Legitimate Body Research Articles

‘Between the flags’: women's participation in surf lifesaving sport in Aotearoa New Zealand

ABSTRACT Surf lifesaving (SLS) clubs have been portrayed as male-dominated spaces perpetuating hegemonic masculinity. Contrary to this depiction, women and girls have participated in SLS in Aotearoa New Zealand since the 1930s, constituting approximately half of SLSNZ members. However, despite a growing body of research on women in ocean sports, studies on women's experiences in SLS are notably scarce. Addressing this gap, our interpretive research focuses on women's participation in SLS sports in Aotearoa New Zealand. Our findings reveal that the SLS community offers social and sporting opportunities for women throughout their life course. While providing a supportive environment for female friendships and mentorship, the sport fosters a sense of achievement, ocean skills and overall well-being. Nevertheless, challenges persist, as women encounter a ‘boys club’ mentality, where men are often perceived as the natural and legitimate bodies in SLS institutional contexts. Despite these perceptions, women don't necessarily feel excluded or marginalised within SLS spaces. Our research suggests that contemporary SLS clubs in Aotearoa New Zealand are more nuanced cultural spaces than previously portrayed. While still associated with masculinity, women dynamically navigate these male-defined arenas. SLS, as both a sport and lifeguard service, presents an institutional space where cultural norms reinforcing masculinity in ocean sports can be challenged.

On the Efficacy of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Unsettling Coloniality.

Indigenous groups across Africa mobilized Indigenous Knowledge (IK) practices, albeit not without challenges, to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) continue to be sidelined in formal healthcare policies and programmes. This underscores the urgency to liberate Africa's epistemologies. Employing the decoloniality lens, this paper examined the colonial influences inherent in African responses to COVID-19 while also exploring the role of IKS in the uMkhanyakude District Municipality (UKDM). The argument is made that, in the case of the UKDM, the efficacy of IKS was demonstrated in the response to and fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the basis for the call to embrace and recognize that IKS is a legitimate body of knowledge comparable to Western science. Such recognition paves the way for more equitable, contextually relevant, and sustainable health strategies that can better address the complexities of current and future pandemics.

Illegitimate bodies? Turner syndrome and the silent interplay of age, gender, and generational positions.

This paper focuses on the strength of social norms that define the right development of the body in time. It also analyzes how the social positions of age, gender and generation intertwine in the definition of such a legitimate body. The starting point is anthropological research carried out in France between 2018 and 2020 among girls and women affected by Turner syndrome, a rare genetic condition causing small stature, ovarian insufficiency, a delay or absence of puberty, and infertility. We first explore how measuring the body has become central in the social construction of the concept of age-appropriateness. We then present four women' narratives, which express various forms of desynchronization: the gap between physical appearance, chronological age and age status; the cleft between the physical development induced by hormone therapy and being in a particular stage in life; the difference between chronological and reproductive age; and lastly, the trouble in a generational position related to infertility. For women suffering from this genetic condition, the gap between bodies, time and social statuses associated with age, gender and generation, may engender a feeling of "being out of place." The alignment of body and time is then one of the bastions of essentialization and naturalization. Finally, we stress the complex interplay of bodily and social markers of age and gender, and their role in social relations as both a resource and a constraint. Thus, while the syndrome may cause distress and sometimes a lack of legitimacy, it also leads to a critical re-examination of hegemonic models of womanhood and their intersection with age positions.

‘Power besieged and power protected’: Conservative uses of COVID-19 to attack Black Lives Matter

This essay discusses uses of COVID-19 by American conservatives to attack the legitimacy of demonstrations against racial injustice in the United States following the murder of George Floyd. The essay considers the conflation of COVID-19 and Black Lives Matter in journalism published by conservative media organization The Daily Wire, situating its reportage within a tradition of conservative movement racial politics from Barry Goldwater to Donald Trump. During summer 2020, conservative responses to COVID-19 expanded the discursive spheres in which racialized conflict played out, exemplifying the diffuse and pervasive nature of White backlash politics in contemporary movement conservatism and the continuity of that discourse with patterns established during earlier periods of civil rights struggle. After Floyd’s murder, conservative voices utilized COVID-19 as a racialized wedge, dividing those Americans characterized as authentic and deserving citizens from civil rights protestors and their supporters whose actions were presented as subversive of the legitimate body politic. The essay shows how these treatments of COVID-19 sit within conservative ‘dog whistle’ traditions of the later twentieth century – massaging White resentments without appearing to talk explicitly about race – while simultaneously, in a rhetoric characteristic of the post-Tea Party alt-Right, openly disclosing the politics of racial polarization and exclusion such traditions were once intended to obfuscate or encode.

Expertise and Participation in the Facebook Oversight Board: From Reason to Will

This paper explores two strategies that the Facebook Oversight Board has available to build its own legitimacy. It argues that the Board's members perform as apolitical decision-makers. With that goal, the Board has portrayed international human rights law as a set of exogenous and universal principles that human rights experts can translate and implement on social media. The paper suggests that, instead of hiding its power behind alleged translations of higher principles, the Board could try to build its legitimacy by promoting the wider involvement of civil society. The Board could wield its power to strengthen civil society's participation in Facebook's drafting of content moderation rules. The Board could then present itself as a legitimate body not because it applies international law but because it encourages the participation of more actors and defers to their judgment. Despite the many limitations of this proposal, it would include more actors in the governance of online speech instead of shielding experts from participatory politics.

Sharia Supervision in The Standards of Good Governance Perspective in Libyan Islamic

This study aims to highlight the role of Shariah Supervisory Authorities, functions and mechanisms of formation, effectively played by the principles and mechanisms of governance in increasing the efficiency of its performance, and to highlight the role and importance of legitimate governance oversight bodies in the achievement of disclosure and transparency to its business. The study found the need to provide a guiding board of directors and Shariah Supervisory Authority on how to perform their duties on the issues legitimacy guide, as well as the completion of the legal framework and raising the efficiency of the legitimate bodies, and the supervisory and control devices for Islamic Financial Institutions ‘And work on the interest of planning, monitoring and evaluating performance of the Sharia Supervisory Authority, as well as disclosure and transparency about the activities of these illegal bodies to reassure dealers, through the formulation of a framework for legitimate governance oversight bodies and circulated to Islamic financial institutions. The study clarified the important role played by the Sharia Supervisory Board, and the study presented a number of examples of the importance of the Sharia Supervisory Board in enhancing trust between Islamic banks and the public dealing with them, such as Islamic banks in Bangladesh.

Sharia Supervision in The Standards of Good Governance Perspective in Libyan Islamic

This study aims to highlight the role of Shariah Supervisory Authorities, functions and mechanisms of formation, effectively played by the principles and mechanisms of governance in increasing the efficiency of its performance, and to highlight the role and importance of legitimate governance oversight bodies in the achievement of disclosure and transparency to its business. The study found the need to provide a guiding board of directors and Shariah Supervisory Authority on how to perform their duties on the issues legitimacy guide, as well as the completion of the legal framework and raising the efficiency of the legitimate bodies, and the supervisory and control devices for Islamic Financial Institutions ‘And work on the interest of planning, monitoring and evaluating performance of the Sharia Supervisory Authority, as well as disclosure and transparency about the activities of these illegal bodies to reassure dealers, through the formulation of a framework for legitimate governance oversight bodies and circulated to Islamic financial institutions. The study clarified the important role played by the Sharia Supervisory Board, and the study presented a number of examples of the importance of the Sharia Supervisory Board in enhancing trust between Islamic banks and the public dealing with them, such as Islamic banks in Bangladesh

Political activity of the Belarusian Autocephalic Orthodox Church in 1950–1982

The article is devoted to the consideration of the political activity of the Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (BAOC) in 1950–1982. For several decades, the named religious organization carried out the functions of consolidating the post-war Belarusian Diaspora, focused on supporting the Council of the Belarusian People’s Republic (BNR). What happened in the second half 1950s the change in the strategy of American foreign policy associated with the adoption of the doctrine of “rolling back communism” entailed the involvement of the BAOC in carrying out events of a pronounced anti-Soviet character. In 1957, the tradition of annual visits to the US Congress by the hierarchs and clerics of the BAOC on the days of celebrating the next anniversaries of the proclamation of the BNR’s independence was established. During these visits, Belarusian clergy opened parliamentary sessions with prayers for an early fall of the communist system and positioned the Council of the BNR as the only legitimate body of Belarusian state power. Since 1960, representatives of the BAOC have taken an active part in events dedicated to the “Captive Nations Weeks”, initiated by the US Congress and aimed at demonstrating widespread condemnation of the Soviet political system. The regular participation of the clergy of the BAOC in these events testifies to the involvement of the religious organization in question in active political activity, which followed the mainstream of the US foreign policy strategy and had a pronounced anti-Soviet character.

PENGGUGATAN KANONISASI SASTRA MELALUI MEDIA SIBER KARYAKARSA

The development of information and communication technology has had a major influence on modern human life. One of them is in the field of literature which is marked by the emergence of cyber literature in digital form. The distribution process through the internet has brought new changes to a more efficient production because it does not rely on conventional printing tools with large capital. Every society has the same opportunity as an author who is free to express and explore his work without the attachments and constraints of literary legitimate bodies that carry out canonization practices. This difficult selection process is a reinforcing motive for why cyber literature is growing and in demand, because authors and readers spend less effort to create, distribute, or access other people's works. In the realm of cyber literature, financial security is not that great for the author. This has led to various cyber literary media in the form of applications and websites that are easily accessible but with royalty regulations that provide full benefits without discounting distribution and production duties as in the conventional distribution of printed works. The research in this article uses descriptive qualitative methods by analyzing the object of study and documenting the study as reinforcing data.

Self-reporting in TPE: valuing biographies adjusted to the clinical register

This article examines the self-narrative in interactions between patients and with caregivers who participate in a Patient Therapeutic Education (TPE) program on the self-management of oral cancer drugs. This program has the particularity of combining the objectives of acquiring knowledge and verbalizing the experience with a group of patients. We analyze the effects of socializations and interactions between participants (patients and caregivers) on self-narratives and knowledge sharing in TPE. An ethnographic survey of the TPE workshops was carried out over the course of more than two years interviews with 24participants (professionals and patients) previously observed also made it possible to review their experience of TPE. We start from the premise that self-narratives are part of a legitimate body of knowledge but that they are more or less visible in the context of TPE workshops. We observe in patients a variation in their story depending on the legitimacy granted to their experience and their ability to translate it into a heterogeneous collective. We also show how the interactions between patients and the facilitation of caregivers enhance the stories that align with the principle of patient empowerment and invisible or even obscure others in the name of this same concern.

Righting the Police: How do Officers Make Sense of Human Rights?

AbstractHuman rights have become a dominant paradigm in police reform projects worldwide, championed by policymakers, legislators and campaigners alike. Such projects are often premised on, and evaluated according to, a conception of human rights as an autonomous, coherent and legitimate body of norms. It is a paradigm made real through formal training, procedures and oversight. This paper invites a different reading of human rights. Drawing on extensive interviews with junior officers, it reveals how human rights come to be emergent from, and embedded within, the minutia of their working lives. The presence and meaning of human rights are sustained through a series of ‘sensemaking’ narratives arising from the rich intermingling of legal and organizational representations of rights and officers’ own experiences. Subtle variations, inconsistencies and contradictions in officers’ sensemaking are revealed across a four-fold typology which disrupts the stability and coherency of the human rights paradigm, but also generalizations made about police culture.

Being Seen after Going Stealth

Being Seen after Going Stealth

Judith Butler: Philosophie für Einsteiger by René Lépine

Reviewed by: Judith Butler: Philosophie für Einsteiger by René Lépine Tiarra Cooper René Lépine. Judith Butler: Philosophie für Einsteiger. Illustrated by Ansgar Lorenz, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 2018. 120 pp. Paper, €19.90. Judith Butler: Philosophie für Einsteiger (Judith Butler: Philosophy for beginners) is a graphic voyage through the key tenets, foundational antecedents, and contemporary debates of Judith Butler’s scholarship. Written in German by René Lépine and illustrated by Ansgar Lorenz, this work renders Butlerian philosophy—traditionally viewed as esoteric and elitist—accessible to dilettantes. Interspersed with engaging graphics and forays into principal philosophies, this captivating book prepares the reader to adequately comprehend, contextualize, and engage with Butler’s claims. Following an abbreviated version of Butler’s initial encounters with philosophy, Lépine facilitates an understanding of Butler’s complex thought by outlining the fundamentals of structuralism and its successor, poststructuralism. Essentially, Lépine highlights the power of language to shape our world perception, norms, and differentiations—the productive power of that which, generated interactively through language, would be termed discourse by Michel Foucault. Butler, Lépine demonstrates, innovatively connects this discursive [End Page 121] analysis to pragmalinguistics in her explosive work Gender Trouble (1989). Combining the theory of speech acts (in which performative utterances may describe or change a social reality) with Jacques Derrida’s notion of iterability (whereby a performative act must be repeated in order to evoke its signification), Butler locates a subversive opening in performativity. Deconstructing the superficially seamless relationship between sex and gender, Butler postulates the ability to uncouple the two through the re-signification of gender via iterated performativity. The conventional alignment of (discursively produced) sex and gender, Butler further claims, forms a compulsory heterosexual matrix; to be gendered and heterosexual translates to intelligibility, whereas to be dislocated from this matrix equates to social death. Consequently, Gender Trouble not only redefined feminist frameworks but forged the basis for queer theory. Butler continues to theorize performativity, Lépine highlights, in her 1995 work Bodies That Matter. Performativity cannot be perceived as a single, conscious act that summons a subject into existence, Butler clarifies; rather, performativity is the continually repeated power of discourse to produce phenomena that it then regulates and restricts. Bodies was critiqued as ignoring the body as a material reality, though Butler claims that what constitutes legitimate bodies is inextricably situated in the matrix of intelligibility. Furthermore, Butler advocates here for a redefinition of the material, as a process of materialization that stabilizes over time. In The Psychic Life of Power (1997), Butler expounds that the situation of material bodies into the matrix of intelligibility provides a necessary orientation; though body and identity cannot be conceptualized together, they cannot be constituted separately. Furthermore, the psyche represents the authority of power that (invisibly) regulates the self—the resistance of which appears only when protecting the self against power’s demands. As the last of Butler’s works to be featured, Excitable Speech (1997) is recapitulated by Lépine as a revisiting of discursive power and performance, and a collapse of the conceptual distance between physical integrity and speech; verbal violence targeted at one’s identity, Butler claims, can also be experienced corporeally. Moreover, those who are not recognized fully as subjects can face both social and political violence. Following an extensive overview of her philosophies, Lépine situates Butler’s activism socially, as witnessed in public controversies. This contextualization includes her rejection of the Civil Courage Award at Christopher Street Day in Berlin in 2010 and the protests against [End Page 122] her receipt of the Theodor W. Adorno Prize in 2012. Although debate stemmed from Butler’s stances against racism, Zionism, and imperialism, Lépine situates these advocacies among many: Butler railed against Islamophobia following 9/11 and drew attention to cases of indefinite imprisonment without trial at Guantánamo Bay. Lépine and Lorenz culminate their work with ample resources, replete with appendices (on movements such as feminism, sexology, gay rights, and lesbian feminism), a bibliography of referenced works, and a glossary of relevant terms. Given that Judith Butler’s philosophies are known to resist understanding, I applaud the authors for simplifying their multiplex nature. The...

Preliminary Use of Internal Legal Tools for Protection of International Rights

According to the ECtHR, there are two fundamental reasons that the domestic remedies referred to in Article 13 of the Convention are of relevance: a) firstly, because the ECtHR deals with a case only after all the remedies provided for by the domestic law of the country concerned have been exhausted; b) Secondly, it has now become the practice of this Court to develop, in the course of the investigation, whether the domestic remedies have been exhausted, and a concrete line of determination of the burden of proof in the proceedings. In determining whether any domestic remedy meets the criteria of availability and effectiveness, the particular circumstances of the individual case must be taken into account. Consideration should be given not only to the formal remedies available, but also to the general legal and political context in which they operate, as well as the applicant's personal circumstances. So in order to determine if any internal remedy meets the availability and effectiveness criteria, during the study, we needed to consider the particular circumstances of each individual case. According to the ECtHR for the purposes of Article 13 of the Convention, an effective domestic remedy must be a remedy, an effective remedy, a legitimate body for the individual to complain about, the local authorities must provide the appropriate legal and remedy. The paper seeks to find out what are the factors that may impede the submission of a case alleging infringement to an international court. The methodology used is the doctrinal and analytical doctrine of judicial practice.

The Politics of Heroes’ Body: Ethnographying the Training of Foreign Astronauts in Russia

If the literature in the history of the Soviet space program is extremely prolific since the 1960s, including regarding cosmonaut embodiment, a lack remains regarding the contemporary reality of human spaceflight in Russia. As this article discusses, based on interviews and a long-term ethnography of the Russian training of astronauts from Western Europe, North America, and Japan, becoming an astronaut is to develop a legitimate body fitting dominant cultural and gendered models. Three mechanisms serve the manufacture of “heroes” and masculine bodies through the astronaut training: the historical narrative of human spaceflight; the values and virility attributes embed as part of the training; and the instruments used in the daily activity of astronauts (such as spacesuits). This manufacture of a legitimate body, characterized by masculinity and discipline inherited from the past, is a heuristic field for corporality and studies of global politics as it underlines how an interweaving of gender, Soviet heritage, and cultural fantasies frames the bodies of a professional elite.

Bad Blood: Patrilineal Inheritance and the Body of the Heir in William of Palerne

William of Palerne foregrounds the basis of legal and social status inheritance in biological inheritance transmitted through blood while representing the social and political consequences of irregular and unpredictable bloodline transmission. The romance suggests the tenuousness of any reliance upon that transmission, because of the failure of continuity throughout the potential field of heritable heirs. This unreliability of patrilineal transmission in turn promotes the concept of a single legitimate heir—a "right" or "true" heir, as opposed to the more expansive legal definitions of heritability that prevailed in contemporary legal codes. William of Palerne's framing of this trope within the context of available, legally rightful, patrimonial representatives, whom the romance designates as clearly not "true" or acceptable heirs to the patriline, demonstrates its particular concern with the problem presented by multiple potential heirs within the patriline: how to recognize the best heir amongst a field of legitimate contenders. The text focuses upon the heir's dangerous singularity and vulnerability, and thus the risks it poses to a legitimate succession and patrilineal continuity. Moreover, the Middle English redaction's increased emphasis on themes of disguise, illusion, and misrecognition over its Old French source further suggests that while the true heir's body may be exceptional and marked as such, the polity is ill equipped to recognize it properly. Thus, the poem works to locate authority in a single legitimate body, but in so doing, it underscores the individual and collective dangers inherent in that singularity.

Unpacking ‘regime resistance’ in low-carbon transitions: The case of the British Capacity Market

The ability of powerful incumbent actors to resist technological or institutional changes that threaten their vested interests is a core part of the literature on sustainable energy transitions, but more often asserted in general than tested in specific cases. This article presents analysis of a detailed study of the introduction of a Capacity Market (CM) for electricity in Great Britain in the period 2010–2011, using a process tracing approach. The study finds evidence to support the view that large electricity generators have a significant degree of structural power in relation to decision makers, that such companies did lobby the government through the CM policy process, and that the ideas deployed had an effect on the shape of the CM. However, there were also divisions amongst the large generating companies on whether they wanted a CM or not, and what its design should be. We also show that the institutional circumstances of the CM policy process were quite specific, giving opportunities for lobbying that may not be present in other cases. We conclude it is essential to have an analysis of incumbent power that is contingent on institutional context, the specific nature of interests and the deployment of ideas. To counter incumbent power and structural dependency during sustainable energy transformation, an independent but legitimate body is needed to the direction of policy.

What if I Don’t Fit? How Fat Employees Become the Organizational Other through Clothing and Seating.

This paper offers a new materialist perspective on processes of inclusion and exclusion in the professional lives of women who identify as fat. Contemporary ideas about health, size and productivity have resulted in a dominant assumption that a legitimate corporate body needs to be slender - or at least not fat. However, how fat employees are included and excluded in their everyday work context remains understudied. Adopting a new materialist analytical lens, we argue that the fat body is given meaning within organizations via negotiations of the extent to which it literally 'fits in' to everyday objects such as chairs and clothes. We show that fat employees' stories reveal that their basic needs with respect to suitable clothing and adequate seating are made un- or extraordinary by both colleagues and organizational structures, and that this puts them at a disadvantage in the context of their employment. We use the works of Karen Barad and Sarah Ahmed to unpack the intra-actions between material objects, discourses about size and our participants' large bodies, and the role affect plays in these. The article thus contributes to Critical Management Studies' (CMS) recent turn toward examining the intersection between materiality and power relations within organizations.

European Bodies

In this special issue we focus on processes of europeanisation and the work of colonial legacies and their impact on the production of the european body, a body that is always already racialised, classed and gendered. ‘european body’ can be observed in discourses and practices that constitute the normal/desired/legitimate body and concomitantly impacts notions about the civilised/cultured body, often linked to whiteness, secularism, legitimate class and gender performances. We ask to look back across pasts and into the present in order to explore who currently marks the boundaries of what is considered civilised, cultured, “normal” and comes to define what is considered a european body. What embodies the present, which and whose body epitomises europeaness and how does europeanisation generate (tacit) knowledge about the legitimate body?

MAD WOMAN’S ESL POETRY

Canadians often say to me, “You must be a Canadian or Permanent Resident, if you have been living here for more than a decade.” I tend to lose my words. Both my mother tongue and broken English don’t seem sufficient to explain. Where should I begin to give a sense of an immigration system written by the logic of a neo-liberal nation-state? I would rather be a body of 미친년, a degraded fallen woman, so please don’t take me seriously until I call you out and madly make out with you. I fell in love with her body free from legitimate bodies’ acceptance, a deceptive notion of consent. She utters fearlessly, not because her language is correct and direct, but because her language is doomed to be corrected and redirected. She dares to speak in front of you—the Indigenous peoples of this land, in the face of you—the settlers in this land, and in the midst of you—the migrants on this land. She picks up random words and spits them out. Dildos. Drones. Missiles. Canada’s Comprehensive Ranking System … She calls them out without grasping them. I gave her my desires, memories, and traumas that are seemingly lost because they barely reach the surface of her consciousness. Maybe she is a broken language floating on the surface of the water where your ‘Ophelia’ is perpetually drowning.