Lemon Leaves Research Articles

The Effect and Potential Mechanism of Fulvic Acid on Flavonoids in Lemon Leaves

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. is a horticultural crop known for its abundance of valuable secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, which are found in its fruits and leaves. Our previous research has shown that treating C. limon with fulvic acid (FA) can enhance the levels of vitamin C, total acid, total sugar, total flavonoids, and phenols in its fruits as well as the volatiles and total flavonoids in its leaves. In this current study, we established a method to analyze eight specific flavonoids in lemon leaves and evaluated the impact of irrigation with FA on the content of these flavonoids over a six-month period using HPLC-DAD/MS analysis. Moreover, we investigated the potential mechanisms of FA through ELISA and q-PCR methods. The results indicated that FA increased the contents of four flavonoids, namely, isoorientin, eriocitrin, vitexin, and rutin, and promoted the activity and gene expression of phenylalanineammonialyase (PAL), 4-coumaric acid coenzyme A ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), and flavonol synthase (FLS). Furthermore, the relationship between flavonoid content and the activities of biosynthetic enzymes was analyzed using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), which revealed a positive correlation between seven flavonoid levels and the activity of five biosynthetic enzymes under FA treatment.

Thermal stability analysis and mechanical performance of Mediterranean lignocellulosic fiber reinforced polypropylene sustainable composites

The utilization of the available agro waste to make sustainable materials was recently emphasized to develop better bio-products and sustainable socio-economic environment. This work investigates the effect of reinforcing polypropylene with lemon leaves (LL) and fig leaves (FL) on the overall mechanical performance of the prepared composites considering various reinforcement conditions. The investigations including determining the tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongations at break, flexural and impact properties as well as revealing the thermal characteristics of the fibers to expose their suitability for such bio-based composites. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and its derivative (DTG) were used to study the thermal stability of fiber composition during manufacturing. The surface morphology of the fibers as well as their polypropylene composites were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results have revealed that LL positively affects both tensile strength and modulus. The 20 wt% of LL have enhanced the tensile modulus from 1229 MPa to 1321 MPa. However, FL had negative impact on the tensile properties regardless of weight %. FL and LL reduced the flexural strength and impact toughness of PP regardless of weight %. The tensile strength of the 30 wt% lemon leaves-PP composite reaches its highest value at 43.4 MPa. Furthermore, thermal analysis showed that the fibers did not decompose during the manufacturing process. The initial decomposition temperatures of LL and FL were 239 °C and 226 °C, respectively, exceeding the processing temperature of 170 °C. Furthermore, an in-depth comparison of the tensile strength of the studied FL/PP and LL/PP composites with other commonly used PP composites available in the literature was also performed here to demonstrate the potential of Mediterranean fibers and their suitability for green bio-composites.

Effect of Air-Drying Temperature on Phenol Compound and Essential Oils Content in Lemon Leaves

The aim of this workis to study the effect of temperature on the drying kinetics, total phenolic and flavonoid compounds and finally on essential oils existing in lemon leaves. The experimental kinetics data isdivided into five empirical models and the best description is given by Logarithmic equation. For essential oil extraction, the highest yield was obtained at a drying temperature of 24.0°C, an extraction time of 125 min and at a water/vegetable matter ratio of 3.4. Volatile components were identified by GC-MS technique. The outcomes of the experiment indicate that temperature has a significant impact on the components of lemon leaves especially on essential oils. A temperature of 23.7°C produced the highest proportions main compounds (89.26%: Limonene, Monoyloxid, β-pinene). A queous extracts were prepared from the leaves of this plant dried at 30, 40, 50 and 60°C. The quantitative estimation of polyphenols and flavonoids by the UV. Visible spectrophotometer method revealed that the variation in the drying parameters has an influence on the content of these compounds.

Optimization and Performance Evaluation of Lemon Leaves Extract as Inhibitor for Mild Steel Corrosion in a 1.0 M HCl Solution

Optimization and Performance Evaluation of Lemon Leaves Extract as Inhibitor for Mild Steel Corrosion in a 1.0 M HCl Solution

Erratum to: Anticancer Activities of the Methanolic Extract from Lemon Leaves inHuman Breast Cancer Stem Cells

Erratum to: Anticancer Activities of the Methanolic Extract from Lemon Leaves inHuman Breast Cancer Stem Cells

The Effect of Lemon Leaves Extract Treatment on the Nutrient Content and Microbial Properties of Dried Chanda (Chanda Nama)

The experiment deals with the lemon leaves extract for chanda fish (Chanda nama) drying. The highest moisture percentage (56.80) and fat percentage (24.39) were observed in control chanda. In contrast, the highest moisture (12.14) and ash percentages (21.82) were observed in market chanda respectively. In addition, the lemon extract treated fishes were also subjected to biochemical composition. In case of control chanda, the highest moisture (8.66), fat (26.89), and ash percentage (15.10) were found that was treated by plant extract with hot water. In contrast, the highest protein (50.01) was achieved by the plant extract with ethanol samples. In case of market chanda, the highest moisture (8.67), protein (52.83), fat (17.52), and ash percentage (25.69) that was treated by plant extract with hot water. Microbial analysis was also conducted. Standard Plate Count (cfu/g), Total coliform (MPN/g), Total fungi (cfu/g) and E. coli are in the acceptable range in case of control chanda but not in market chanda. This study suggests the effectiveness of lemon leaves extract on fish drying as it’s retain beneficial quality after treated with several extracts. More field trial is needed to make it fruitful.

Effect of Manganese Deficiency on Chloroplasts of Lemon Leaves

AbstractManganese deficiency in chloroplasts of Eureka lemon leaves resulted in 23% and 40% increase of chloroplast nitrogen and protein, respectively, on a chlorophyll unit basis. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis carried out on extracts of these chloroplasts disclosed also qualitative differences between the normal and deficient leaves. Calculated on chloroplast N basis there is an increase of 17% in the chloroplast protein under Mn deficiency. This increase apparently indicates a more intense protein synthesis in the Mn deficient chloroplasts. Hill activity of the –Mn leaves was about one‐third of the analog control leaves. Manganese infiltration into detached but intact leaves restored the activity in the –Mn leaves up to 70% of the control. Lemon leaves affected by other macro‐ and micro‐ nutrient deficiencies did not respond to the manganese infiltration; therefore, the use of this infiltration method is suggested for the evaluation of the manganese nutrition status of citrus and probably other higher plants.

Cytokinins and Senescence in Lemon Leaves

AbstractThe effect of leaf age on cytokinin level was studied in Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. cv. Eureca. It was found that mature 1‐year‐old leaves and senescing 2‐year‐old leaves contained considerably more cytokinins than young 3‐month‐old leaves. No consistent distinct decrease in cytokinin activity was revealed when the leaf passed from the mature to the senescing state. It was concluded that the results cannot be regarded as supporting the hypothesis that leaf senescence is brought about, at least partially, by a decrease in the level of its cytokinins.

Relative Effectiveness of the Mono-, Di-, and Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acids in Preventing Abscission of Lemon Leaves

1. All the ring-substituted mono-, di-, and trichlorophenoxyacetic acids were tested for their activity in preventing ethylene-induced abscission of leaves from lemon cuttings. 2. The most active of the monochloro compounds was 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. 3. Maximum activity was associated with compounds having chlorine in the 2 and 4 positions and hydrogen in the 6 position. An additional chlorine atom in either the 3 or the 5 position had no measurable effect on the activity of 2,4-D. 4. Possible applications in controlling abscission are discussed.

Effect of Sulphate on Lemon Leaves

1. In controlled sand cultures it was found that large concentrations of sulphate in the solution bathing lemon tree roots may bring about toxic effects in the leaves. 2. These effects are characterized by a type of mottling with a yellow or bronzed coloration and sometimes burning of these areas. This is accompanied by marked abscission of the leaves. 3. In sand cultures a reduction in toxicity due to sulphate was brought about by increased concentrations of phosphate and nitrate. 4. Field investigations upon lemon leaves have confirmed observations previously made with sand cultures, and have shown the ameliorating effect of supplementary fertilization that brings about increased tree growth with a reduction of the concentration of accumulations within the leaves to a point where toxicity is not evident. 5. Presumably there is no one general optimum concentration of nitrate for the growth of citrus. The desirable concentration depends upon many factors, such as the concentration of other constituents of...

Water-Solubility of Dry Matter in Relation to Calcium Nutrition of Normal Orange and Lemon Leaves

1. The ash of normal citrus leaves of the same age shows practically no difference in composition for the citrus varieties examined. When the dry matter of these leaves is extracted with water, the ash and the calcium of the soluble fraction of mature normal Washington Navel and Valencia orange leaves are greater than those of Eureka lemon. 2. The water content of these leaves as a percentage of their fresh weight changes very little until after the leaves have reached their full size and have begun to mature. 3. The percentage of the total magnesium that is water-soluble is usually at a minimum at the time when the leaves have reached their full size and are still thin. 4. The percentage of the total sodium soluble in water decreases with increasing age of the leaves. Over 90 per cent of the potassium of the dry matter of citrus leaves is water-soluble. The water-soluble phosphorus of the dry matter decreases with increasing age of the leaves. 5. The relationship between the calcium nutrition of these citrus varieties and certain physiological characteristics is discussed to show the bearing the present paper has on the future direction of the investigation of citrus nutrition.