Leisure-time Physical Activity Research Articles

Association between social jetlag and leisure-time physical activity and muscle strengthening exercise in young adults: findings from a nationally representative sample in South Korea

ObjectivesSocial jetlag (SJL), which is characterised by a misalignment between biological and social time, is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. This study investigated the relationship between SJL, leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and muscle strengthening exercise (MSE) in young adults. Study designThis was a cross-sectional study. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included a nationally representative sample of young adults aged 19–29 years (n = 2113). SJL was calculated as the difference in the midpoint of sleep onset and offset time between weekdays and weekends. The dependent variables were engagement in ≥150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous LTPA and engagement in MSE ≥2 days/week based on guidelines provided by the World Health Organisation. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Non-linear relationships were estimated using restricted cubic spline regression. ResultsThe study population comprised 975 men and 1138 women. Among participants, 4.6% had <0 min, 41.9% had 0–59 min, 25.7% had 60–119 min and 27.7% had ≥120 min SJL. Those with ≥120 min SJL had a reduced likelihood of achieving the recommended level of LTPA (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52–0.95) and MSE (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.55–0.97). In the non-linear model, an inverse U-shaped association was observed, wherein the highest probability of meeting the recommended level of LTPA and MSE was observed in those with 45 min SJL, decreasing after this threshold. ConclusionsIndividuals with ≥120 min SJL were less likely to engage in the recommended level of both aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Although future studies using a longitudinal design are required to elucidate the causal relationship between SJL and physical activity, the current findings suggest that physical inactivity during leisure time may play an important role in the increased risk of cardiometabolic abnormalities in young adults with SJL.

The association between anthocyanin intake and myopia in adolescents: a cross-sectional study of NHANES

AimThe study aimed to explore the relationship of anthocyanin and its subtypes with myopia in adolescents aged 12–17 years.MethodsAdolescents data for this cross-sectional study were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2008. Anthocyanin and subtypes were obtained using the Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies codes. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent of −1.0 diopters or less. The relationships between anthocyanin and subtypes intake and myopia were determined utilizing weighted univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. The relationships were also explored in gender, leisure time, physical activity, sedentary activity, BMI, and serum cotinine subgroups.ResultsA total of 839 adolescents were included for further analysis, among them 245 have myopia. Malvidin (34.98%) was the subtype with the largest anthocyanin intake, followed by cyanidin (22.94%). Compared to adolescents without anthocyanin intake, total anthocyanin intake was related to a lower incidence of myopia (OR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.51–0.92). Higher intake of cyanidin (OR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.52–0.92), petunidin (OR = 0.64, 95%CI: 0.42–0.97), and delphinidin (OR = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.51–0.99) were associated with lower odds of myopia in adolescents. Higher total anthocyanin intake was related to lower odds of myopia in those females, leisure time physical activity ≥60 min/day, sedentary time &amp;lt;8 h/day, overweight or obese, and serum cotinine ≥0.05 ng/ml.ConclusionHigher total anthocyanin intake, particularly cyanidin, petunidin, and delphinidin, was related to a lower incidence of myopia in adolescents. Increasing dietary anthocyanin intake may be an effective prevention strategy for ocular health.

“Can physical activity reduce the risk of having tinnitus?”

Objective Tinnitus, the perception of sound without an external source, affects many adults, impacting quality of life. While factors like hearing loss and psychological distress are linked to tinnitus, the relationship with physical activity remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and the presence of tinnitus. Design This study is a cross-sectional study. The participants completed the long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to investigate associations between (components of) physical activity and the presence of tinnitus, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Study Sample This study involved 3004 participants (2751 tinnitus patients, 253 healthy controls). Results Engaging in moderate or vigorous-intensity physical activity during leisure time for more than 2.5 hours per week was associated with a reduced risk of having tinnitus (OR = 0.515, p < 0.001). Conversely, individuals who reported sitting for more than 7 hours per day had a significantly higher risk of having tinnitus (OR = 2.366, p < 0.001). Conclusions The study suggests a potential protective effect of leisure-time physical activity against tinnitus and highlights the importance of reducing sedentary behaviour. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to understand underlying mechanisms.

Frequency of physical activity during leisure time and variables related to pain and pain medication use in Spanish adults: A cross-sectional study.

Physical inactivity has been identified as a risk factor for pain. The main objective was to analyze the relationships between leisure time physical activity frequency (PAF) and pain prevalence, pain level, pain impairment, daily life pain impairment, and analgesic use in Spanish adults. In addition, risk factors such as sex, body mass index, marital status and social class were assessed for these pain variables in addition to PAF. Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2014 and 2020 European Health Surveys in Spain residents. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship of dependence between the variables of interest. A correlation study calculating Spearman's rho and a multiple logistic regression were performed to assess risk factors for pain variables. 20,113 and 19,196 subjects with a median age of 49 and 52 years old in 2014 and 2020 European Health Surveys, respectively, were analyzed. Dependence relationships were found between PAF and pain variables (p<0.001). The prevalence of: pain, high levels of pain, pain impairment, high level of pain impairment and use analgesic were higher in the inactive population than in the rest of the PAF levels (36.7-53%) vs (18.6-44.3%), p<0.05. Weak correlations were found between PAF and pain variables (-0.177 ≤ Rho ≤ -0.107) (p<0.001). Logistics regression show that being active or very active reduces the odds of pain, the intensity of pain and being affected in daily activities due to pain by 0.524 to 0.776 times. Likewise, being active or very active reduces the odds of taking pain medication by 0.661 to 0.755 times. Also age, low social class, being a woman, and being obese increase of odds of pain, pain affectation and use of analgesics in both surveys by 1.008 to 2.202 times. Physical inactivity was related to a higher prevalence of: pain, higher levels of pain, higher pain involvement and higher analgesic use. In addition, lower social class, being female, older age, and obesity were factors for higher odds of pain, pain involvement, and analgesic use in both surveys.

Abstract 4137636: Cardiac radiation dose and changes in physical activity and quality of life in patients with locally advanced lung cancer

Background: Physical activity is associated with prognosis in cancer. However, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a high cardiovascular (CV) population, the relationships between RT dose, physical activity, and CV patient-reported outcomes remain unclear. We determined the associations between cardiac radiation dose-volume metrics and changes in physical activity and quality-of-life (QoL) in patients treated with definitive chemoradiation. Methods: NSCLC participants treated with chemoradiation were enrolled in a multi-center longitudinal cohort study. Self-reported physical activity via Godin–Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (Godin) and QoL via Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) Fatigue and Dyspnea Scales were collected at baseline, end of RT, 6, and 12 months post-RT. Changes in Godin and FACIT scores over time were examined using linear mixed-effects models. Multivariable linear regression via generalized estimating equations assessed the associations between: 1) mean heart dose (MHD) and longitudinal changes in physical activity and QoL, and 2) concurrent changes in physical activity and FACIT scores. Results: Across 101 participants, the mean age was 66 years, with 57% male, 66% White, and 25% Black. The median (Q1, Q3) MHD was 10.8 Gy (6.1,16.3). Very low physical activity [9 (0, 25)], high dyspnea [4 (1, 9)], and low fatigue [39 (31,46)] were reported at baseline. With chemoRT, there was a significant worsening of physical activity ( P = 0.03), fatigue ( P &lt; 0.001), and dyspnea ( P &lt; 0.001). Each 1-Gy increase in MHD was associated with a modest decline in physical activity (-0.28; 95% CI -0.53, -0.02, P = 0.03), and higher physical activity was associated with a concurrent decrease in fatigue ( P &lt; 0.001) and dyspnea ( P = 0.007) (Table). Conclusions: In locally advanced NSCLC, physical activity levels prior to RT were very low, and higher cardiac radiation dose was associated with a further decline in physical activity. Increased physical activity was associated with concurrent decreases in fatigue and dyspnea. Strategies to promote physical activity may result in improved QoL in this high CV group.

Associations of comorbid headache disorders and depression with leisure-time physical activity among 14,088 adults in The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health.

While headache disorders are linked to low physical activity levels, the impact of depression on this relationship is unclear. To assess how single and comorbid diagnoses of migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) interact with depression and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) levels in The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). In this cross-sectional analysis based on the ELSA-Brasil baseline data, the relationship of migraine, TTH (both assessed with the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Second Edition), and depression (assessed with the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised) with LTPA levels (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) was investigated by employing linear regression models. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical covariates, and interaction terms were created to examine additive effects of comorbid conditions. Among 14,088 participants, 54.4% (7668/14,088) were female, prevalence rates were: TTH = 39.6% (5573/14,088), migraine = 27.0% (3806/14,088), depression = 0.7% (94/14,088), depression + TTH = 1.1% (148/14,088), and depression + migraine = 2.5% (356/14,088). The mean (standard deviation) LTPA levels across the groups were: no headache + no depression = 148.7 (183.0) min/week, TTH = 133.5 (170.1) min/week, migraine = 110.3 (154.8) min/week, depression = 76.5 (146.3) min/week, depression + TTH = 84.5 (127.7) min/week, and depression + migraine = 64.3 (123.2) min/week. Negative associations were found for depression (β = -55.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] -93.6 to -17.0; p = 0.005), migraine (β = -24.7, 95% CI -33.2 to -15.4; p < 0.001), and TTH (β = -15.5, 95% CI -23.1 to -7.6; p < 0.001) with LTPA. No interaction effect was observed for depression + TTH (β = 36.0, 95% CI -12.6 to 84.6; p = 0.147) and depression + migraine (β = 31.7, 95% CI -11.3 to 74.7; p = 0.149), indicating no additive effect of comorbid conditions on LTPA levels. After adjusting for headache attack frequency, only depression + migraine remained negatively associated with LTPA (β = -38.7, 95% CI -71.6 to -5.8; p = 0.021). Headache disorders and depression were independently and inversely associated with LTPA, with the strongest effects seen in depression alone or comorbid with migraine.

Leisure-time physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cognitive decline in middle-aged and older adults - The ELSA-Brasil study

ObjectivesDementia is a fast-growing public health problem. This study examined the association of physical activity and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (eCRF) with the risk of cognitive impairment. Study designMulticentric, prospective cohort study. MethodsWe analyzed 10,121 participants of the ELSA-Brasil study. We assessed leisure-time physical activity using the long version of the IPAQ questionnaire and defined moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per week. We applied a non-exercise prediction equation to estimate eCRF and classified participants as unfit (lowest tertile) and fit. Leisure-time MVPA and eCRF were measured at baseline and follow-up. Incident cognitive impairment was based on memory, language, and executive function assessed at baseline and follow-up. ResultsDuring a median of 8.1 (7.8–8.5) years of follow-up, we identified 396 (3.9 %) incident cases of cognitive impairment. There was an inverse, non-linear association between the incidence of cognitive impairment and both leisure time MVPA and eCRF. Low eCRF (IRR: 1.29; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.64) and low MVPA (IRR: 1.40; 1.09, 1.82) were independently associated with an increased incidence. Increasing 1 MET in eCRF from baseline to follow-up visit was associated with a lower incidence of cognitive impairment (IRR: 0.80; 95%CI: 0.71, 0.91), while a decrease of 13.7 min per day in leisure time MVPA is associated with an increased incidence (IRR: 1.16; 95%CI: 1.01, 1.33) of cognitive impairment. These associations remained statistically significant in adults under 65 but not in older adults. ConclusionLow eCRF and leisure time MVPA are strong and independent predictors of incident cognitive impairment especially in middle-aged adults.

Chronotype and leisure-time physical activity among civil servants in Japan: a cross-sectional analysis of the Aichi workers’ cohort study

BackgroundThe association between chronotype and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) remains unclear. We investigated the difference in regular LTPA and for a sufficient duration between those with evening-type (ET) and morning-type chronotypes (MT).MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis using the data of the Aichi Workers’ Cohort Study. It included 3,221 men (mean [standard deviation] age: 45.0 [11.6] years) and 1,294 women (39.8 [11.2] years). Chronotypes were determined with the reduced version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. We calculated the metabolic equivalents (METs) consumed per week based on the four types of LTPA: strolling, brisk walking, light- and moderate-intensity PA, and vigorous-intensity PA. Regular LTPA and for a sufficient duration was defined as doing once or more per week and for 30 min or longer per session, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was conducted separately by sex to calculate odds ratios of ET for regular LTPA and for a sufficient duration, adjusted for age and other factors, for each type of LTPA.ResultsET men consumed fewer total METs per week than MT men (p < .001), although this pattern is not found in women. Compared to MT men, ET men were less likely to be engaged in regular LTPA in all types of LTPA (prevalence and adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: strolling: 39.1% vs. 28.7%, 0.685 [0.524–0.895]; brisk walking: 23.9% vs. 14.4%, 0.639 [0.454–0.899]; light- and moderate-intensity PA: 15.4% vs. 8.4%, 0.613 [0.404–0.929]; vigorous-intensity PA: 21.4% vs. 16.8%, 0.715 [0.518–0.989]). They were less likely to spend a sufficient duration in brisk walking (25.9% vs. 16.5%, 0.635 [0.461–0.875]), light- and moderate-intensity PA (37.1% vs. 26.8%, 0.684 [0.521–0.899]), and vigorous-intensity PA (35.3% vs. 35.8%, 0.741 [0.568–0.968]). Compared with MT women, ET women were less likely to be engaged in strolling (30.5% vs. 22.2%, 0.629 [0.398–0.995]), and less likely to spend a sufficient duration in light- and moderate-intensity PA (27.3% vs. 15.3%, 0.561 [0.335–0.937]).ConclusionsET was inversely associated with LTPA in men and partly in women.

Unveiling Relationship Between Specific Domain, Intensity, and Dose of Physical Activity and Biological Age: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Existing studies have separately explored the association between specific intensity and domain of physical activity (PA) and biological age (BA), potentially impeding more precise guide. We used data of 5216 middle-aged and older adults aged 45 and over to explore and compare the relationship of different domains, intensities, and doses of PA and BA. Transport-related walking and leisure-time moderate-intensity PA (MPA) were significantly associated with younger BA, rather than other intensity of work-related PA. There were U-shaped dose-response relationships between transport-related BA or leisure-time MPA and BA. In subgroup analyses for older adults, all intensities of PA were significantly associated with decreased BA. These findings highlighted the importance of considering the domain, intensity, and dose of PA in designing effective age-delaying interventions.

Associations between Leisure and Work Time Activity Behavior and 24 H Ambulatory Blood Pressure among Aging Workers.

Purpose: The associations between work time, leisure-time, and non-workday physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SED) and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) are not well known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between domain-specific activity behavior and 24 h blood pressure.Methods: A hundred and fifty-six aging workers (mean age 62.4 [SD 1.0] years, BMI 26.2 [4.5] kg/m2, 84 % women, 75 % non-manual occupation) from the Finnish Retirement and Aging study (FIREA) were included. Standing, light and moderate-to-vigorous PA (LPA and MVPA, respectively), and SED were measured using thigh-worn accelerometers and work time, leisure-time, and non-workdays were distinguished using a diary. Ambulatory 24 h BP was analyzed as mean daytime and nighttime systolic and diastolic BP, and the nocturnal BP dipping percentage was calculated. Associations were examined with linear regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, occupation, work time mode, job strain, BMI, BP medication, and accelerometer wear time.Results: Higher work time SED associated with lower nighttime diastolic BP (B = -0.92, 95% CI -1.83, -0.01). In addition, higher work time standing associated with higher daytime diastolic BP (B = 1.34, 95% CI 0.03, 2.65) and higher work time LPA with less diastolic BP dipping (B = -3.57, 95% CI -6.80, -0.34). MVPA in any domain was not associated with ambulatory BP.Conclusions: Higher work time SED associated with a more favorable diastolic BP, and higher work time PA associated with more adverse diastolic BP among aging workers. In conclusion, work time, rather than leisure time or non-workday, activity behavior seems to associate with 24 h ambulatory BP.

Qualitative Evidence to Inform Municipal Government Actions to Increase Recreation Space Usage and Promote Equitable Participation in Leisure-Time Physical Activity

Municipal recreation infrastructure is critical for enhancing people’s opportuni-ties to be physically active during leisure time and reducing usage inequities. Yet, the literature on municipal equity-sensitive strategies is limited. To address this gap, we combined a socio-ecological framework with equity, diversity, and inclu-sion (EDI) and health equity lenses to examine intersecting social and structural determinants of municipal recreation (indoor and outdoor) infrastructure usage. We used data from 22 focus groups involving youth, adult regular users, and adult non-regular users. The intersecting factors influencing people’s utilization experi-ences were organized at intrapersonal, socio-cultural environment, organization, and built and natural environment levels. Policy and practice implications for mu-nicipal governments vis-à-vis EDI and health equity considerations are discussed. Recommendations include public transportation improvement, design of strategic communication plans, and linking activities with opportunities for socialization, among others.

Association of cognitive performance with overall, dosage, intensity, and domain physical activity in aging: NHANES 2011–2014

BackgroundThe specific relationship between PA in detailed types and cognition is still unclear due to limited evidence. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between cognitive performance and various aspects of physical activity, including overall activity, dosage, intensity levels [moderate physical activity (MPA), vigorous PA], and different domains of activity [occupational PA (OPA), transportation PA (TPA), and leisure-time PA (LTPA)] in older adults using data from the NHANES database.MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis used data from 2 cycles of NHANES (2011–2014). PA was determined through participants' self-reports using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Cognitive performance was evaluated by the presence of psychometric mild cognitive impairment (p-MCI), identified based on a composite measure derived from three cognitive tests including the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD), the Animal Fluency test, and the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST). Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association.ResultsA total of 2588 participants aged 60 years or older were included, with an average age of 69.4 years and 48% being male. In the fully adjusted model, compared to no PA, performing 300 min of PA, and MPA were associated with 44%, and 33% reductions in the prevalence of p-MCI, respectively. Additionally, engaging in 1–149 min/week [OR 0.56, 95% CI (0.33–0.92)] and ≥ 300 min/week [OR 0.66, 95% CI (0.44–0.96)] of OPA, as well as ≥ 300 min/week [OR 0.56, 95% CI (0.36–0.86)] of LTPA, were also associated with a lower prevalence of p-MCI. Additionally, engaging in a diverse range of PA had better outcomes.ConclusionsOur results suggested a positive association between higher levels of PA and enhanced cognitive performance. Different intensities and domains of PA have varying impacts on cognition. Future exploration, such as objectively measured PA and longitudinal studies were needed to validate our conclusion.

Associations of back muscle endurance with occupational back muscle activity and spinal loading among subsistence farmers and office workers in Rwanda.

Over the course of the physical activity transition, machines have largely replaced skeletal muscle as the source of work for locomotion and other forms of occupational physical activity in industrial environments. To better characterize this transition and its effect on back muscles and the spine, we tested to what extent typical occupational activities of rural subsistence farmers demand higher magnitudes and increased variability of back muscle activity and spinal loading compared to occupational activities of urban office workers in Rwanda, and whether these differences were associated with back muscle endurance, the dominant risk factor for back pain. Using electromyography, inertial measurement units, and OpenSim musculoskeletal modeling, we measured back muscle activity and spinal loading continuously while participants performed occupational activities for one hour. We measured back muscle endurance using electromyography median frequency analysis. During occupational work, subsistence farmers activate their back muscles and load their spines at 390% higher magnitudes and with 193% greater variability than office workers. Partial correlations accounting for body mass show magnitude and variability response variables are positively associated with back muscle endurance (R = 0.39-0.90 [P < 0.001-0.210] and R = 0.54-0.72 [P = 0.007-0.071], respectively). Body mass is negatively correlated with back muscle endurance (R = -0.60, P = 0.031), suggesting higher back muscle endurance may be also partly attributable to having lower body mass. Because higher back muscle endurance is a major factor that prevents back pain, these results reinforce evidence that under-activating back muscles and under-loading spines at work increases vulnerability to back pain and may be an evolutionary mismatch. As sedentary occupations become more common, there is a need to study the extent to which occupational and leisure time physical activities that increase back muscle endurance helps prevent back pain.

The influence of Mediterranean diet and physical activity-related energy expenditure on weight status and cardiometabolic risk. What "weights" more? The HERMEX study.

In this cross-sectional study, we explored the influence of Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence and physical activity-related energy expenditure on weight status and cardiometabolic risk in a large sample of 2.833 young, middle-aged and older adults. A food frequency questionnaire was employed, and MD Score to assess MD adherence. Physical activity-related energy expenditure was reported through the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. Anthropometry, blood pressure, lipid and glycaemic markers were measured. Most of the participants were overweight or obese and had a medium-high MD adherence. The obesity group showed lower energy expenditure and a greater clustered cardiometabolic risk. Overweight and obese had a greater clustered cardiometabolic risk compared to the high MD adherence and normo-weight. Obese showed the greatest clustered cardiometabolic risk with independence of MD adherence. Increasing energy expenditure through physical activity better than restrictive diets might be one of the key components for reducing cardiometabolic risk among obese people.

Dose response of leisure time physical activity and biological aging in type 2 diabetes: a cross sectional study

To investigate the relationship between Leisure time physical activity (LTPA) patterns and PhenoAgeAccel in patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D), emphasizing the role of regular LTPA in mitigating biological aging. This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018, including 4,134 adults with T2D. Multivariable linear regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) methods were employed to assess the relationship between LTPA and Phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel), with segmented likelihood ratio tests to detect nonlinear thresholds. Stratified regression and interaction tests were conducted for robust analysis. Compared to individuals with no LTPA patterns, those with regular LTPA patterns had significantly lower PhenoAgeAccel scores (β = -1.164, 95% CI: -1.651 to -0.677, P < 0.0001), while the “Weekend Warrior” and “Inactive-LTPA” patterns showed no significant effects. A nonlinear threshold effect was identified; below 594.57 min of weekly LTPA, there was a significant negative correlation (β = -0.002, 95% CI: -0.003 to -0.001, P = 0.000), with gender-specific effects present. Regular LTPA significantly reduces phenotypic age acceleration in T2D patients, with a nonlinear threshold effect indicating that moderate physical activity is most beneficial. These findings highlight the necessity of personalized physical activity recommendations and provide evidence for public health strategies to promote healthy aging in T2D patients.

Perceived Barriers to Leisure-time Physical Activity among Physically Active Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury

ObjectiveTo investigate barriers to leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) for physically active people with spinal cord injury (SCI). DesignProspective cross-sectional. SettingGeneral community. ParticipantsOne hundred and five physically active individuals with SCI. InterventionsSemi-structured interviews and surveys. Main Outcome MeasureParticipants were surveyed and interviewed to determine barriers and determinants of LTPA participation. SCI-specific physical activity (PA) guideline adherence was documented. Barriers were categorised using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behaviour model, and regression statistics were used to determine relationships between LTPA volume and barriers. ResultsHealth problems, costs of equipment and programs, pain, and a lack of energy were the most common Capability barriers, whilst a lack of accessible facilities, confidence in the knowledge and skill of a health professional, and a lack of time were common Opportunity barriers. Motivation barriers pertained to self-consciousness in a fitness centre and a lack of interest. Believing LTPA to be too difficult, uninteresting, and unable to improve health emerged as significant barriers to SCI-specific PA guideline adherence. ConclusionSCI-specific PA guideline adherence was below 50% in physically active individuals. There are still numerous Capability and Opportunity barriers that physically active people with SCI must overcome when engaging in LTPA. Motivational barriers such as feeling self-conscious in a fitness centre significantly influence PA guideline compliance in this population. Service providers should emphasise the benefit of LTPA to people with SCI while providing LTPA options that facilitate enjoyment, interest, and inclusivity, particularly for those who do not meet PA guideline recommendations.

Social Vulnerability and Leisure-Time Physical Activity in the United States from 2020 to 2022: An unaltered crisis within a crisis

Social Vulnerability and Leisure-Time Physical Activity in the United States from 2020 to 2022: An unaltered crisis within a crisis

Health-related quality of life in adults with metabolic syndrome: a multi-level analysis of family and individual level variation

Purpose The current study aimed to investigate the associations between metabolic syndrome (MetS) with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using multilevel analysis among the Iranian adult population. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). Participants were 6113 participants (3318 women and 2795 men) aged≥20 years of the TLGS seventh phase who had completed data on HRQoL and MetS. HRQoL was assessed using the short-form 12-item health survey V.2 and MetS defined based on the guidelines outlined in the Joint Interim Statement. The two-level model was fitted to assess the association between MetS and HRQoL. Results The prevalence of MetS and its components was higher in men, and regardless of metabolic status, men exhibited higher HRQoL values. The deleterious impact of MetS on HRQoL was more pronounced in women, while the detrimental effects of MetS on men’s HRQoL were confined to specific subscales. These results were obtained through multilevel analysis, considering both familial and individual variation levels. Moreover, our investigation highlighted the positive influence of leisure-time physical activity on both the physical and mental component summaries (PCS and MCS, respectively), regardless of gender. Education had a greater positive impact on PCS in both sexes. Additionally, a history of cardiovascular diseases was associated with a decline in mental and physical HRQoL, while age was linked to a decline in PCS and MCS, and smoking was associated with a decline in MCS. Conclusion This study revealed the significant influence of gender, as well as the unique characteristics and circumstances of individuals, on the relationship between MetS and HRQoL in a general population with low/middle income.

Bidirectional association between physical activity and depression: the “Como Vai?” cohort study

To evaluate bidirectional and longitudinal association between physical activity (PA) and depressive symptoms (DS). This is a cohort study called “Como Vai?” (How are you?), conducted by older population representative sample of the city of Pelotas-Rio Grande do Sul. The analyses used data from the first interview (2014) and follow-up (2019/20). The long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was applied to assess PA in the leisure, commuting and total domains. The presence of DS was measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-10). Linear regression models were used to evaluate bidirectional associations between PA and DS. Analytical sample included 515 individuals with a mean age of 70.7 (± 9.2) years. Each weekly minute of total PA (β: -0.0006; 95% CI: -0.0011; -0.0001) and commuting PA (β: -0.0008; 95% CI: -0.0016; -0.0001) in 2014 predicts worse DS scores in 2019/20. At the same time, DS score in 2014 (β: -9.79; 95% CI: -18.81; -0.76) was a negative predictor of leisure-time PA in the 2019/20 follow-up adjusted for sociodemographic and other health behaviors. However, when adjusted for the respective outcomes at baseline, the associations found were not statistically significant. The present study did not find evidence of bidirectionality between PA and DS and the prospective associations lost statistical significance after adjustment for the respective outcomes at baseline. Other investigations are necessary including more periods of follow-up, objective analyses of PA to complement analyses by domains and, therefore, provide a better understanding of this complex relationship.

Associations of the ‘weekend warrior’ physical activity pattern with mild dementia: findings from the Mexico City Prospective Study

ObjectivesTo investigate associations of the ‘weekend warrior’ physical activity pattern with mild dementia.MethodsParticipants in the Mexico City Prospective Study were surveyed from 1998 to 2004 and re-surveyed from 2015 to 2019. Participants were asked about leisure time physical activity at baseline. Those who exercised up to once or twice per week were termed ‘weekend warriors’ and those who exercised more often were termed ‘regularly active’. A Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess mild dementia at re-survey. Cox models were adjusted for age, sex, education, income, blood pressure, smoking, body mass index, civil status, sleep, diet and alcohol at baseline. The attributable fraction was defined as the proportion of cases that would not exist if all adults were to exercise once or twice per week or more often.ResultsThe analysis included 10 033 adults of mean (SD) age 51 (10) years followed for 16 (2) years. There were 2400 cases when mild dementia was defined as a score of ≤22 on the MMSE. Compared with the group that reported no sport or exercise, the hazard ratio was 0.75 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.91) in the weekend warrior group, 0.89 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.02) in the regularly active group and 0.84 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.95) in the combined group. The attributable fraction was 13% (95% CI 5% to 21%). Similar results were observed when mild dementia was defined as a score of ≤23 on the MMSE.ConclusionsThis longitudinal analysis suggests that the weekend warrior physical activity pattern is associated with a reduced risk of mild dementia.