Leisure Centre Research Articles

When Childcare is Commodified: An Autoethnography of Urban Mothering in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The research explores how motherhood constructs parenting spaces in urban contexts and, conversely, how urban spaces construct urban motherhood. This autoethnographic research uses Edward Soja’s concept of third space. The results of this study show that working mothers’ routines position them in terms of categorizing time, namely time for work and time for parenting, with a preference for parenting space outside the home. This practice simultaneously constructs temporal (time of care) and spatial (space of care) understandings for children and parents. Social media accelerates the spread of information about leisure centers, including the segmentation of care spaces. The creation of these new care spaces shows that the commodification of urban mothering is slowly shifting the role of care from the home to the public sphere. On the other hand, this domestication of the caring space can involve men in caring practices and change the stigma that caring is not only a woman’s role. Despite thearticulation of parenting as a lifestyle, the infrastructure of parenting spaces and playgrounds for children is still far from meeting the criteria of public space, as the majority are commodified, especially in the context of this research, Yogyakarta.

Masterpiece of the Leningrad School of Constructivism – House of Culture Named after Ilyich (Cultural and Leisure Center «Moscowsky»)

Architects of the 1920–1930s acted in the context of the new communist agenda, constructing the spatial environment of the person of the future. The projects of that era realized a dialectical connection between formality (geometricity) and functionality (utilitarianism). Constructivism became the key style of this stage; he was characterized by experiments with volumes, rectangular and curvilinear shapes. House of Culture named after Ilyich, which is the focus of this study, became one of the signs of the time — the era of palaces and houses of culture, where cinemas, concerts, sports, rehearsal halls, libraries, music schools, premises for clubs and circles were located under one roof. The article presents an analysis of the volumetric-spatial solution, the functional characteristics of the building and the history of the existence of the building of the House of Culture, and also identifies the problem of the preservation and restoration of constructivist architecture. In 2020, the House of Culture named after. Ilyich received the status of an object of cultural heritage of the Russian Federation of regional significance. The analysis of the scientific context makes it possible to conclude that today in the scientific community there is an increased attention to avant-garde architecture as a striking phenomenon of Russian architecture and a change in the protective status of the House of Culture building is a positive marker of a change in attitude towards the architecture of the 1920–1930s.

Социально-культурно-экономический процесс развития здорового образа жизни россиян: вклад визионеров П.И. Макушина и Н.С. Кузьмина

The study of the socio-cultural and economic process of developing a healthy lifestyle of modern Russians necessitates turning to the heritage of the visionaries of the past, covering cultural, educational, housing and everyday practices of pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia. The methodological basis of the study was an interdisciplinary approach (political economic, philosophical, cultural), as well as the method of dialectical unity of knowledge of the processes of socio-cultural and economic development of society. The continuity of the main components of a person’s healthy lifestyle, his culture, including the forms of organizing cultural education, housing and everyday life, formed by different generations of Russians, is substantiated. The process of transforming pre-revolutionary people's houses (Tomsk people's house of P.I. Makushin) into Soviet and modern cultural houses and leisure centers is described. The significance and influence of the socio-economic experiment of implementing the idea of scientific organization of housing and life on the basis of complete socialization is shown - the project of the «Anzhero-Sudzhensky house-commune» by N.S. Kuzmina, (his other architectural projects) on the healthy lifestyle of modern Russians. Scientific novelty: for the first time, the experience of cultural, educational and housing practices of two Siberian personalities - entrepreneur P.I. Makushin and architect N.S. Kuzmin, which had an important influence on the formation and development of a healthy lifestyle of Russians in the past and present, the visionary nature of their content is revealed. The research findings can be used to form the cultural policies at both regional and federal levels to increase the level of socio-economic well-being of Russians and preserve cultural heritage visionaries.

Priority directions in the design of a youth culture and leisure center in Khuzhir settlement

We consider the relevance and importance of creating a youth culture and leisure center in the rural locality of Khuzhir. To this end, the results of sociological surveys among the population of the Olkhonsky District and young people of the Russian Federation, who form the main target audience of the youth center, were used. The research also involved a review of electronic sources and publications on the design of culture and leisure centers in the settlements of the Baikal coastal area, statistical data on tourism activities in the area of Olkhon Island and additional education initiatives in Russia, sociological surveys among Olkhon population and residents of the Russian Federation and CIS countries. A review of project proposals for the organization of leisure, culture, and education institutions in rural areas of Pribaikalye was carried out. All these findings were used to identify the main requirements to a youth center in Khuzhir. The analysis of priority areas in the field of additional education specified at the end of 2022 in Russia and the Siberian Federal District was used to determine a set of functions to be performed by the center. The results also formed the basis for the selection of similar objects of domestic and foreign experience for analysis and determination of the most optimal architectural and planning solutions of the designed center. The key stages in the organization of a youth culture and leisure center in Khuzhir were determined taking the needs of the target audience into account.

EXERCISE AND CANCER PROGRAM: A PRESCRIPTIVE EXERCISE PROGRAM IN A NON-CLINICAL SETTING

INTRODUCTION & AIMS This study aimed to establish a low-cost, sustainable exercise program for cancer patients in Gippsland, Australia, where access to such programs was previously limited. By developing and implementing a collaborative program, the program aimed to improve the physical and psycho-social well-being of cancer patients while reducing burden on healthcare services. METHODS Collaboration between Latrobe Community Health Service, Morwell Leisure Centre, and Gippsland Integrated Cancer Service led to the development of a prescriptive exercise program to provide cancer survivors a sustainable cost-effective exercise and cancer program in a community leisure centre. Exercise physiologists provided initial assessments, in which clients allocated to group-based, one-on-one, or home-based exercise sessions. RESULTS After 12 weeks in the program, 100% of participants that had a reassessment improved on at least one physical test and all improved on a subjective measure like fatigue, depression, or self-worth. On average, they saw a 14.88% increase in leg strength, a 12.70% increase in grip strength, and a 16.65% increase in aerobic fitness. Additionally, they reported an average decrease in anxiety (10.96%), depression (1.59%), fatigue (6.09%), and reported illness symptoms (5.24%). Overall, participant feedback was overwhelmingly positive, highlighting the benefits of the program’s psycho-social support and the opportunity to exercise outside a healthcare setting. CONCLUSION Collaboration between healthcare and leisure centres can provide sustainable and cost-effective exercise programs for cancer patients, improving physical and psycho-social well-being while reducing healthcare burden. Participants valued the support, social interaction, and sense of belonging provided by the program.

EXERCISE & CANCER PROGRAM: A COLLABORATIVE APPROACH TO PROVIDE PRESCRIPTIVE EXERCISE OUTSIDE OF THE CLINICAL HEALTHCARE SETTING

CASE SETTING This study implemented a standardized exercise program for oncology patients in the Latrobe Valley region of Gippsland, Australia, aiming to assess its potential transferability to other regions. This was undertaken due to a lack of structured services available in Gippsland, limiting patient access to these programs, in which patients having to travel up to 2 hours for treatment in Melbourne. TREATMENT Implementation of a standardized exercise program for oncology patients, developed by a multidisciplinary team of exercise physiologists, oncology health professionals, and leisure centre fitness professionals. Exercise Physiologists conducted initial assessments and patients were placed in either individual, group exercise sessions and/or home-based programs. RESULTS The program demonstrated significant improvements in both physical and psychological well-being. The program has received 73 referrals, of which 48 participants completed initial assessments with an Exercise Physiologist. Of the remaining 25 participants, 2 were discharged to other services due to their location outside the program’s jurisdiction, 18 withdrew or did not attend their appointments, and 5 are currently on the waitlist for assessment. At the time of data collection, 17 participants had completed their reassessments.100% of participants improved on at least one physical test, and all participants improved on one of their subjective measures (fatigue, depression, anxiety, self-worth). Additionally, participant feedback was overwhelmingly positive, highlighting the program’s psycho-social support and the benefits of exercising outside a healthcare setting. REFLECTIONS/LEARNINGS This program successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of collaboration between healthcare services and leisure centres in delivering sustainable exercise programs for oncology patients outside of the healthcare setting. It also highlighted the value of providing both physical and psycho-social support, with the inclusion of care coordinators significantly reducing burdens on health services. The program’s success suggests strong potential for transferability to other regions.

Modern technologies and the management of sports and leisure buyer engagement


 
 
 The market for sports and leisure services is constantly evolving. Polish consumers are more often interested in the offer of sports and leisure enterprises such as fitness clubs, water parks, gyms, or sports and leisure centres, recognising the importance of looking after their health and physical fitness. After a period of isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic, physical activity is even more frequently regarded as fundamental to maintaining health and fitness, harmony and balance in life. Currently, all fitness-related activities are classified as leisure time mega trends (e.g. work-life balance). Modern technologies are another noticeable trend, which is beginning to accompany people in physical activity as well. They help streamline the service delivery process and apply a personalised approach to the customer. We are not just talking about today’s most popular social media, apps and activity monitoring devices. QR codes, geolocation, gamification, sports coaching, and others can be applied in business practice. The objective of the article was to show the specifics of the sports and leisure industry, characterise the dominant technological solutions and identify the opportunities they can provide for sports and leisure businesses. It was assumed that modern technologies could be complementary and successfully used both to promote physical activity itself and to build the commitment of buyers of services provided by such companies. The research used qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as literature analysis. As the analysis of the survey results and observation of the market has shown, modern technologies motivate participants of physical activity, while sports and leisure companies are beginning to recognise their advantages in promoting their services. The article emphasises the complementarity of solutions and their comprehensiveness, as well as possible implications in the service activity of sports and leisure enterprises. The result of the analysis is a proposal for a set of useful features and solutions dedicated to companies providing sports and leisure services. By applying the proposed solutions, these companies can become more innovative, while their customers will be more satisfied.
 
 

Identification of Criteria for Evaluating the Location of Youth Recreation and Leisure Centers

Mental comfort for any individual is an important factor on the way to achieving one's goals and objectives. Based on research focused on young people, and conducted in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, physical activity positively affects mental comfort and is one of the social preventive measures for maintaining mental comfort. Thus, designing spaces dedicated to young people has become a common social interest. The purpose of the article was to identify criteria for locating recreational and leisure centers for young people. For the purposes of the study, a detailed literature review was conducted, following which the most relevant locational features were listed, defining criteria for evaluating their location. In addition, a keyword co-occurrence network was developed using VOSviewer software. The research was conducted on the basis of the Scopus database. The presented review highlighted the lack of comprehensive studies on the analysis of the location of youth recreation and leisure centers, which is definitely a gap that needs to be filled. Taking such a study into consideration when conducting planning work would certainly be a valuable effort to help creating a friendly urban infrastructure and an effective network of services.

Effects of customer relationship management (CRM) strategies and socio-cognitive constructs on the physical activity of individuals with arthritis over time.

Regular physical activity is important for arthritis self-management and could be promoted through tailoring community leisure and fitness centers' customer-relationship management (CRM) strategies. This study investigates the influence of two CRM strategies on individuals with arthritis reaching or maintaining two moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) thresholds (≥150 and ≥45 minutes/week) from baseline-to-12 months and 12-to-24 months as well as mean changes in total minutes/week of MVPA. It also explores time-dependent variations in the influence of socio-cognitive variables on MVPA outcomes. Survey data from 374 participants with arthritis in a two-year randomized controlled trial (control versus two CRM strategies: IncentiveOnly and Incentive+Support) were used. Participants reported measures of physical activity participation, socio-cognitive decision-making, mental and physical wellbeing, friendship, community connectedness, sense of trust in others, and demographics. Receiving the Incentive+Support CRM strategy (versus control) increased participants' likelihood of reaching/maintaining both physical activity thresholds from 12-to-24 months (≥150 MVPA minutes/week, p < .001; ≥45 MVPA minutes/week, p < .032) but not from baseline-to-12 months. However, receiving the IncentiveOnly CRM strategy (versus control) did not predict reaching/maintaining these thresholds. Importantly, socio-cognitive decision-making variables' influence on reaching/maintaining these MVPA thresholds varied over time, suggesting CRM strategies may require further tailoring based on time-specific profiles. Perhaps because of new facility induced excitement, the mean change in total MVPA minutes/week for the control group significantly increased (26.8 minute/week, p = .014, 95% CI [5.5, 48.0]) from baseline-to-12 months, but subsequently declined by 11.4 minute/week from 12-to-24 months (p = .296, 95% CI [-32.7, 9.9]). Mean changes in total MVPA minutes/week were non-significant for those receiving IncentiveOnly content but significant for those receiving Incentive+Support content: baseline-to-12 months (38.2 minute/week increase, p = .023, 95% CI [4.9, 71.4]) and baseline-to-24-months (45.9 minute/week increase, p = .007, 95% CI [12.7, 79.1]).

Evaluation of an experiment to increase availability of healthier snack foods in vending machines situated within English sports facilities.

To evaluate the impact of increased availability of healthier options on purchasing of different types of vending snack products sold in English leisure (sports) centres. An evaluation of an intervention using pre-post methods and interrupted time series analysis. Products within the vending machines were altered over three phases to increase the availability of healthier options, using agreed nutrition criteria - Government Buying Standards for Food and Catering Services (GBSF) for England - as a guide, as well as product availability. The primary outcome was the change in mean weekly purchased energy between the first and third phase. Secondary outcomes included changes by phase and by week in weekly number of purchases, fats, sugars and salt for all products combined and by individual product categories. Fifteen sports centres in the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK. Snack products sold in eighteen vending machines. Energy purchased reduced from baseline to phase 2, for all product categories combined, by 47·25 MJ (95 % CI (-61·22, -33·27)) per machine and by 279 kJ, (95 % CI (-325, -266)) per product unit. There were reductions in most nutrients purchased in all individual product categories except chocolate confectionery. Nutrients per product unit decreased for all product categories except saturated fat in chocolate confectionery. Minimal underlying trends in the baseline phase were identified, indicating changes in outcomes were likely to be due to the intervention. Introducing standards to increase availability of healthier snack products in vending machines is feasible without substantially affecting sales.

Design principles of leisure student hub in Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building

Purpose: Studying multifunctional public buildings for leisure to develop a student hub in Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building (TSUAB).Methodology/approach: Comprehensive analysis and data systematization of the literature; creative synthesis to develop design solutions. The bright examples of clubs built in the 1920–30s by K. Melnikov, the famous Soviet architect, are analyzed to propose design principles for the leisure student hub in TSUAB.Research findings: Design principles of the student leisure center in TSUAB are proposed to meet the modern requirements for comfortable leisure for young people.Practical implications: Research results can be used in the preparation of conference reports, draft projects on actual design.Value: The literature review and proposed design principles.

The engagement of older people living with chronic lung disease in a peer support community-based exercise programme: A qualitative study.

Chronic lung disease is a common and complex condition. Pulmonary rehabilitation programmes-either hospital-based or in the community are recommended in evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. To explore the experience of older people with chronic lung disease involved in a peer support community-based exercise maintenance programme. Participants were a part of the Lungs in Action programme run in a local community leisure centre through Lung Foundation Australia. All the programme participants (n = 25) were invited by an independent person through email and/or letter to participate in the study and provided with a participant information and consent form. Participants who returned consent forms were scheduled for group interviews. Participants were recruited over a 2-week period between 30 August and 13 September 2022. We conducted qualitative group interviews using a semi-structured interview guide to explore the experiences of older people living with chronic lung disease. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. A total of 14 participants (eight female and six male) aged between 64 and 86 years were interviewed. Three themes emerged from the data: motivation, authentic social engagement, and sustainable achievement. Motivation stemmed from the participants' perceived health benefits, and from the trainers' motivation and encouragement. Participants discussed how sharing experiences created an environment of trust and understanding, fun and friendship. Social engagement and creating authentic relationships were key aspects raised by participants. Feeling more confident in themselves and being able to accomplish physical tasks, making activities of daily living more manageable featured highly in participants' responses. Community-based peer support exercise groups enable environments for people with chronic lung disease to maintain physical fitness, and to connect with others to form friendships and have fun.

A systematic review of the wellbeing benefits of being active through leisure and fitness centres

ABSTRACT The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of the scientific evidence for psychosocial wellbeing benefits for individuals who are active through settings like leisure centres, gymnasiums or swimming pools. The level of physical activity required to achieve wellbeing outcomes through centre usage was a focal point. Nine electronic databases (AUSPORT, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL complete, PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus) were systematically searched to identify relevant literature, including all articles published in English from January 2011 to December 2021. A total of 1667 manuscripts were identified of which 31 articles were included in this review. Mental health was the most investigated psychological outcome, followed by stress reduction and relaxation; bonding with family/friends was the most frequently studied social outcome. Regular physical activity at leisure/fitness centres may be associated with increased social and psychological wellbeing. Participation in group programmes seems to be superior to individual activities in achieving health benefits due to its social nature. Findings from this review confirm that outcomes of being active through leisure/fitness centres go beyond physical benefits. However, scientific evidence is limited and more longitudinal studies with larger samples, and a focus on the dose–response relationship issue are recommended.

Mental health impact of cuts to local government spending on cultural, environmental and planning services in England: a longitudinal ecological study

BackgroundOver the past decade, there have been significant and unequal cuts to local authority (LA) budgets, across England. Cultural, environmental and planning (CEP) budgets have been cut by 17% between 2011 and 2019. This funding supports services such as parks, leisure centres, community development and libraries, all of which have potential to influence population mental health. We therefore investigated whether cuts to CEP services have affected mental health outcomes and the extent to which they have contributed to mental health inequalities between areas.MethodsUsing fixed effects regression applied to longitudinal LA-level panel data in England, we assessed whether trends in CEP spend were associated with trends in mental health outcomes, between 2011 and 2019. The exposure was CEP spend and the primary outcome was the LA-average Small Area Mental Health Index (SAMHI). Additionally, we considered subcategories of CEP spend as secondary exposures, and antidepressant prescription rate and self-reported anxiety levels as secondary outcomes, both aggregated to LA-level. We adjusted all models for confounders and conducted subgroup analysis to examine differential mental health effects of spending cuts based on the level of area deprivation.ResultsThe average decrease in CEP spend of 15% over the period was associated with a 0.036 (95% CI: 0.005, 0.067) increase in SAMHI score, indicating worsening mental health. Amongst subcategories of CEP spending, cuts to planning and development services impacted mental health trends the most, with a 15% reduction in spend associated with a 0.018 (95% CI: 0.005, 0.031) increase in the SAMHI score. The association between cuts in CEP and deteriorating mental health was greater in more affluent areas.ConclusionCuts to spending on cultural, environmental, planning and development services were associated with worsening population mental health in England. Impacts were driven by cuts to planning and development services in particular. Reinvesting in these services may contribute to improved public mental health.

Resident living with dementia takes the plunge, thanks to care home and leisure centre

Resident living with dementia takes the plunge, thanks to care home and leisure centre

Enhanced sub-cooling attained by using moisture condensate in-unit air conditioner

We live in a time of global warming. Global temperatures are rising almost every year as a result of climate change. In such a world, it is not hard to imagine that global cooling systems are more efficient than at any other time in human history. From our homes to our workplaces, from leisure centers to medical or laboratory purposes, it has become almost necessary for a person to be ventilated only for a variety of needs. We all know that air-conditioner use is very high during the summer and is followed by a small amount of reduced use during the rainy season. We also know that most air conditioning systems have an outlet for wastewater from machinery. The moisture present in the air when it comes in contact with the AC evaporator coil, turns into the water and will discharge from the system by passage. It means that AC in the coastal region, due to the high humidity in the air, will produce more polluted water than in the dry zone. It is therefore not uncommon to find people in many coastal areas reusing extruded water for other purposes such as flowering plants, washing dishes, etc. Cooling systems can work in both air conditioning and water cooling systems. Since it is very stable and has air-conditioning strategies, we often see air-conditioners installed as cooling methods unlike water cooling systems. Therefore in such 'tropical' countries, any efforts to increase AC efficiency will be welcomed. One way to achieve this goal is to provide a hybrid Cooling AC using the water it emits. In doing so, this test aims to reduce energy compensation and increase efficiency of the system. If successful, the whole project will help save energy and resources for the next generation. Global demand for Air conditioners will increase from 1.2 billion units today to 4.5 billion units by 2050. On an average, in India around six thousand trains use 7 to 15 tons of air conditioners every day. Thousands of liters of water that is being generated from the air conditioners is put to no use and let to be wasted, if we use that water to increase the efficiency of the refrigeration cycle we can reduce energy consumption. That will be for the benefit of future generations. With so much research going on around the world to make cooling systems more environmentally friendly, this small step is likely to change the future of ACs

Enhanced sub-cooling attained by using moisture condensate in-unit air conditioner

We live in a time of global warming. Global temperatures are rising almost every year as a result of climate change. In such a world, it is not hard to imagine that global cooling systems are more efficient than at any other time in human history. From our homes to our workplaces, from leisure centers to medical or laboratory purposes, it has become almost necessary for a person to be ventilated only for a variety of needs. We all know that air-conditioner use is very high during the summer and is followed by a small amount of reduced use during the rainy season. We also know that most air conditioning systems have an outlet for wastewater from machinery. The moisture present in the air when it comes in contact with the AC evaporator coil, turns into the water and will discharge from the system by passage. It means that AC in the coastal region, due to the high humidity in the air, will produce more polluted water than in the dry zone. It is therefore not uncommon to find people in many coastal areas reusing extruded water for other purposes such as flowering plants, washing dishes, etc. Cooling systems can work in both air conditioning and water cooling systems. Since it is very stable and has air-conditioning strategies, we often see air-conditioners installed as cooling methods unlike water cooling systems. Therefore in such 'tropical' countries, any efforts to increase AC efficiency will be welcomed. One way to achieve this goal is to provide a hybrid Cooling AC using the water it emits. In doing so, this test aims to reduce energy compensation and increase efficiency of the system. If successful, the whole project will help save energy and resources for the next generation. Global demand for Air conditioners will increase from 1.2 billion units today to 4.5 billion units by 2050. On an average, in India around six thousand trains use 7 to 15 tons of air conditioners every day. Thousands of liters of water that is being generated from the air conditioners is put to no use and let to be wasted, if we use that water to increase the efficiency of the refrigeration cycle we can reduce energy consumption. That will be for the benefit of future generations. With so much research going on around the world to make cooling systems more environmentally friendly, this small step is likely to change the future of ACs.

ЭКСПЕРТИЗА ПРОЕКТА СИСТЕМЫ АВТОМАТИЧЕСКОГО ВОДЯНОГО ПОЖАРОТУШЕНИЯ ЗРЕЛИЩНОЙ ЧАСТИ КУЛЬТУРНО-ОЗДОРОВИТЕЛЬНОГО ЦЕНТРА

Buildings with a large number of people, in particular cultural and leisure centers are objects of high fire risk associated with injury and loss of life due to non-compliance with fire safety requirements. The article presents the results of studies to establish the compliance of the adopted design solutions of the automatic water fire suppression system in the entertainment area of the cultural and health center to the current standards and rules of fire safety. It was found that during the calculation of fire risks often overestimates the effectiveness indicator of automatic fire suppression systems and takes into account only their presence or absence, without regard to reliability. There is a need to develop a methodology for assessing the reliability and efficiency of automatic fire suppression systems at the design stage and the automation of this process within the framework of digitalization of construction. On the example of an automatic water fire sprinkler system for extinguishing the stage, the authors show the calculation of assessing the possibility of using automatic fire suppression sprinkler systems. It is found that at considerable heights of sprinkler locations, it is often necessary to use devices of forced start-up of sprinklers to increase the reliability of the systems.

Principles of sustainable development in family leisure centers

The article examines the principles of sustainable development, which dictate new approaches and tools for the design of modern multifunctional family leisure centers in the conditions of a metropolis. The study is aimed at determining the approaches and principles that must be used in the modern architecture of family leisure centers in order to meet global demand and the requirements of sustainable development, which are guided by the UN and other world public organizations. The use of ecological and energy-saving means in the process of designing multifunctional family leisure centers, aimed at achieving the durability of buildings, reducing operating costs, reducing the cost of construction, influencing the awareness of the population about reducing the level of pollution, is based on ecological principles and careful management of natural resources and autonomy.&#x0D; The new challenges of time and the high rhythm of life in cities require in the future an increase in the quality and number of recreation places, facilities for recovery and spending time together, namely multifunctional family leisure centers. Meanwhile, high standards and requirements for the design and architecture of new buildings, dictated by the principles of sustainable development, require new design, engineering, innovative solutions and approaches. The world began to change more rapidly in the last 30 years, and its population must quickly adapt to new conditions. At the same time, there are some things that do not change or change very little: the insolation of the sun, the speed of the wind, the physical characteristics of concrete and metal, and others.&#x0D; Thus, architects can create buildings and projects using modern technologies, principles and tools of sustainable development, and as a result, these projects can be durable and can be called sustainable. There are many systems for assessing the sustainability of buildings around the world. In addition to the US Green Building Council, which administers the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Efficiency (LEED) system, there are other rating systems that have been developed to measure the level of sustainability of buildings and provide best practice experiences with the highest level of certification.

Impact of cuts to local authority spending on cultural, environmental and planning services on inequalities in childhood obesity in England: A longitudinal ecological study.

Almost 20% of children in England are living with obesity by the end of primary school, with marked and growing inequalities driven by increasing prevalence in more deprived areas. Neighbourhood environments are upstream determinants of childhood weight status. Cultural, Environmental and Planning (CEP) services delivered by local authorities (LAs) in England include various services that contribute to these local environments, e.g. leisure centres, parks, playgrounds, libraries, community safety and environmental protection. Children in deprived areas potentially benefit most from the provision of these universal services. Spending on CEP services has been cut dramatically over the past decade, especially in more deprived areas. Given the potential link between these services and childhood obesity, we examined whether recent cuts in LA spending on CEP services are associated with trends and inequalities in obesity. We compiled annual data (2009-2017) on CEP spending in 324 LAs in England, from Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government reports. Obesity prevalence data for Year 6 children were obtained from the National Child Measurement Programme, for LAs and Middle-layer Super Output Areas (MSOAs). Following descriptive and pooled OLS analyses, we used fixed effects panel regression to estimate associations between CEP spending and obesity prevalence, within LAs over time, adjusting for potential confounding by local economic conditions and spending on other public services. Final models included an interaction term between area deprivation (2015 IMD) and year to account for differential background trends in obesity across deprivation levels. We tested for effect modification by deprivation and, using MSOA-level obesity data, explored associations between spending and within-LA obesity inequalities. In unadjusted pooled OLS analyses, areas with higher CEP spending had higher prevalence of obesity, reflecting the strong social gradient in childhood obesity and the higher levels of central government funding allocated to more deprived areas. Deprivation, other spend, and local economic conditions explained this relationship. In the fixed effects analysis, designed to isolate average within-area change in obesity associated with changing spend, we observed a 0.10 percentage point increase in obesity prevalence for each 10% reduction in spend (95%CI: 0.04,0.15; p<0.001), but this disappeared after accounting for differential background trends in obesity across deprivation levels (-0.02; 95%CI: 0.07,0.03; p=0.39). Similar results were observed for obesity inequalities, although sensitivity analyses suggest spending on Environmental Services in particular may affect inequalities in urban local authorities. CEP spending levels may influence local childhood obesity risk, but the increasing prevalence and widening inequalities in obesity of the past decade seem to have been driven mainly by factors other than CEP spending cuts, that are also unevenly distributed across deprivation levels. The influence of specific services might be obscured by grouping CEP services for analysis.