96 and 3.09 mm, respectively, and the value of cubital index was 2.20. Length and width of basitarsus had an average value of 1.99 and 1.07 mm, while the average value of tarsal index was 1.82. Yellow honey bees from the area of Banat Arandjelovo, Uljma and Fruska Gora had an average value of the tongue length (in vivo) 6.40 mm. Average value of the front wing length was 9.05 mm; while the wing width had value of 3.08 mm. Determined value of cubital index was 2.33 and the average length and width of basitarsus were 2.04 and 1.16 mm, respectively. The value of tarsal index was 2.11. The total variability of the tested parameters was determined in this study.