Freedom In Leisure Research Articles

Into the wild: sailing through leisure hybridity and self-other interculturality upon an ocean-crossing tall ship

ABSTRACT This study explores the in-betweenness and the temporal freedom in leisure and intercultural experiences, particularly in the outdoor setting of a sailing expedition. An ethnography study was conducted to explore the in-betweenness of liminoid leisure space and self-other interculturality during an EU-exchange tall ship sail-training voyage. The physical confinement of the sailing ship blurred the boundaries of the participants’ perceived and experiential leisure space, the pre-determined ship schedule and routines provided an unconventional sense of time fluidity, and the assembled socio-cultural diversity onboard formed a stage of unfamiliarity. The finding reveals that the spatial, temporal and relational features on a sailing ship enabled individuals to go through leisure hybridity together and co-negotiate meanings that promote diversity and understanding, participants’ perceived and temporal freedom and satisfaction, and relational harmony.

Analysis of university students’ perceived freedom in leisure during covid-19 lockdowns

ABSTRACT Before COVID-19, perceived freedom in leisure (PFL) was rarely considered based on academic majors. This study examined student PFL during COVID-19 lockdowns. 340 Iranian students studying physical education, non-physical education, and medical sciences took an online Witt and Ellis (1985) scale survey in July and August 2021. The one-sample t-test showed that students' PFL (M = 3.78) exceeded the hypothesized value (test value = 3). ANOVA showed a significant difference in PFL means between the three groups (F = 7.530, P < 0.01). Medical sciences students had the lowest PFL (3.45), and physical education students had the highest (3.86). Iranian students' high PFL likely indicates they don't have lessons or schoolwork, giving them a sense of freedom even during pandemics.

The investigation of the relationship between perceived freedom and brief resilience: The role of participation in physical activity

Background: This study was designed to examine the relationship between perceived freedom in leisure and psychological resilience of university staff. Material and Methods: The sample group of the study was composed of 189 academic and 81 administrative university staff (Mage=36.11±7.34). Participants were assessed based on the “Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale (T-PFLS)” and the “Brief Resilience Scale (T-BRS)”. ANOVA, independent samples t-test, and Pearson correlation analysis methods were used to analyze the data. Results: T-test analysis indicated that there was no significant difference between the mean scores of “T-PFLS”; however, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of “T-BRS” with regard to gender. The male participants’ mean scores were higher than those of the female participants. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences in “T-PFLS” and “T-BRS” mean scores with respect to the position at the university. ANOVA analysis indicated statistically significant differences in mean scores of “T-PFLS” and “T-BRS” with respect to leisure participation preference. The mean scores of frequent participants were higher than the others in both of the scales. There was a statistically significant positive and moderate correlation between the mean scores of “T-PFLS” and “T-BRS” scores. Conclusion: As a result, active participants reported higher perceived freedom and psychological resilience scores.

Examining the Levels of Freedom, Life Satisfaction and Happiness Perceived by College Students in Leisure Time

The main purpose of this paper is to identify the relationship between the perceived freedom, life satisfaction and happiness scales scores of college student according to some demographic variances. Within the scope of the research; 1024 male (n=532) and female (n=492) students who currently study in the universities were selected by random sampling method. Descriptive, correlation and regression analysis techniques were used for the data obtained through the survey. The result revealed that the perceived freedom in leisure is significantly positively correlated. In terms of life satisfaction, there is a significant difference in gender factor, while there is no significant difference in grade and active sports status. According to the happiness factor, grade variables were the only parameter that had a statistically significant correlation with happiness. Gradual regression analysis indicated that there is a positive correlation between the life satisfaction and happiness level. Similarly, significant correlation was found between the perceived freedom in leisure time and happiness levels of students. In conclusion, our findings indicate that perceived freedom in leisure has a positive impact on the life satisfaction and happiness.

Leisure Activity Participation, Exercise Level and Perceived Freedom in University Students (Akdeniz University Example)

One of the main topics handled in leisure literature is “The benefits obtained by leisure activity participation”. Besides physical health benefits, positive emotion outcomes are inquired very often in studies. Perceived freedom in leisure is one of the positive outcomes mentioned by researchers in leisure sciences. The aim of this study is to examine recreative activity participation, leisure time exercise participation and perceived freedom of university students that attended to elective physical education courses. The population of the study consists of students attending to elective physical education courses, meanwhile the sample of the study consisted of 500 voluntary students. As data collection tool “Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire” and “Perceived Freedom in Leisure” scales were used. In data analysis, non parametric correlation and hypothesis tests were used as the data were not normally distributed. According to the results leisure time exercise levels and perceived freedom scores showed a positive significant correlation (r=0.234, p<0.05). This shows that the level of exercise in leisure time increases the perception of freedom obtained from leisure activities. Men participants showed higher level of perceived freedom when compared with women (p<0.05). Men participants were also found to be more actively participating to exercise than women (χ2=22,064, p<0.05). The participants that perceived their economic status better than the other group showed higher percentage of active participation (χ2=8,472, p<0.05). For future research, the positive emotion effects of leisure activity participation could be studied in different study groups such as disabled participants, elderly people, recovering patients, immigrants and other different groups.

All work and no play? Antecedents of the leisure involvement of Taiwan expatriate managers in Mainland China

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to construct and test an antecedent relationship path model for the leisure involvement of Taiwan expatriate managers working in Mainland China. A leisure temporal-spatial involvement (LTSI) was developed.Design/methodology/approachBurnout, perceived freedom in leisure and leisure coping strategies were proposed in the conceptual model as antecedents of leisure involvement. A questionnaire survey gathered information on the characteristics of respondents, including demographic/socio-economic details, expatriate profile and leisure activity participation. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used in this research to measure the relationships among the four scale variables (job burnout, perceived freedom in leisure, leisure coping strategies and leisure involvement).FindingsThe expatriate managers experienced high burnout levels, particularly in the form of exhaustion. Their leisure involvement was mainly influenced by perceived freedom in leisure.Research limitations/implicationsThis work contributes to the research on leisure and expatriation in several ways. It is one of the first empirical studies to examine prominent leisure concepts (freedom, coping and involvement) within the milieu of expatriation. The findings provide further support to the notion of the “presumed cultural similarity paradox,” in that expatriates of Chinese ethnicity still had significant adjustment difficulties in Mainland China. The research again confirms the challenges of Mainland China as an expatriation destination.Practical implicationsThe research results have significant practical value and may assist Taiwan-capital enterprises in improving expatriates’ leisure life management. The section on Managerial and policy implications outlines the implications for the actors involved.Social implicationsThis work has social implications since the Taiwan expatriate managers are not effectively adjusting to their work–life environments in Guangzhou. Greater social contact between locals and these managers is recommended in the future.Originality/valueA new scale for leisure involvement (LTSI), expressed in temporal and spatial dimensions, is developed to fit the particular situations faced by expatriates. This is also one of only a few empirical research studies to consider leisure involvement within an expatriation framework.

Internet Addiction: Relationship with Perceived Freedom in Leisure, Perception of Boredom and Sensation Seeking

This study aimed to examine the university student&amp;rsquo;s internet addiction, perceived freedom in leisure, leisure boredom, and sensation seeking level with regard to gender and physical activity participation, and to investigate the relationship between internet addiction, perceived freedom in leisure, leisure boredom and sensation seeking. The participants who were chosen using a convenience sampling method filled the &amp;ldquo;Short Form of Young&amp;rsquo;s Internet Addiction Test&amp;rdquo; (YIAT-SF), Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale (PFLS), &amp;ldquo;Leisure Boredom Scale (LBS), and &amp;ldquo;Sensation Seeking Scale&amp;rdquo; (SSS). T-test, MANOVA, ANOVA and correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. T-test results indicated there were no significant differences in the mean scores of &amp;ldquo;YIAT-SF&amp;rdquo; with respect to gender (p&amp;gt; 0.05). However, analysis revealed significant differences in the mean scores of &amp;ldquo;YIAT-SF&amp;rdquo; with regard to not regularly physical activity participation. There were significant differences in the mean scores of &amp;ldquo;PFLS&amp;rdquo; in favor of men participants and regularly physical activity participants (p&amp;lt;0.05). Gender and regularly physical activity participation were significant of &amp;quot;LBS&amp;rdquo; (p&amp;lt;0.01) in favor of women participants (p&amp;lt;0.05). Similarly, gender were significant of &amp;ldquo;SSS&amp;rdquo; (p&amp;lt;0.01) on the all sub-dimensions in favor of men participants (p&amp;lt;0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the mean scores of regularly physical activity participation.

University Students' Perceptions of Freedom in Leisure

The aim of this study was to examine university students' freedom to engage in leisure activities, and to compare these according to the factors of elective courses taken and course hours, leisure activities frequently participated in, lengths of participation and gender. A total of 410 students, 212 of whom were taking common compulsory courses in their own education programmes, and 198 of whom were taking non-technical elective courses, took part in the study. Quantitative research techniques were used in the study, which was structured on the descriptive model. The Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale developed by Witt and Ellis (1985) and adapted into Turkish by Yerlisu Lapa and Agyar (2011), and the Personal Information Form developed by the researchers, were used as data collection tools in the study. The data were evaluated by using the t-test, one-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U statistical test methods. According to the research findings, it was determined that students who chose sports courses from among the elective courses and who spent more time participating in their selected courses and in leisure activities had higher perceived freedom in leisure. Whereas no significant difference was observed with regard to the type of leisure activity that the students engaged in, male students' perceptions of freedom were found to be higher than those of female students.

Perception of freedom in leisure among substance users and nonusers

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify that substance use among adolescents would be linked to perceptions of freedom in leisure. It was selected for convenience sampling 186 adolescents at Projeto Quixote in a public school in Guarulhos. It used as questionnaire Data Sociodemographic and Leisure, The Leisure Diagnostic Battery, version B (PLL) to measure Perceived Freedom in Leisure and Drug Use Screening Inventory for classification of substance use, all self-administered. Based on 165 reviews analyzed, the frequency of use of ecstasy and marijuana in the last month were related to higher rates of PLL. The number of substances used in the last month had no significant effect. These data suggest specific components of leisure related to the frequency of substance use, such as perceived control and need at leisure.

Through the Lens of a Camera: Exploring the Meaning of Competitive Sport Participation Among Youth Athletes with Disabilities

This study explores the meaning of competitive sports participation among youth athletes with disabilities who are members of a sled hockey team affiliated with a community-based therapeutic recreation (TR) and adaptive sports organization. The study draws upon theories of Social Role Valorization and Perceived Freedom in Leisure, and employs the Socio-Ecological Model to (a) examine the role of adaptive sports programs as bridging organizations, mediating the space between individual capacities, collective identities, and valued social roles for youth with disabilities; and (b) identify barriers and enablers of participation. Photovoice was employed utilizing the template analytic method. Findings suggest that competitive sports participation: (1) facilitates identification with valued social roles, (2) supports outcomes associated with Perceived Freedom in Leisure, and (3) empowers youth with disabilities to discuss barriers and enablers to social inclusion. This study highlights the role of Photovoice as a tool for informing TR and adaptive sport practice, and facilitating Subscribe to TRJ

Leisure aspirations of people with visual impairment in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana

ABSTRACT Despite the contestation of the existence of leisure freedom, particularly among marginalized populations such as people with disabilities, there have been limited studies to ascertain their leisure aspirations. The negative socio-cultural connotations of disability in Ghana further constricts disabled peoples’ leisure freedom and therefore warrants research into their leisure aspirations. Employing data obtained from 330 people with visual impairment, via a questionnaire, the study established that the respondents exercised limited freedom in the choice of their leisure activities. Activities desired but out of their reach included jogging, playing board games (ludo, oware and drafts) playing football, reading, visiting recreational areas, and visiting friends and relatives. Reasons for their inability to indulge in desired activities encompassed bodily dysfunction, financial constraints, lack of social support and inaccessible physical environment. The probability of facing any of these constraints was based on the respondents’ age, marital status, formal educational status and monthly income.

University students’ opinions of the meaning of leisure and their perceived freedom in leisure

The aim of this study is to examine the perceptions of university students towards leisure and perceived freedom in leisure on the basis of different variables. To this end, a total of 250 university students in total, 174 (69%) of whom are males and 78 (31%) of whom are females selected by random sampling have voluntarily attended the research study. The sample of the study consists of students studying at Istanbul University's Faculty of Sports Sciences. The data collection instruments of the study include the personal information form developed by the researcher, as well as the Leisure Meanings Inventory which was developed by Esteve et al. (1999) and adapted into Turkish by Gürbüz et al. (2007) and aims to determine the leisure perceptions of the participants. The Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale, which was developed by Witt and Ellis (1985) and adapted into Turkish by Yerlisu, Lapa and Ağyar (2011) was used to determine the participants’ perceived freedom levels in leisure. Additionally, frequency methods have been utilized to identify the distribution of the personal information of the participants and the Shapiro-Wilks normality test has been applied to identify whether data had normal distribution. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskall Wallis tests have been applied to determine the significant differences after it was determined that the data were suitable to non-parametric test conditions. According to the gender variable, no significant difference has been identified in the sub-dimension of the perceived freedom in leisure scale (p&gt;0.05). In the active-passive participation and goal orientation sub-dimensions in the leisure meanings inventory, the female participants were found to score more than male participants. Based on the age variable, there were no significant differences found in any sub dimension of the perceived freedom scale (p&lt;0.05) or in the leisure meanings inventory (p&gt;0.05). In conclusion, the perceived leisure levels of the female participants were higher than the male while it was also seen that as age increases, the perceived freedom levels in leisure increases as well.

English

The objective of this experimental study is to determine the effect of leisure education programme including sportive activities on the perceived freedom in leisure of adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities. The research was designed with an experimental group (n= 37) and a control group (n= 34), and was conducted among a total of 71 adolescent students with mild intellectual disabilities in the spring semester of the 2014- 2015 academic year. The experimental group participated in a leisure education programme including sportive leisure activities that were supported by leisure coaching for 8 weeks. The short form of the Leisure Diagnostic Battery was applied to all participants as a pre- and post-test. Paired sample t tests and independent sample t tests were used to analyze the statistical data within the study, and the collected data were analysed using the R Project package program. A significant difference was found between the pre- and post-tests of the adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities in the experimental group. Moreover, a significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups. According to the results, a leisure education programme including sportive activities had a positive impact on perceived freedom in the leisure of individuals with intellectual disabilities. Key words: Sportive leisure activities, leisure education, perceived freedom in leisure, intellectual disabilities.

Leisure attitude, perceived freedom in leisure within married couples

Studies show that most people see marriage and children as an important part of their future, and view marriage as playing a crucial role in meeting their needs for companionship and emotional security. One of the factors found to play an important role in marriage is leisure which may influence and strengthen married couples interaction. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Perceived Freedom in Lesiure and Leisure Attitude within married couples. The sampling of the study consisted of a total of 206 married lecturers enrolled in Gazi and Selcuk University. Participants completed the Leisure Attitude (LAS), Perceived Freedom in Leisure (PFL) Scales. In conclusion, it was found that there was a positive linear relationship between perceived freedom in leisure and leisure attitude subscale (Cognitive, Affective, Behavioural) scores for married couples. Furthermore, Leisure attitude affects perceived freedom leisure positively and significantly within married couples (R=0.615). Married couples’ leisure attitude explained 38 % of their perceived freedom in leisure. Key words: Leisure, leisure attitude, perceived freedom in leisure, married couples.

Conscious versus Nonconscious Mind and Leisure

Why do we do what we do? This article reviews research on nonconscious and conscious processes and reveals the dominant role of the nonconscious mind in human behavior in general and in leisure behavior in particular. Neural preparation for voluntary action starts well before a conscious intention to act. The nonconscious is the default system, and it seeks to avoid any kind of straining activity. Much of human behavior (e.g., TV watching) is driven by stimulus cues in the environment, and people struggle with choosing demanding cognitive and physical leisure activities. Occasionally, though, the conscious mind intervenes and overrides the default system resulting in engagement in activities that increase neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. The task is difficult, however, as the nonconscious mind operates best in the freedom of leisure where the triggering of explanations and excuses for not doing demanding activities is most likely. The struggle is further compounded when people typically use up their finite self-control resources at work, thus leaving little or nothing of these for resisting participation in less demanding and potentially less beneficial leisure. Ironically, freedom in leisure, which is supposed to be a good thing, poses two major problems: (1) the nonconscious effect, when it facilitates the acceptance of excuses for not doing demanding activities, and (2) the conscious effect, when “should-do” leisure activities (e.g., exercise) stir up reactance and conscious resistance to a possible loss of freedom. As a result, freedom in leisure undermines, consciously and nonconsciously, one's initiative for self-development activities when it, in theory, would be expected to promote involvement in various kinds of self- and health-enhancing activities.

Life Satisfaction, Perceived Freedom in Leisure and Self-esteem: The Case of Physical Education and Sport Students

The aim of the study was to analyze life satisfaction, perceived freedom and self-esteem of 500 physical education and sport school students. The Satisfaction with Life Scale, Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale and Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale were used. Student t-test, Mann Whitney U test and MANOVA were conducted. Positive correlations were found between life satisfaction, self-esteem level and perceived freedom. In comparison of life satisfaction, self-esteem and perceived freedom no significant difference was obtained according to gender, but significant differences were found in perceived freedom according to age. Life satisfaction was higher in the group with higher leisure participation.

Life Satisfaction, Leisure Satisfaction and Perceived Freedom of Park Recreation Participants

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between life satisfaction, leisure satisfaction and perceived freedom in leisure of sports recreation activities participants and to compare leisure satisfaction and perceived freedom according to certain variables. The sampling of the study consisted of a total of 397 individuals participating in recreation sports activities. In conclusion, it was found that there was a positive linear relationship between life satisfaction and leisure satisfaction and perceived freedom in leisure. There was no difference between leisure satisfaction according to gender, however there was a significant difference between perceived freedom according to gender. A significant difference between Leisure Satisfaction and Perceived Freedom according to age and income was found.

Contribution of Perceived Freedom and Leisure Satisfaction to Life Satisfaction in a Sample of Turkish Women

Leisure is considered as a way of freedom and expression besides getting rid of limiting gender roles. Leisure is also a means of increasing competency in life for women. Therefore the aim of this study is to predict life satisfaction of a sample of Turkish women by some demographical variables, leisure participation frequency, perceived freedom in leisure and leisure satisfaction. A sample size of 1,437 female participants who were involving in recreational sport activities were selected randomly from Municipality parks of the main three districts of Antalya city. Data collection tools were “Satisfaction with Life Scale”, “Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale” and “Leisure Satisfaction Measure”. In statistical analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis was used. According to the results, demographic variables age, income were found to be significantly contributing to life satisfaction. Weekly leisure participation frequency did not have an impact on life satisfaction. As for leisure valuations, perceived freedom in leisure did not contribute significantly to life satisfaction meanwhile psychologic, social, physiologic and aesthetic subscales of leisure satisfaction scale were significantly related to life satisfaction of the participants.

The Role of Life Experiences on Perceptions of Leisure During Adulthood: A Longitudinal Analysis

This study examined the life experiences of adults and their effect on perceptions of leisure. Data for this study came from A Study of Leisure during Adulthood (ASOLDA), a 10-year study of the values, attitudes, and perceived freedom in leisure of 84 adults. Individual growth curve modeling was used to explore patterns and change within leisure domains for the sample. Life structure predicted adults’ perceived freedom in leisure while life events were predictive of adults’ leisure attitudes. Data from interviews were used to supplement the survey data to provide a better understanding of the predictors of leisure perceptions in this study.

The relationship between motor performance and peer relations in 9- to 12-year-old children

Poor motor skills have been associated with peer relationship difficulties, with lower peer preference and greater likelihood of suffering from withdrawal and low self-worth. Most research into these relationships has focused upon children with motor problems and on activities involving physical skills (play/sport). The current study examined the link between motor performance and peer relations in 9- to 12-year-old children in both physical and non-physical (schoolwork) settings using a community sample. Participants were 192 school children whose motor performance was tested using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children. Peer acceptance was assessed using the Peer Rating Scale and teachers completed the Peer Exclusion subscale of the Child Behaviour Scale to indicate each child's peer status. Children were also asked to indicate their level of physical activity and their perceived freedom in leisure using self-report questionnaires. Children with poor motor performance had lower levels of physical activity, and freedom in leisure and were less preferred by their peers in both play and classroom settings. These effects were stronger for boys than for girls. Teacher indicated that children with poorer motor skills experienced higher levels of peer rejection in the classroom setting. When motor performance was separated into fine- and gross-motor performance it was found that only the latter was significantly correlated with peer acceptance in the play context but that fine-motor skills contributed significantly to variance in teacher ratings of peer exclusion in the classroom setting. The results support and extend earlier findings that children with poor motor performance are less accepted by their peers in play settings and provide some support for this extending to settings involving low levels of physical activity (classroom settings). The results similarly support previous findings that motor performance is associated with perceived freedom in leisure and with the likelihood of participating in active pursuits.