Legalization Of Euthanasia Research Articles

Medical and social aspects of euthanasia of palliative patients in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany

In the palliative and hospice medicine of Ukraine, there are a number of unresolved legal and organizational problems that stand in the way of a dignified existence of hopelessly ill patients in the last days and months of their lives. First of all, these are unresolved issues with the coverage of treatment and care of a sufficient number of categories of patients: palliative care is provided mainly to patients with oncological, cardiovascular and neurological profiles of treatment. Secondly, it is the lack of adequate analgesia for a significant number of inpatients and the vast majority of patients receiving treatment at home. Availability of recently legalized medical cannabis remains low for palliative care patients, and palliative care euthanasia is not legalized. In our previous research, we found out that Ukrainian society is not ready for a dialogue about the need to legalize euthanasia, and that the best model of preparing society for euthanasia is the Canadian one, which is based on a comprehensive study of the opinions of the general public and direct participants of the Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD), as well as on the implementation of decisions federal court. The article is devoted to legal procedures and socio-medical aspects of euthanasia and MAiD in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. Certain aspects of legalization, its context and circumstances, compared with the conditions of Ukraine. The article is an original theoretical study performed using the method of systematic analysis, comparative and bibliosemantic methods. Note that we are clarifying the terminology of the previous stages of the study: MAiD is performed by the patient himself, euthanasia is performed by the doctor. In our opinion, Ukraine needs the legalization of euthanasia and MAiD for all age categories, and with the implementation of special additional consent procedures for adult incapacitated patients. In the experience of the countries of the current comparison, we paid special attention to the prevention of abuses in the implementation of these procedures, in the conditions of frequent disregard for the norms of the law since the beginning of the war. Keywords: palliative and hospice care, suicides of palliative patients, Medical Assistance in Dying, right to life, right to die.

Medical and social aspects of euthanasia of palliative patients in Ukraine, Switzerland, Canada, the USA and Israel

Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) is legally used in such countries as the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Colombia, Canada, Australia, Spain, Germany, and the USA. Portugal and New Zealand are considering legal euthanasia laws. MAiD is performed by injecting a lethal substance into a terminally ill person by a doctor or the patient himself. Euthanasia is one of the services that palliative patients need in the last months and days of their lives. The availability of MAiD increases the country's ranking in the Quality of Death Index and reduces the need for euthanasia tourism. Ukraine needs the legalization of MAiD, as well as the improvement of the palliative and hospice care system in general. The research was conducted using the methods of systematic analysis, the comparative method and the bibliosemantic method with the search for literary sources and legal acts in Google, Google Scholar and PubMed, with an emphasis on Ukraine, Switzerland, the USA, Canada and Israel. During the comparative analysis, it was concluded that the Canadian model of the MAiD is optimal for Ukraine, taking into account the experience of its construction, society's perception and problems related to the application of the legislative norms of the MAiD. The Canadian health care system, the MAiD practice is guided by the social perception of its work models. Legislators respond sensitively to thorough scientific research and court decisions, which respect state and social institutions. The analyzed results of scientific research in Switzerland, the USA and Israel warn researchers and legislators against possible abuses in the implementation of MAiD. But at the same time, they attest to the importance of an accessible MAiD procedure for terminally ill palliative patients, which should be available for the realization of the right to a dignified death along with quality palliative medicine for the realization of the right to a dignified life. Keywords: palliative and hospice care, health care system reform, Medical Assistance in Dying, Quality of Death Index, right to life, right to die.

From Suffering to Sovereignty: The Dimensions of Euthanasia and Right to Die with Dignity

Provided the complex socio-legal fabric of India, the discourse on Euthanasia and the Right to die with dignity provokes profound ethical, legal, and societal questions. Therefore, a need to meticulously examine the varied dimensions of Euthanasia arises. Beginning with the basic understanding of the concept, a comprehensive analysis shall be made in regard to various philosophies associated of renowned political thinkers and philosophers. Additionally, comparative insights from foreign legal frameworks shall be drawn. The research includes judgments passed by the Indian judiciary regarding the legalization of Euthanasia with a clear debate in its context. The High Court Judgement of Gian Kaur v. The State of Punjab (1996) and Supreme Court judgments of Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India (2011) and Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) proved to be the turning points in Indian legal history and shaped the stance of Indian judiciary on the legislation of Euthanasia. The breakdown of Law Commission reports (2006 & 2008) also finds their mention. Can the freedom to choose a dignified death—the ultimate act of human autonomy—be recognized by the law in a culture that is highly pro-life? If so, there’s a need to structure and strengthen regulations to adopt this choice.

A study to assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on nursing students’ knowledge of euthanasia across different colleges in Navi Mumbai, India

Abstract Background: Euthanasia, derived from the Greek term meaning “good death,” involves ending a life to alleviate suffering, particularly in cases of terminal illness or severe pain. Legal views on euthanasia vary globally, with the Netherlands and Belgium leading by legalizing it in 2001 and 2002, respectively. In India, the 2011 Supreme Court ruling in the Aruna Shanbaug case permitted passive euthanasia under specific conditions, sparking ongoing debates about the legalization of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Materials and Methods: This study used a quantitative research design with a pre-experimental one-group pretest and posttest approach. The study was conducted at selected Navi Mumbai colleges, including 108 students selected through nonprobability convenience sampling. A pretest was administered before the structured teaching program, which was then implemented. The students were reassessed 7 days later. Results: Among the 108 B.Sc. nursing students, pretest knowledge scores revealed that 34% had poor knowledge and 57% had average knowledge, indicating a moderate understanding of euthanasia. In contrast, posttest results showed that 59% of students demonstrated good knowledge, and 41% exhibited excellent knowledge. The mean pretest score of 7.19 increased to 14 in the posttest, highlighting that the structured teaching program significantly improved the students’ knowledge of euthanasia. No significant association was found between pre-intervention knowledge scores and selected demographic variables. Conclusion: Effective education can substantially enhance knowledge levels. The structured teaching program successfully improved students’ understanding of euthanasia, as they initially had a limited grasp of the topic.

Medical assistance in dying for palliative patients in different countries of the world: lessons on euthanasia legalization

Background. The practice of countries in legalizing euthanasia is useful for other countries that have not yet allowed Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD). Palliative patients in these countries have varying levels of access to medical care, including adequate analgesia. Medical care in many countries does not meet the needs of palliative patients, and systems of palliative and hospice care are often poorly developed. MAiD can be an alternative to the suffering of palliative patients at the end of life. Aim. Analysis of legal, social and financial aspects of euthanasia legalization in different countries of the world. Materials and Methods. The method of system analysis, comparative method and bibliosemantic method were used for the research. Results and Conclusions. The path to the legalization of euthanasia begins with a wide public debate. Important is the opinion of medical professionals, who are usually divided into two camps: those who deny the necessity and humanity of euthanasia, as well as those who advocate legalization to end the suffering of their patients, seeking to satisfy their persistent and conscious desire to exercise their "right to die". Countries take different paths and at different speeds to legalize euthanasia. The difference between the models of legalized euthanasia lies, first of all, in its permitted type (passive or active), distribution to different age categories of hopeless patients (in particular, to children), to incapacitated patients with cognitive disorders. Active euthanasia is allowed in such European countries as the Netherlands (since 2001), Belgium (since 2002), Luxembourg (since 2009), Spain (since 2010), Switzerland (since 2011). Since these years, there has been a change in the attitude towards medically assisted death of the European Court of Human Rights, which previously categorically regarded euthanasia as intentional murder. In all countries that have legalized euthanasia, an active discussion continues regarding the rules for its implementation. A common feature of countries that have already legalized euthanasia is the approval of the procedure by at least a third of medical professionals. Keywords: medically assisted suicide, suicide tourism, Quality of Death Index, suicide of critically ill palliative patients, right to life, right to die.

Трансформация самоубийства: от суицида до эвтаназии

The article is a review of the Alexey Antipov’s book “Suicide and euthanasia: history and modernity”. The review shows how, from the fundamental scientific analysis of the phe­nomenon of suicide outlined in the monograph, the author deduces two main trends: sec­ularization and medicalization. Both imply the further liberalization of society’s attitude towards it. An analysis of the process of suicide medicalization demonstrates how the nat­ural scientific view of it first led to the practice of prevention, and then began to allow medical assistance in ending life. This view has manifested itself in two phenomena: euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. If in the first case, assistance in ending life is carried out by a physician through deliberate intervention, then in the second, the physi­cian only indicates a means of taking life, leaving the suicider the choice to use it inde­pendently. The book shows that both phenomena emerged as an attempt to prevent spon­taneous individual suicide and place it within the framework of rational practice carried out under the supervision of competent persons. But the fact that, due to the legalization of euthanasia in some countries, medicine has become complicit in justifying deaths, fa­tally destroys the focus of medicine itself on protecting the value of life.

Psychological Factors Influencing Attitudes towards Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide and Palliative Care among Medical Students and Doctors in Training.

Background: This study aimed to analyse the attitudes of medical students, Polish and classical philology students and trainee doctors towards the legalisation and practice of euthanasia and assisted suicide, to explore their beliefs about palliative care and to identify the cognitive, behavioural and emotional factors influencing these attitudes. Methods: An anonymous 22-question survey was sent by email to 670 participants, who comprised students of medicine, students of Polish and classical philology and trainee physicians. Results: Out of the 670 people invited to the survey, 313 (46.72%) responded; 215 (68.69%) and 112 (35.80%) participants supported the legalisation of euthanasia and assisted suicide, respectively. No differences were found between the respondent groups studied. The respondents' attitudes were influenced by religion, place of residence and professed values in the doctor-patient relationship. Among the medical students and trainee doctors surveyed, the declared willingness to perform euthanasia was lower, with 90 (43.7%) people, than the support for its legalisation, with 135 (65.5%) people. Significantly higher support for palliative care was expressed by fifth- and sixth-year medical students and trainee doctors, with 88 respondents (89.89%), less support was expressed by first- and fourth-year medical students, with 74 respondents (68.5%), and the lowest support was observed among Polish and classical philology students, with 63 respondents (58.9%). Conclusions: The legalisation of euthanasia and assisted suicide was supported by more than two-thirds and one-third of all the respondents, respectively, with the majority of medical students and trainee doctors surveyed expressing uncertainty or lack of readiness towards their practice. More than 70% of all the respondents showed a positive opinion towards palliative care, with the lowest support being among Polish and classical philology students.

The attitude of Tunisian medicine resident toward euthanasia

IntroductionEuthanasia is the active deliberate ending of life by another person at the explicit request of a patient who is suffering from an incurable condition deemed unbearable by him or her.young doctors in tunisia might be exposed in their daily practice to a request of (E). In some countries the procedure is regulated by law while in others the issue has not been discussed. Before assessing the public opinion the medical core has to be implicated in the debate about the subject.Within the limits of our knowledge this is the first study on the subject in the countries of North AfricaObjectivesTo describe the attitudes of tunisian medicine resident toward euthanasiaMethodsThe validated questionnaire of physicians’ Attitudes and opinions on assisted suicide and euthanasia was distributed via mails addresses to 50 tunisian resident. The participation was entirely voluntary and anonymity was guaranteed.Results Thirty seven medicine resident participate to the study the response rate was 74%. The average age of participants was 28.2years old.The majority;23 were female and 29 had religious beliefs.The most represented speciality was family medicine with 6 participants.Only 2 of doctors were practicing in Europe.About 8 of young doctors were requested for (E).Tunisian medicine residents are generally supportive of the legalization of euthanasia (29), but many have concerns about their own participation in the procedure.ConclusionsEthical and legal complexities surround the topic of euthanasia.It is imperative to deepen our understanding of this practice within the context of the North Africa region,in order to formulate a comprehensive and well-informed policy.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Progesterone receptor distribution in the human hypothalamus and its association with suicide

The human hypothalamus modulates mental health by balancing interactions between hormonal fluctuations and stress responses. Stress-induced progesterone release activates progesterone receptors (PR) in the human brain and triggers alterations in neuropeptides/neurotransmitters. As recent epidemiological studies have associated peripheral progesterone levels with suicide risks in humans, we mapped PR distribution in the human hypothalamus in relation to age and sex and characterized its (co-) expression in specific cell types. The infundibular nucleus (INF) appeared to be the primary hypothalamic structure via which progesterone modulates stress-related neural circuitry. An elevation of the number of pro-opiomelanocortin+ (POMC, an endogenous opioid precursor) neurons in the INF, which was due to a high proportion of POMC+ neurons that co-expressed PR, was related to suicide in patients with mood disorders (MD). MD donors who died of legal euthanasia were for the first time enrolled in a postmortem study to investigate the molecular signatures related to fatal suicidal ideations. They had a higher proportion of PR co-expressing POMC+ neurons than MD patients who died naturally. This indicates that the onset of endogenous opioid activation in MD with suicide tendency may be progesterone-associated. Our findings may have implications for users of progesterone-enriched contraceptives who also have MD and suicidal tendencies.

One third of physicians discuss exit strategies with patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Results from nationwide surveys among German and Polish neurologists.

This paper examines neurologists' approaches to exit strategies (ESs), such as euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (PALS) in two European countries. In a nationwide anonymous survey, we collected responses from 237 Polish and 228 German neurologists, focusing on their practices and beliefs about ESs, as well as their viewpoints on life-sustaining measures (LSMs) (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, non-invasive, and invasive ventilation). To analyze the data, we employed statistical methods, including Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square tests, Spearman's rank correlation, and multiple regression analysis. One third of the neurologists initiated the discussion about ESs with PALS. Half were ready to have this conversation upon patient's request. Age, gender, religiousness, and nationality were closely associated with this approach. One in 9 neurologists received a request to terminate an LSM, whereas 1 in 10 to implement an ES. German neurologists and palliative care trainees acquired both demands more commonly. Neurologists quoted a low quality of life, decreased mood, and being a burden to the family/closest ones as primary reasons for a wish to hasten death among PALS. Although the majority expressed a willingness to terminate an LSM at a request of the patient, most opposed the legalization of euthanasia. Younger and less religious individuals were more likely to favor accepting euthanasia. Neurologists vary significantly in their approaches to terminal care. Complex relationships exist among personal indices, shared beliefs, and current practices.

Termination of life to relieve their suffering: Malaysian Medical, Legal, and Nursing Perspectives on Euthanasia

Euthanasia, a contentious and emotionally charged subject, sparks significant public debate and attracts heightened scrutiny compared to less controversial topics. It garners widespread attention and sparks lively discussions among various stakeholders, including academics, religious scholars, politicians, doctors, lawyers, and nurses, due to its involvement in intentionally ending human lives, albeit for compassionate reasons and with the voluntary consent of the individual. The present study aims to delve into the attitudes of doctors, lawyers, and nurses toward euthanasia and its potential legalization in Malaysia. Employing a survey methodology following established quantitative research protocols, the study administered questionnaires to 719 participants to gather their perspectives and opinions on euthanasia. Participants completed the 21-item Euthanasia Attitude Scale (EAS) questionnaire. Data analysis, conducted using SPSS version 29.0, measured data variables through mean, median, and standard deviation. The study revealed a high level of reliability among the variables, with Cronbach's Alpha values of 0.857 for EAS and 0.952 for reasons regarding euthanasia legalization. Pearson's correlation results fell within the range of 0.570 to 0.642, indicating a moderate and positive relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The study found that 64.3% of respondents held opposing viewson euthanasia legalization, while 35.7% believed it should be legalized. Primary reasons for opposing legalization included religious beliefs (56.9%), concerns about public corruption (56.2%), and the belief in the sanctity of human life, with no one having the authority to end it (54.9%). Among those in favour of euthanasia legalization, 52.2% viewed it as a compassionate and humane means to alleviate the suffering of terminally ill individuals. The relatively small sample size underscores the necessity for diverse input in future research on euthanasia legalization. These findings underscore the ongoing relevance and need for thorough examination, reflecting the multifaceted nature of the topic. Despite opposition to legalization, the study highlights theenduring complexity of the euthanasia debate and the necessity for diverse perspectives to navigate it effectively

Healthcare Professionals’ Perspectives on Euthanasia Legalization in Malaysia

Euthanasia remains a contentious and emotionally charged subject, drawing considerable public debate and scrutiny in research compared to less controversial topics. Its involvement in deliberately ending human lives, albeit with compassionate intentions and the individual’s voluntary consent, has sparked widespread discussions among various stakeholders including academics, religious scholars, politicians, doctors, lawyers, and nurses. The present study seeks to investigate doctors’ and nurses’ attitudes towards euthanasia and its potential legalization in Malaysia. Employing a survey methodology adhering to established quantitative research protocols, participants were administered questionnaires to gather their viewpoints on euthanasia. The research enlisted 481 respondents who completed the 21-item Euthanasia Attitude Scale (EAS) questionnaire. Analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS version 29.0, employing measures such as mean, median, and standard deviation. The study revealed a strong level of reliability among the variables, with Cronbach’s Alpha values of 0.857 for EAS and 0.952 for reasons pertaining to euthanasia legalization. Pearson’s correlation coefficients ranged from 0.570 to 0.642, indicating a moderate and positive association between independent variables and the dependent variable. Furthermore, the study highlights that 81.3% of respondents held opposing views on euthanasia legalization, while 18.7% supported its legalization. Primary reasons for opposing legalization included religious beliefs (85.6%), the sanctity of human life and the belief that it should not be subject to individual authority for termination (80.2%), concerns about potential exploitation for personal gain (76.1%), and perceptions of public corruption (72.3%). These findings underscore the ongoing relevance and necessity for comprehensive examination, reflecting the multifaceted nature of the euthanasia discourse. Despite the prevailing opposition to legalization, the study underscores the enduring complexity of the euthanasia debate and the imperative of embracing diverse perspectives for effective navigation.

Discussion on the Legalization of Euthanasia in China

Discussion on the Legalization of Euthanasia in China

A systematic review of euthanasia-related research and development in China

With the development of the economy, education, modern medicine, etc, China's average life expectancy has been greatly improved. The older the age, the incidence of diseases such as senile diseases and malignant tumors also increases correspondingly. The inviolability of the "dignity of life", which includes the "dignity of death". In addition to the current measures to strengthen medical security, drug research and development, hospice care, palliative care, and other measures, insight into the public's cognition and attitude toward euthanasia is also helpful to improve the quality of life, deepen the research on the legalization of euthanasia, and establish a rational view of life and death. As a special deathbed treatment, euthanasia has not been fully legalized in China, but it is being accepted by more and more people. At the same time, there are a series of relevant supporting policies, such as hospice care and advance directive in our country.

Euthanasia on their mind: a qualitative analysis of spontaneous expressions of people with young-onset dementia and their family caregivers.

Introduction:Previous research showed that people with young-onset dementia and their family caregivers spontaneously addressed the topic of euthanasia when talking about the broader topic of advance care planning. A better understanding of what people address and why may provide innovative insights to inform the evolving physician assisted dying legislation worldwide. This study aimed to identify what people with young-onset dementia and their family caregivers spontaneously expressed regarding (communication about) euthanasia when discussing the topic of advance care planning.Methods:A secondary qualitative analysis was conducted, through the method of constant comparative analysis on semi-structured interviews. We included 10 people with young-onset dementia and 25 family caregivers in Flanders, Belgium.Results:Respondents described similar contexts for discussions about euthanasia: the topic arose at several key moments, usually with informal caregivers, and was motivated by patients considering the impact of disease progression both for themselves, thereby mainly wanting to avoid decline and maintain dignity, and their loved ones. Family caregivers paid considerable attention to the legality of euthanasia in dementia, specifically with regard to cognitive capacity, and elaborated on the difficulties and emotional impact of discussing euthanasia.Conclusions:Considerations of people with young-onset dementia towards euthanasia appeared rooted in personal unbearable suffering and in expected interpersonal and societal consequences of their condition. Negative social framing of young-onset dementia might contribute to the livelihood of euthanasia in respondents’ thoughts. The incorporation of euthanasia as a legal end-of-life option was mirrored in its incorporation in patients’ and family caregivers’ thought framework.

The International Process of Euthanasia Legislation Based on a Comparative Law Perspective

The question of whether euthanasia is a means for the elimination of misfeasance has always been the focus of international attention and difficulty. Traditional studies on euthanasia have been devoted to exploring the rationality as well as the legality of euthanasia. Meanwhile, the legislative techniques of euthanasia were explored on the basis of the existing studies on euthanasia. Instead, this paper is dedicated to examining the reasons inherent in the legality of euthanasia in various countries. The current international situation with regard to euthanasia legislation was presented, and the background of countries in the world that currently have euthanasia legislation and their legal documents were described. The underlying reasons for the different attitudes towards euthanasia in countries with different development models were analyzed by comparing the attitudes towards euthanasia in developing and developed countries without euthanasia legislation, as well as the relevant drafts, proposals, and cases, and the corresponding recommendations were proposed to promote the way forward for euthanasia legislation in China. It is concluded that different factors, such as the economy, religion, and social risk-taking, have different influences on attitudes towards euthanasia in countries with different development models. For euthanasia legislation in mainland China, it is suggested that corresponding legislative proposals should be made in both substantive and procedural aspects, with Chinas national conditions taken into account.

Evaluation of Knowledge and Attitudes toward Euthanasia between Physicians and Caregivers

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the knowledge of the legal regulation of euthanasia and painless death among terminally ill patients, their caregivers, and attending physicians. Methods: The study was conducted using an analytical survey design and evaluated by a questionnaire of the target sample group. Results: According to the patient’s age group, those under 49 were most likely to support euthanasia at 93.1%, and those over 50 were 73.3%. Furthermore, 87.5% of those who said they had financial problems, 91.7% of those who said they had long queues at the hospital, difficulty in getting medical care, 66.7% of those who said they were bedridden or had a lot of pain, and 100% of those who said they would have mental depression or other problems were in favor of euthanasia. In the physicians, 96.6% of the doctors who participated in the study said they knew about euthanasia, 100% of those who believed that euthanasia was ethical and knew the types of euthanasia, and 95% of those who thought that there were ethical differences in the types of euthanasia, supported euthanasia. Conclusion:Our study demonstrated that caregivers generally support the legalization of euthanasia. 70.8% of those who said that euthanasia could be performed by medical indications, 79.2% of those who said that it could be performed at the request of the patient, 54.2% of those who said that it could be performed at the request of the family of a patient without legal capacity, and 35.4% of those who said that it could be performed at the request of a treating physician tended to support euthanasia.

Сравнительный анализ отношения студентов юридических и медицинских факультетов к легализации эвтаназии

The article presents the results of the study of law and medical students’ attitudes towards legalization of eu-thanasia in Moscow. Focussing on students is due to the fact that they are the youngest progressive stratum of society, representatives of the new generation. Faculty selection is dictated by the hypothesis that the context of educational programs and practices imprints on attitudes towards the problem of euthanasia. The study of law and medical students’ opinions helps to comprehend how the young generation and future specialists treat the problem, how they assess the legal and moral aspects of euthanasia legalization and what arguments they give supporting their point of view. Therefore, the results of the study can be beneficial for public dialog on this topic. The aim of the study implied identifying the factors that determine their opinion, considering the dual ar-gumentation about euthanasia in the Russian Federation based on the results of the study.

Institute of Euthanasia: Between a Person’s Right to Life and the Right to a Dignified Death: Problems and Challenges in the Implementation of Human Rights of Choice in Lithuania

Abstract The title of the scientific article is the problem of euthanasia as a possibility for the implementation of natural human rights in Lithuania and foreign countries. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the individual’s right to life and the prohibition of torture in the implementation of euthanasia as one of the natural human rights in Lithuania and foreign countries. This work has theological and comparative methods. The theological method, which leads to the first part of the work, analyzing international and national legal acts regulating natural human rights. The comparative method compares the legal regulations and social differences between countries that have legalized and those that have not legalized euthanasia. The main conclusion of the article - the legalization of euthanasia is one of the possibilities to implement the prohibition of torture in the context of natural human rights. The practical significance of this scientific article is particularly important for states that have not legalized euthanasia, because the main conclusion of this article is proving the obligation of states to legalize euthanasia in order to provide suitable conditions for the realization of natural human rights. The originality of this scientific article is based on the fact that the compatibility of euthanasia in the context of human rights and freedoms and the equating of the illegalization of euthanasia to torture at the national and international level have not been analyzed in any scientific articles. The value of the article is proven by the fact that the authors used only the latest scientific editions of national and international legal acts and the latest and most comprehensive literature.

Legalisation of euthanasia and assisted suicide: advanced cancer patient opinions – cross-sectional multicentre study

ObjectivesThe French government voted a new law in February 2016 called the Claeys-Leonetti Law, which established the right to deep and continuous sedation, confirmed the ban on euthanasia and ruled...