Legal Time Limit Research Articles

Medication abortion during the COVID-19 pandemic in France: A research based on the French national health insurance database.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in France, abortion was recognized as an essential service that cannot be delayed, and such care was therefore presumed to be maintained. The aim is to analyze the changes in the practice of abortion in 2020 to identify the consequences of the two lockdowns and the effects of the extension of the legal time limit. We analyzed the data collected by the French national health insurance system, which covers 99% of the population. All women who had an elective abortion, either surgical or with medication, in France in 2019 and 2020 were included in the study. Trend changes in abortions were analyzed by comparing the ratio of the weekly number of abortions in 2020 with the weekly number in 2019. Both 2020 lockdowns were followed by a drop in abortions, particularly after the first and stricter lockdown. This may be explained not by an abrupt shutdown of access to abortion services, but rather by a decrease in conceptions during the lockdown weeks. The decrease was more marked for surgical abortions than for medication abortions in a hospital setting, and less so for medication abortions in non-hospital settings. Moreover, the proportion of the latter type of abortions continued to increase, showing the reinforcement of a previous trend. Our findings indicate that expanding the legal time limit for abortion, diversifying the settings where abortions can be performed and the range of abortion providers help to facilitate access to this fundamental reproductive care.

أحكام تجديد العلامة التجارية في القانون الأردني والاتفاقيات الدولية: الإشكاليات والحلول "دراسة مقارنة"

This study deals with the issue of renewal the registration of a trademark based on the fact that the trademark ends with the expiry of a period of ten years from the date of registration in accordance with Jordanian legislation, so, it can be renewed for a similar periods, in which the trademark remains in effect as long as the renewal was made within the time specified by the law. This is in contrast to other intellectual property rights, which remain valid only for a specified period such as a patent, which remains valid for only twenty years, and also the industrial design, which remains valid for fifteen years. This study also discusses the effects of non-renewed trademark in Jordanian law, International agreements, and comparative legislation, and through it we discuss some legal points, guided by the provisions of the Jordanian administrative judiciary in these issues, which are shown in the methods of calculating the renewal period, as well as the legal time limit given to the trademark owner for renewal. The study also examines the possibility of the legal protection of the non-renewed trademark, the public’s involvement in fraud, and exploiting the non-renewed trademark by some people to register it in the name of a new owner, in addition to the possibility of the public’s involvement in fraud as a result of that, and at the same time the legal protection of the non-renewed trademark and the legal protection of the non-renewed trademark, and studying the condition of registration and of use to give legal protection to the trademark.

Survey on Intelligent Truck Parking: Issues and Approaches

The truck industry transports most of the shipments in the USA. Nevertheless, the available parking infrastructure is considerably below the industry needs. The combination of parking shortage and scarcity of timely availability information hinders accurate trip planning, leading to unexpected situations and pushing drivers to park in illegal and potentially dangerous locations or to drive beyond the legal time limit. While there have been considerable efforts and technology developments in smart parking for passenger vehicles, truck parking technologies are lagging behind when it comes to development and implementation. This paper gives an overview of the current state of research on intelligent truck parking, including related studies on urban passenger vehicle parking. The surveyed work includes sensing infrastructure, resource allocation, demand and prediction models, and routing and scheduling. In addition, real data was used to compare simple historical average methods with some predictive models and illustrate the latter’s advantage.

Who Was Afraid of Pregnancy Tests? Gestational Information and Reproduction Policies in France (1920-50).

Though resulting from a long-term process, the need to manage pregnancies both medically and bureaucratically became a state concern, especially from the 1920s onwards. A woman's official obligation to notify the state of her pregnancy (and therefore to know it on time) goes beyond a matter of biopolicies and poses a range of contradictions. 'Pregnant or not?' - as an issue of knowledge - is a powerful tool for apprehending the tensions between individual freedom, privacy, institutional requirements and professional powers.In order to better understand the historical meaning of pregnancy diagnostics in mid-twentieth-century France, this paper combines three dimensions: uncertainty and its management; the informational asymmetry between institutional agents and women; and the diachronic dimension of gestation. Writing this history sheds more light on an apparent paradox: while knowing and notifying one's own pregnancy became a duty, the tools that could help women eliminate some doubt right from the first months of their pregnancy - in particular the innovation of laboratory diagnosis - was seen as a danger. When, in 1938, private laboratories began publishing advertisements for the laboratory test in the most widely-read newspapers, tending to reframe it as a commercial service, the anti-abortion crusade was increasing its propaganda and its political pressure. This crusade's legal victory proved incomplete, but for a long time some of the most conservative physicians recommended great parsimony in prescribing testing. Combined with reducing the legal time limit for notification, this conflict shows how the state injunctions towards women could look like a 'double bind'.

On the Scope Limit and the Time Limit of the Temporary Administrative License Granted by Local Government Rules

Administrative License Law of the People’s Republic of China authorizes local provincial government rules to grant a temporary administrative license with the purpose of satisfying necessary needs of administrative management when governing laws, administrative laws and regulations and local regulations haven’t been formulated. Since the institution has been put into force, a lot of problems have arisen. For example, the scope of the granting of a temporary administrative license is indeterminate and the phenomenon of overdue implementation prevails. This article has adopted the Scope Theory in light of the scope of the granting of a temporary administrative license and defined the boundary of Scope from the perspective of safeguarding civil rights and interests to the full. When a temporary administrative license has expired, it’s still in force as long as related local regulations are under discussion to guarantee the continuity of administrative management, but a deadline shall be set to avoid overdue implementation. A temporary administrative license, which is due, shall become invalid automatically after expiring as long as related local regulations haven’t been submitted to relevant department for approval. When it has been submitted to the Local People’s Congress and its Standing Committee for discussion of further exercise and related local regulations haven’t been formulated, it shall become invalid automatically after the legal time limit, which is equal to the time announced in the discussion result or the deadline set, expires. When the stop time hasn’t been announced before the due date of the legal time limit, related administrative agencies are liable for the administrative counterpart’s loss incurred during the period of overdue implementation.

Provision of menstrual regulation with medication among pharmacies in three municipal districts of Bangladesh: a situation analysis

ObjectiveThe objective was to assess the provision of the combination of mifepristone–misoprostol for menstrual regulation (MR) in randomly selected urban pharmacies in Bangladesh. Study designWe conducted a cross-sectional survey among 553 pharmacy workers followed by 548 mystery client visits to the same pharmacies in 3 municipal districts during July 2014–December 2015. ResultsThe survey found that 99% of pharmacy workers visited had knowledge of MR procedures but only two-thirds (67%) could state the legal time limit correctly; they mentioned misoprostol (86%) over mifepristone–misoprostol combination (78%) as a procedure of MR with medication (MRM); 36% reported knowing the recommended dosage of mifepristone–misoprostol combination; 70% reported providing information on effectiveness of the medicines; 50% reported recommending at least one follow-up visit to them; 63% reported explaining possible complications of using the medications; and 47% reported offering any post-MR contraception to their clients. In contrast, mystery client visits found that the mifepristone–misoprostol combination (69%) was suggested over misoprostol (51%) by the pharmacy workers; 54% provided the recommended dosage of mifepristone–misoprostol combination; 42% provided information on its effectiveness; 12% recommended at least one follow-up visit; 11% counseled on possible complications; and only 5% offered post-MR contraceptives to the mystery clients. ConclusionsWe found knowledge gaps regarding recommended dosage for MRM and inconsistent practice in informing women on effectiveness, follow-up visits, possible complications and provision of post-MR contraceptives among the pharmacy workers, particularly during the mystery client visits. ImplicationsPharmacy workers in Bangladesh need to be trained on legal time limits for MR services provision, on providing accurate information on disbursed medicine, and on proper referral mechanisms. A strong monitoring and regulatory system for pharmacy provision of MRM in pharmacies should be established.

"I became a mother in prison."

When Jessica, a young female prisoner, discovered she was pregnant, she wanted a termination but the legal time limit had passed. Over the weeks, she felt her baby move and then became aware of all the love she could give it. The pregnancy followed by the birth of her son, transformed her. After seven months spent in a cell with him, came the long-awaited release.

Detention, denial, and death: migration hazards for refugee children.

Detention, denial, and death: migration hazards for refugee children.

Clinical course in women undergoing termination of pregnancy within the legal time limit in French-speaking Switzerland

In 2002, Swiss citizens voted to accept new laws legalising the termination of pregnancy (TOP) up to 12th week of pregnancy. As a result the cantons formulated rules of implementation. Health institutions then had to modify their procedures and practices. One of the objectives of these changes was to simplify the clinical course for women who decide to terminate a pregnancy. Have the various health institutions in French-speaking Switzerland attained this goal? Are there differences between cantons? Are there any other differences, and if so, which ones? Comparative study of cantonal rules of implementation. Study by questionnaire of what happened to 281 women having undergone a TOP in French-speaking Switzerland. Quantitative and qualitative method. The comparative legal study of the six cantonal rules of implementation showed differences between cantons. The clinical course for women are defined by four quantifiable facts: 1) the number of days delay between the woman's decision (first step) and TOP; 2) the number of appointments attended before TOP; 3) the method of TOP; 4) the cost of TOP. On average, the waiting time was 12 days and the number of appointments was 3. The average cost of TOP was 1360 CHF. The differences, sometimes quite large, are explained by the size of the institutions (large university hospitals; average-sized, non-university hospitals; private doctors' offices). The cantonal rules of implementation and the size of the health care institutions play an important role in these courses for women in French-speaking Switzerland.

Legal fallout continues after nuclear testing

A class action by more than 1000 veterans of the UK's nuclear weapons testing programme has taken a small step forward, after the UK supreme court reversed a previous ruling dismissing the cases because the legal time limit for an action to be brought had expired. During the 1950s and 60s, over 20 000 service personnel were involved in carrying out a number of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific and mainland southern Australia, including the nine detonations of operation Grapple in the central Pacific that established the UK as a nuclear power.

Calling time on late absorption

Should parliament reconsider the legal time limit of 24 weeks for abortions?

Compliance with Infant Smallpox Vaccination Legislation in Nineteenth-century Rural England: Hollingbourne, 1876-88

Compulsory vaccination legislation came late to England and Wales in 1853 and its deficiencies continued to be addressed until 1874, when compulsory birth registration closed the last loophole in the system. The nuances of legislation and central and local machinery for its implementation are discussed, and three aspects of compliance are explored. First, correspondence between Hollingboume Board of Guardians and the Local Government Board is used to assess administrative compliance with vaccination responsibilities. Secondly, the practice of local public officials is appraised, using evidence from vaccination registers and returns of central government inspectors. Lastly, children's ages at vaccination are linked with social class and occupational data to determine whether these factors influenced parental compliance with the legal time limit for vaccination. This article highlights institutionalized collusion with non-compliance in the central collection of statistics, failure of those statistics to give a true representation of vaccination practice in any place, and failure, both centrally and locally, to deal with poor rural practice. Nevertheless, considerable parental compliance is found and, in cases of default, most infants were vaccinated before their first birthday. Finally, family migration is shown to impact negatively on compliance, a contention that can be deduced only through detailed study of local records.

GYNAECOLOGISTS' ATTITUDES TO ABORTION

The authors surveyed 335 British consultant gynecologists concerning their attitudes toward abortion. Survey participants were queried on such issues as how well they thought the 1967 Abortion Act functions, a woman's right to decide on an abortion in consultation with her physician, and what the legal time limit on abortions should be. The gynecologists also were asked about their own abortion practices. More doctors supported a 24-week legal limit to abortion than were willing themselves to perform late abortions except for fetal abnormality or risk to a woman's life. Savage and Francome argue for the liberalization of British abortion law based on public opinion backed by the attitudes of gynecologists as determined by this survey.There have been many public opinion polls in England on abortion, but only 2 have been taken from gynecologists. There was 1 in 1977 with a 50% response rate and another in 1988 with a 41% response rate. A recent survey of a random sample of 405 gynecologists gave a 84.6% response rate after 3 mailings and follow up telephone calls. The 1st question was whether the 1967 Abortion Act has worked satisfactorily, and 75% said yes. The next question asked was in regard to opposition of a bill to restrict the 1967 Abortion Act. The question had an 87% response in agreement with the right to oppose the bill. In regard to the woman's right to choose whether to continue a pregnancy or not with the consultation with a doctor, 7 of 10 gynecologists were in favor. This was surprising to some who thought that gynecologists would prefer to make the decision. In public polls the response was slightly higher in favor of right to choose. The more radical question of treating an abortion like any other operation was only supported by 1 in 10 doctors. As far as time limits, 75% favored a longer than 24 week limit, but in practice only 10.2% would perform an abortion after 20 weeks. Most of the abortions performed after 24 weeks involve a fetal abnormality. The British law is more restrictive than the US law which allows abortion on request, and France with abortion on request up to 12 weeks. Italy, in 1977, gave the right to choose in the early months of pregnancy and Sweden in 1976, extended to abortion on request to 18 weeks. Many believe that it should be made easier for women to obtain an abortion earlier in England.

Alton bill unlikely to be amended.

The chances of amending Liberal MP David Alton's controversial abortion bill during its Commons committee stage now hang in the balance. Anti-abortionist backers of the bill - which seeks to lower the legal time limit from 28 to 18 weeks - have a narrow majority on the 18 strong committee.

A bill of contention.

This Friday (January 22) David Alton's Private Members' Bill, which seeks to reduce the legal time limit for abortions to 18 weeks of pregnancy, is due to get its second reading.

Etudes des hématies décongelées pendant 24 heures Intérêt d'une solution protectrice

We have previously shown that thawed RBC concentrate can be stored at +4 degrees C during 9 days if resuspended in a synthetic medium: ESOC. We now report the in vitro evolution of thawed RBC stored with or without protective medium during the 24 hours legal time-limit. (Formula: see text) We show that without protection, the ATP and 2,3-DPG levels remain acceptable, but spontaneous or caused hemolysis is high. The level of free Hb is soon over the legal limit. The addition of our protective medium enhances ATP and hemolysis is strongly reduced. We conclude that a protective medium should be added to all thawed RBC concentrates.