Legitimate Use Research Articles

Administrative Contracts: Reflections on the limitations of exorbitant clauses

In view of the inherent prerogatives of the Public Power vis-à-vis private individuals in administrative contracts, this article aims to reflect on exorbitant clauses in administrative contracts, their use, their characteristics, their species and their limitations. Based on this analysis, the topic of certain rights and guarantees in the Constitution was explored, such as the supremacy of the public interest over the private interest and economic and financial equilibrium. In order to carry out this work, a study was carried out through bibliographical research, analysis of legal provisions and doctrinal teachings in the areas of constitutional and administrative law. In fact, due to these principles, the feasibility and possibility of restricting the indiscriminate and abusive use of exorbitant clauses by the Public Administration was verified, since the legitimate use of such prerogatives is not indiscriminate and can be mitigated.

On the Issue of Defense and Protection of Rights to the National Olympic Emblem in the Russian Federation

Introduction: the legal protection of Olympic symbols in the Russian Federation is based on the institution of recognition of unfair competition provided for by the Federal Law “On Protection of Competition,” which is discussed in this paper. Purpose: consider the effect of the Federal Law “On Protection of Competition” in relation to the rules for the defense and protection of rights to the national Olympic emblem. Methods: the methods of deduction were used (in terms of the reception by the national legislation of the main provisions of the Olympic Charter on the possibility of using symbols only subject to an appropriate agreement with the International Olympic Committee) and induction (in the study of the requirements imposed on the national Olympic emblem by the international normative legal acts). Results: the paper analyzes the national Olympic emblems in the context of their definition in the Olympic Charter, systematizes the aspects of regulating national Olympic symbols that are used by states to individualize the venue of specific Olympic Games, to convey to the public the concepts and traditions of the state in the modern world (for a situation when the games are held in a particular state and they create a special Olympic symbol, characterizing such a state and specific Olympic Games), and the rights to them. Conclusions: the paper concludes that the fourth part of the Russian Federation’s Civil Code should regulate the legitimate use of sporting event symbols, taking into account the need to comply with international acts in cases where the sporting event is of an international nature.

Rancière reading Plato: Myth against sociology

This article examines how Rancière contrasts Plato’s philosophy with sociology, specifically that of Bourdieu and Passeron. In The Philosopher and His Poor, Plato is among those who exclude the majority not only from political power but also from thought and discourse. However, Rancière uses the Republic’s founding myth of inequality to identify the arbitrary basis behind the circular reasoning that justifies thought’s legitimate and illegitimate use based on alleged nature. Can Platonic myth constitute what Rancière terms a ‘discursive act’, which triggers political conflict, that is, the debate on equality as first presupposition? This study of Rancière’s Platonic reference examines the conditions under which philosophical myth can challenge sociology. The emancipatory use of myth involves reconfiguring our concepts of science and society and any notion of nature while scholarly discourse is hinged on processes of social othering that align it with the repressive order of social hierarchy. The comparison between Plato and Bourdieu, as analyzed through Rancière’s critique, reveals a fundamental divergence in their approach to societal structures. According to Rancière, all explanations tend to naturalize, whereas the only correct approach is to emphasize the total absence of any foundation for hierarchy. This problem has epistemological implications: how can we construct a discourse that does not reproduce the exceptionality of authorized speech? On this condition, one can catch a glimpse of the collective and temporal extent of Rancière’s resolute commitment to equality. Taking seriously a definition of the social as a series of perceptual rearrangements allows us to question the anti-institutional limit of Rancière’s thinking.

NARRATIVES, VIOLENCE, AND SOCIAL CONFLICTS: THE CASE OF THE 1980S AUTONOMIST SQUATTER MOVEMENT

The relationship between activism, repression, and violent escalation is central to social movement scholarship. The strategic reasons for movements to place “internal brakes” on violence have been mapped, but less is known about how movements create and enforce these brakes. This article argues that narratives play a central role in this process and demonstrates how narratives both enabled and limited violent activism in the 1980s autonomist squatter movement. Although activists acknowledged that the movement's strength relied on its ability to resist the authorities forcefully, there was also an acute awareness among many that violence could easily escalate into a lethal spiral. In response, activists developed narratives that defined the norms for the legitimate use of force and limited violent escalation. They devised narrative strategies to rein in more extremist fellow activists. Narratives often worked to set boundaries on violent activism effectively, but the decline of the movement in the late 1980s was characterized by transgressions into lethal violence and an inability to process or limit these transgressions narratively.

Human Security and Peaceful Coexistence in Islam

Abstract This article contributes to the broader debate on interreligious relations and nonviolence in Islam by examining references to the concept of covenant (ʿahd and mīthāq) in the Qurʾān and specific covenantal documents attributed to Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. Covenants include solemn agreements, bonds, pledges and treaties, and are central to the Qurʾānic narrative of human existence and coexistence as well as the diplomacy of the Prophet, though they are understudied and underrepresented in discourses about Islam. Content analysis is used to identify the commands, narratives and themes concerning covenants in Islam’s primary, preeminent sources. The article shows that covenants in the Qurʾān and Sunnah establish human security and peaceful coexistence as the normative basis of relations between Muslims and non-Muslims, which influenced early interreligious relations but were neglected over time. While Islamic covenants establish a principle of nonviolence, the use of armed force is permitted, in self-defence, in response to armed aggression and treaty violation that threatens peace and security. These findings have profound implications for our understanding of interreligious relations and the legitimate use of force in Islam.

A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing? Critical Discourse Analysis of Five Online Automated Paraphrasing Sites

Research on academic integrity used to focus more on student character and behaviour. Now this research includes wider viewing of this issue as a current teaching and learning challenge which requires pedagogical intervention. It is now the responsibility of staff and institutions to treat the creation of a learning environment supporting academic integrity as a teaching and learning priority. Plagiarism by simply copying other people’s work is a well-known misconduct which undermines academic integrity; moreover, technological developments have evolved plagiarism to include the generation and copying of computer-generated text. Automated paraphrasing tool (APT) websites have become increasingly common, offering students machine-generated rephrased text that students input from their own or others’ writing. These developments present a creeping erosion of academic integrity under the guise of legitimate academic assistance. This also has implications for arrival of large language model (LLM) generative AI tools. In accessing these sites, students must discern what is a legitimate use of the tool and what may constitute breaching academic integrity. This study critically analysed the text from five online paraphrasing websites to examine the discourses used to legitimise and encourage APT use in both appropriate and inappropriate ways. We conceptualised these competing discourses using Sheep and Wolf metaphors. In addition, we offer a metaphor of the Educator as a Shepherd to become aware of APT website claims and assist students to develop critical language awareness when exposed to these sites. Educators can assist students with this through knowledge of how these sites use language to entice users to circumvent learning.

Purposiveness, transcendental ideas, andphilosophical history. Notes on the Idea for aUniversal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim, in lightof the Transcendental Dialectic of the Critique ofPure Reason

This paper aims to point to relationship between Transcendental Dialectic of the Critique of Pure Reason (KrV) and Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim (IaG). Specifically, it seeks to show the theoretical and methodological foundation that the principle of purposiveness and the systematicity of reason, as presented in the KrV, offer to Kant’s philosophical conception of history in the IaG. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section presents – as problematic – the premises that, in the introduction to the IaG, Kant adopts in his philosophical investigation of history. The second section focuses on the Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic, examining the legitimate use of transcendental ideas, as well as their indeterminate objective necessity. Finally, the third section examines some propositions of the IaG, suggesting that the repercussion of the Transcendental Dialectic on the IaG allows us to understand Kant’s distinctive investigative method in philosophical history.

Facebook addiction and its impact on depression: a cross sectional study

AimFacebook has become a part of daily life for its users and therefore become a very significant factor of mental health. As the number of Facebook users increases exponentially, the problems related to immense use have become more evident and more frequent. Therefore, the study aimed to explore the impact of Facebook addiction on depression among its users.MethodsAn online-based questionnaire was used to collect data from 269 Facebook users of Bangladesh using convenient sampling technique. Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scale was used to assess Facebook addiction and its impact on depression.Ordinal logistic was used to extract the significant variables associated with Facebook addiction and depression.ResultsThe result categorized the Facebook users into three categories as : normal (17%), problematic user (52%) and addicted (30.5%). Facebook users were suffering from mild (13.4%), minimal (15.6%), moderate (59.5%), and severe (11.5%) level of depression. Both Facebook addiction and depression were moderately correlated (0.701). Ordinal regression showed, gender \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(\\beta$$\\end{document} (95% CI) = 0.859 (0.223,1.495)), age (\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\beta$$\\end{document} (95% CI) = -2.051(-3.789, -0.313)), residential area (\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\beta$$\\end{document} (95% CI) = -0.858(-1.626, -0.09)), occupation (\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\beta \\left(95\ ext{\\%} \ ext{C}\ ext{I}\\right)=-0.494(-\ ext{1.547,0.559})$$\\end{document}), time length of Facebook use (\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\beta \\left(95\ ext{\\%} \ ext{C}\ ext{I}\\right)=2.288\\left(\ ext{0.324,2.251}\\right))$$\\end{document}are the significant predictors of Facebook addiction. Wheras, relationship types and occupation are also responsible for depression.ConclusionThe study showed large portion of facebook users of Bangladesh are suffering from depression. Authors suggest to arrange mental health campaign to promote bounded and legitimate use of facebook and therefore will accelerate the attaining rate of sustainable development goal related to the Bangladesh’s health status.

'We didn't cause the opioid epidemic': The experiences of Australians prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain at a time of increasing restrictions.

Many countries have implemented strategies to reduce opioid-related harms, including policies and prescribing restrictions. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of Australians prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) in the context of increasing restrictions for accessing opioids. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 Australians (aged 24-65-years; 10 female/4 male) self-reporting regular use of prescribed opioids for CNCP. Participants were asked to describe their experiences using prescribed opioids, and perceived and actual changes in pain management including access to treatments. Using thematic analysis, four dominant themes were identified. In 'On them for a reason': Opioids as a last resort, participants described the role of opioids as an important tool for pain management following unsuccessful treatment using other strategies. In 'You're problematic': Deepening stigma, participants described how increased attention and restrictions led to increasing stigma of opioid use and CNCP. In 'We didn't cause the opioid epidemic': Perceiving and redirecting blame, participants described feeling unfairly blamed for public health problems and an 'opioid epidemic' they described as 'imported' from America, drawing distinctions between legitimate and illegitimate opioid use. Finally, in 'Where do we go from here?': Fearing the future, participants described anticipating further restrictions and associating these with increased pain and disability. The experience of being prescribed opioids for CNCP in Australia in the context of increasing restrictions was characterised by stigma, blame and fear. There is a need to ensure people prescribed opioids for pain are considered when designing measures to reduce opioid-related harms.

Copyright for Computer Programs and Databases

In the digital age, computer programs and databases have emerged as invaluable intellectual properties, driving technological advancements and innovation across industries. As these works become increasingly critical to modern society, ensuring adequate legal protection through copyright law is paramount. This article explores the intricate legal landscape surrounding copyright protection for computer programs and databases. Focusing on the international and national legal frameworks, the article examines the requirements for copyright eligibility, such as originality, fixation, and authorship. It delves into the scope of protection, encompassing source code, object code, user interfaces for computer programs, and the structure, arrangement, and data content of databases. The article also addresses the exceptions and limitations to copyright protection, balancing the rights of creators with the legitimate interests of users and the public. Fair use, reverse engineering, and the creation of backup copies are among the key exceptions discussed. Additionally, the article highlights the challenges of enforcing copyright protection in the digital realm, including digital piracy, transnational infringement, and the complexities surrounding technological protection measures. By providing a comprehensive overview of this intricate legal domain, the article aims to foster a deeper understanding of the critical role copyright plays in incentivizing innovation and creativity in the digital age, while also acknowledging the need for a balanced approach that promotes access and legitimate use of these invaluable works

Searching for Features with Artificial Neural Networks in Science: The Problem of Non-Uniqueness

ABSTRACT Artificial neural networks and supervised learning have become an essential part of science. Beyond using them for accurate input-output mapping, there is growing attention to a new feature-oriented approach. Under the assumption that networks optimised for a task may have learned to represent and utilise important features of the target system for that task, scientists examine how those networks manipulate inputs and employ the features networks capture for scientific discovery. We analyse this approach, show its hidden caveats, and suggest its legitimate use. We distinguish three things that scientists call a ‘feature’: parametric, diagnostic, and real-world features. The feature-oriented approach aims for real-world features by interpreting the former two, which also partially rely on the network. We argue that this approach faces a problem of non-uniqueness: there are numerous discordant parametric and diagnostic features and ways to interpret them. When the approach aims at novel discovery, scientists often need to choose between those options, but they lack the background knowledge to justify their choices. Consequentially, features thus identified are not promised to be real. We argue that they should not be used as evidence but only used instrumentally. We also suggest transparency in feature selection and the plurality of choices.

Could the medicalization of psychedelics lead to the next generation of antidepressants?

A major part of the counterculture that emerged in western societies in the 1960s centred around the use of mind-altering psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Humans had, however, been consuming hallucinogenic substances since prehistoric times and often incorporated them into their religious rituals. Concerns over the effects of potent psychedelics like LSD led to them being outlawed in many jurisdictions around the world via the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971. During the intervening decades, the scientific investigation of psychedelics and their potential for legitimate therapeutic use has consequently been limited. In recent years, hints that psychedelics may be effective against certain treatment-resistant depressive states like post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) have led to more concerted efforts to obtain reliable clinical data that could convince drug regulators to approve them as legitimate medical treatments.

Remedial, institutional or radical? Explaining community responses to violence against women in an NGO programme to prevent violence in Mumbai, India

Despite ambitions in development and global health policy to transform communities into supportive environments for women facing risks of violence, our understanding of how to best engage communities remains incomplete. In particular, there is little evidence on the types of strategies that communities employ to address violence against women (VAW). We aimed to describe and analyse the processes involved in community responses to incidents of VAW in a non-governmental organisation (NGO) violence prevention programme in Mumbai, India. We conducted a grounded theory study involving 30 focus group discussions and 36 semi-structured interviews with 113 community members and 9 NGO staff, as well as over 170 h of field observation. Informed by comparative case study methods, we compared community actions across six informal settlement neighbourhoods. We found considerable variation in the type of action taken across neighbourhoods. This variation was not arbitrary, but reflected systematic cost-benefit considerations in heterogeneous environments, accounting for factors such as trust in neighbours, violent (armed or gang-related) crime, and corruption in state institutions. We found that institutional action was only favoured in neighbourhoods with strong state capacity and high social capital, whilst remedial action—resolving violence through ‘private’ talks in the family and community—and radical action involving extra-judicial violence—became favourable under conditions of weak social capital or low state capacity. Institutional action was, however, sometimes as violent as radical action, as police were reported, sometimes even relied upon, by residents to use force against perpetrators of VAW. We argue that these contextual features oblige policymakers and prevention researchers to grapple with contentious issues such as the legitimate use of force by the state. We caution against maximising community action without a clear vision of the type of action hoped for.

Practical Questions for Securing Nucleic Acid Synthesis.

Affordable and accurate nucleic acid synthesis is foundational to modern biotechnology, but raises security concerns because it facilitates the construction of pathogens and other potentially dangerous biological agents. Nucleic acid synthesis screening can reduce the risk of providing potentially harmful nucleic acids to those without a legitimate use for them. Governments, industry associations, and biosecurity organizations have offered guidance on synthesis screening for a decade, and are now considering how to translate industry best practices into regulatory frameworks. A review of existing guidance documents, policy proposals, and other published literature was performed. We distinguish five categories of practical questions for policymakers: challenges associated with customer screening, sequence screening, the interaction between domestic and global regulations, commercial implications of screening, and finally, challenges associated with benchtop nucleic acid synthesis devices. There are a number of recommendations in public literature that target the implementation of robust customer and sequence screening, several of which have been incorporated into the recent United States White House Executive Order on artificial intelligence. There appears to be fewer solutions proposed to address challenges associated with the global screening landscape, or the commercial implications of screening requirements, and limited discussion on securing the benchtop synthesis landscape. This paper aims at providing a comprehensive resource for policymakers, outlining a set of questions governments, and other stakeholders, must answer when implementing screening requirements to secure nucleic acid synthesis.

The responsibility of corporate actors involved in international crimes through autonomous weapons systems (AWS) before the international criminal court (ICC)

The use of autonomous weapons systems (AWS) has led to several opposing legal opinions regarding their violations of international law. The responsibility of the state, individuals, and corporations as producers, designers, and programmers is all being taken into consideration. If the decision to kill humans without “meaningful human control” is transferred to computers, it would be hard to attribute accountability for the actions of AWS to their corporations. Consequently, this means that corporate actors will enjoy impunity in all cases. The present paper indicates that the most significant problem arising from the use of AWS is the attribution of responsibility for its violation. Corporations are not subject to liability for the legitimate use of weapons under international law. The main problem with corporate responsibility, according to article 25 (4) of the Rome Statute, is that the provision only relates to individual criminal responsibility and that the ICC shall only have jurisdiction over natural persons. Nevertheless, corporations may be held accountable under aspects of international law. The paper proposes a more positive view on artificial intelligence, raising corporations’ accountability in international law by historically linking the judging of business leaders. The article identifies aiding and abetting as well as co-perpetration as the two modes of accountability under international law potentially linked to AWS. The study also explores the main ambiguity in international law relating to corporate aiding and abetting of human rights violations by presenting the confusion on determining the standards of these 2 modes of liability before the ICC and International ad doc Tribunal. Moreover, with the new age of war heavily dependent on AI and AWS, one cannot easily and precisely ascertain who must be held accountable for war crimes because of the unanticipated facts in decision-making combined with the aiding or abetting of violations of international law. International law prioritizes the goal of ending impunity for the individual and largely neglects the need to achieve the same goal for corporate complicity. In sum, progress to regulate the use of AWS by corporate actors could be enormously helpful to the cause of ending impunity.

The Role of Criminal Justice Degree Programs in Influencing Use of Force Practices: The Police Supervisor’s Perspective

The effects of street-level police officer higher education and the influence of the first-line police supervisor toward police officer behavior are two areas well-represented within policing research, but little investigation has been conducted to determine if higher education among police supervisors contributes to their ability to lead their subordinates toward meaningful outcomes. The current study investigates the experiences of criminal justice degree holding first-line police supervisors in utilizing the content of their degree programs toward influencing one critical police outcome: legitimate use of force. Qualitative interviews of 21 police supervisors in the United States revealed they generally utilize content from their college experience in two ways while guiding their subordinates’ use of force practices: while deconstructing previous force incidents as instructional tools and in their ability to effectively communicate expectations, although some participants did not find workplace value in their education. Recommendations for future research are included.

THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM PROHIBITING THE USE OF FORCE IN INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS

The principle of peaceful Settlement is one of The principles that contemporary international law is keen to establish in international relations. Despite the shift in the rules of this law towards rejecting the use of force in recoloring international conflicts, international practices continue to reveal a non-compliance with rules. This highlights the importance of studying this subject, as states often resort to the threat or use of force in defense of what they perceive as infringement upon their interests, witch in their view, should be at the core of the concerns of international law itself. It raises a fundamental problem of knowing whether the continuous violation of the principle of the prohibition of the use of force to resolve international conflicts is due to the deviation in the behavior of some arrogant states, or to deficiencies in the international legal system for this principle? To answer this problem, it requires, first and foremost, studying the provision of international law related to the principle of prohibition of the use of force, and then examining the reality and justifications for international practices that go beyond this principle, according to the following plan: First topic: the prohibition of the use of force to resolve international conflicts in contempory international law. Demand 1: the legal basis for the prohibition of the use of force. Demand 2: exceptions to the prohibition. Second topic: challenges in international handling of cases of legitimate use of force. Demand1: deviant international practices of the legitimate use of force. Demand 2: new justifications for legitimizing the use of force

(Jurisprudential terminology between extraction and employment: (a study of the conceptual structure of jurisprudential terminology))

The jurisprudential term is originally derived from the Arabic language. The structure of the word is Arabic and the meaning is Arabic, but the use is legitimate, and includes descriptions, controls, and limits that make the term more precise, clear, and with a strong indication of what is meant by it. As a result, this is reflected in the legal ruling learned from the legal texts. Therefore, I will try Addressing this topic in order to reveal the extent of the close connection between the creation of jurisprudential terminology and its legitimate use, and between its extraction and employment and monitoring its levels of development, because what is considered in the use of words and terms in the field of jurisprudence is the legitimate use and the legal significance of the rulings. The most important result of the research is the necessity of preserving jurisprudential terminology and respecting the conceptual structure on which it was founded. This ensures respect for the Shari’a ruling and preserving it from eradication and distortion, given that knowledge of jurisprudence depends on acquiring the Shari’a concepts contained in its terminology. We also find another effect, which is that the jurisprudential terminology directs the jurist’s consideration of the Shari’a evidence and he arrives at the ruling that is consistent with the will of God Almighty.

The whack-a-mole governance challenge for AI-enabled synthetic biology: literature review and emerging frameworks.

AI-enabled synthetic biology has tremendous potential but also significantly increases biorisks and brings about a new set of dual use concerns. The picture is complicated given the vast innovations envisioned to emerge by combining emerging technologies, as AI-enabled synthetic biology potentially scales up bioengineering into industrial biomanufacturing. However, the literature review indicates that goals such as maintaining a reasonable scope for innovation, or more ambitiously to foster a huge bioeconomy do not necessarily contrast with biosafety, but need to go hand in hand. This paper presents a literature review of the issues and describes emerging frameworks for policy and practice that transverse the options of command-and-control, stewardship, bottom-up, and laissez-faire governance. How to achieve early warning systems that enable prevention and mitigation of future AI-enabled biohazards from the lab, from deliberate misuse, or from the public realm, will constantly need to evolve, and adaptive, interactive approaches should emerge. Although biorisk is subject to an established governance regime, and scientists generally adhere to biosafety protocols, even experimental, but legitimate use by scientists could lead to unexpected developments. Recent advances in chatbots enabled by generative AI have revived fears that advanced biological insight can more easily get into the hands of malignant individuals or organizations. Given these sets of issues, society needs to rethink how AI-enabled synthetic biology should be governed. The suggested way to visualize the challenge at hand is whack-a-mole governance, although the emerging solutions are perhaps not so different either.

Exposing Legal Pitfalls: Trademark Misuse in Franchise Agreements and Partnership Liability

The legitimate use of the trademark is performed by developing a license agreement containing the rights and obligations between the licensor and licensee. This license agreement is based on the principles of the consensus contained in contract law, namely the principle of good faith and freedom of treaty. In reality, some parties do not comply with these principles, causing disputes related to the rights and obligations of the parties, as well as license misuse. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the trademark license arrangement and the form of legal liability for contract misuse in franchise system. Doctrinal or normative legal study methodswere used, with primary and secondary data obtained through interviews and literature review. As a civil law country, the regulation of trademark license agreements in Indonesia emphasized applicable policies to provide legal certainty. The results showed that the misuse of these agreements caused legal consequences for the offending party. These consequences included liability for aspects of franchise agreement violation, trademark infringement, as well as civil and criminal liabilities.