Legal Supervision Research Articles

Homicides by offenders with psychotic illness in Italy and Turkiye: A comparison of offender and crime-scene profiles

ObjectiveThe primary aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of homicide cases and their perpetrators with psychotic illnesses in Italy and Turkiye, identifying the extent to which country-specific factors influence offender profiles and crime-scene characteristics. MethodThis cross-national chart review study recruited individuals with psychotic illnesses from forensic psychiatric centers in Italy and Turkiye who were referred for criminal responsibility assessments. Data were collected on the offenders' background characteristics, psychiatric history, victim profiles, and crime-scene details. ResultsCompared to the Italian sample, a higher prevalence of hospitalizations, contact with mental health services, and past offending history prior to the index homicide in the Turkish sample highlight inadequate community mental health care and monitoring systems, as well as insufficient supervision by the criminal justice system in Turkiye. Turkish offenders were less likely to exhibit organized crime scenes and post-crime behavior, with fewer stressors preceding the offense, suggesting a greater role of positive psychotic symptoms in their homicidal acts. ConclusionDespite certain similarities, the differences between the two samples highlight the impact of sociocultural, healthcare, and legal systems on offender profiles and crime-scene characteristics. These findings emphasize the need for tailored mental health services, forensic psychiatric assessments and legal supervision that take into account country-specific factors.

The Opportunities and Challenges of ChatGPT for Ideological and Political Education of College Students

In the 21st century, humanity ushered in a wave of artificial intelligence. In the context of big data, generative artificial intelligence has become an important auxiliary tool in the field of education. ChatGPT has gradually entered the learning life of students and reflected its value in ideological and political education in particular. Through a questionnaire survey, this article takes college students as the research object and aims to grasp their evaluations of using ChatGPT and their views on its application in the field of ideological and political education. Research has found that ChatGPT has advantages in optimizing ideological and political evaluation and management systems, helping students understand political theories, enriching teaching models, and meeting the personalized needs of students. The integration of ChatGPT into the class can not only improve teaching quality but also enhance student's learning efficiency and interest. However, the arrival of ChatGPT has also raised a series of ethical risks, such as spreading incorrect information, personal information leakage, academic misconduct, shallow thinking among students, and alienation of teacher-student relationships. In response to these problems brought about by ChatGPT, this article also proposes corresponding risk governance policies. It is necessary to establish a legal supervision mechanism, improve the level of software research and development, enhance the information literacy of teachers and students, and strengthen academic standardization awareness.

Dilemmas and Countermeasures in the Criminal Law System for Offences Involving Virtual Currencies

With the rapid development of science and technology, the new asset form of virtual currency has gradually entered people's vision. However, with its wide application, crimes involving virtual currency are also increasingly rampant, ranging from theft, fraud to money laundering and illegal fundraising. These criminal acts not only damage the legitimate rights and interests of investors, but also pose a serious threat to financial order and social stability. The increasingly prominent crimes involving virtual currency pose new challenges to the traditional legal system. The anonymity and decentralization of virtual currency make criminal acts more concealed and cross-border, which undoubtedly increases the difficulty of legal supervision and crackdown. This paper uses literature analysis, case studies, logical reasoning, and other research methods to deeply explore the governance problems of crimes involving virtual currency. Aiming at the ambiguity of its legal attribute, the difficulty of value evaluation, the challenge of determining "knowingly" committing a crime, and the problem of criminal disposal, this paper proposes a series of targeted countermeasures, such as clarifying the legal attribute of virtual currency, building a standardized value evaluation system, accurately identifying "knowingly", and improving the criminal disposal procedures of virtual currency involved in the case, expecting to contribute to building a safer and more stable virtual currency market environment and providing a strong guarantee for the healthy development of the digital economy.

Assessing personal protective equipment usage and its correlation with knowledge, attitudes, performance, and safety culture among workers in small and medium-sized enterprises

BackgroundThe use of personal protective equipment (PPE) should be a culture of a workplace, and deeply rooted in worker behavior and attitude during their practice. According to the recent studies only 64% of the workers use PPE properly. The present study aims to investigate the utilization of PPE among workers in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and its relationship with knowledge, attitude, performance, and safety culture among workers.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out using a questionnaire tool across SMEs in Kashan city in year 2023. The used tool included three questionnaires: demographic, safety culture, and knowledge, attitude and performance. Study papulation was 529 SMEs. Totally, the sample size was 369 persons and questionnaires were distributed among the workers of SMEs. Finally, SPSS software was used for statistical analysis and structural equation modeling. Various statistical tests including T-Test, ANOVA, RMSEA, CFI, TLI, and the chi-square ratio were employed.ResultsThe mean values (standard deviation) of age and work experience were 35.19 (12.33), and 15.60 (1.69) years, respectively. Among the 369 participants, 267 participants (72.4%) indicated that they use some PPE, although not all types. However, 102 individuals (27.7%) do not employ any PPE. The lowest score for safety culture dimension was attributed to safety training at 1.58. The results of the final model indicate that the assumed relationships between variables, as outlined in the study objectives, were well established, with all connections proving statistically significant.ConclusionIt can be concluded that the missing of inadequate legal supervision for small industries exists. Therefore, it can be inferred that if supervision and regulation are enhanced for safety training and implementation that may lead to increased usage of PPE.

정신질환자의 불법행위 책임에 대한 패러다임의 전환과 입법론적 고찰

This paper proposes amendments to Articles 754 and 755 of the Civil Code in two aspects: 「Adaptation of an aged society」, such as elderly dementia patients, and 「Relief of Victims」, which have been damaged by them. The basic legal principles of the amendment are as follows. First, there is a legal supervisory duty. Victims may claim the corresponding amount of damage from the perspective of equity to the mentally disabled and the person liable for legal supervision. However, a person liable for legal supervision is exempted if he/she proves his/her non-fault. From the standpoint of a person liable for legal supervision, in principle, they bear responsibility, and exceptionally, they are exempted from responsibility. Compared to the current civil law, this logic may be seen as over-emphasizing the relief of victims, but it is not excessive in light of the fact that the victim must prove the illegal activities of the mentally disabled, who is the perpetrator, and the Korean civil law particularly emphasizes the relief of victims. Next is the case where there is no legal supervisory duty. From the perspective of equity, the victim may claim the corresponding amount of damage to the mentally disabled and the person obligated to act against the mentally disabled. However, in order to claim against the person obligated to act, the victim needs to prove the violation of the avoidance obligation based on the specific predictability of the mentally disabled person of the duty to act. From the standpoint of the person obligated to act, in principle, responsibility is exempted and responsibility is exceptionally borne.

Development and Impact of Artificial Intelligence Technology in the Accounting Industry

This paper discusses the current application status of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the field of accounting and its impact on the transformation of accounting functions. It also proposes measures to address the challenges and risks faced by the accounting industry under the background of AI. By analyzing the impact of current AI technology on the basic functions, expanded functions, and transformative functions of accounting, the paper points out the importance of structural adjustments in the accounting industry, emphasis on information security, and risk alertness. It also emphasizes the need for continuous learning and improvement among accounting professionals to adapt to the trend of intelligent development. Finally, it calls for strengthened legal supervision to ensure the healthy development of AI in the accounting field and provide guarantees for the advancement of accounting intelligence.

Shadow Banking in the United States: Emerging Factors, Operation Modes and the Current Situation of Supervision - Based on the Comparison with Chinese Shadow Banking System and Market

In 2009, Ben Bernanke, chairman of the Federal Reserve, described shadow banking as a financial intermediary that converts savings into investments in addition to regulated deposit-taking institutions. To put it simply, the essence of shadow banking is a financial innovation that breaks through traditional financial institutions in order to maximize profits in the financial market environment. In this paper, we compare the U.S. and Chinese shadow banking system and their market system. From that, we analyze their similarities and differences from the aspects of emerging factors, classification and scale, and operation mode. Based on the above analysis, we then discuss the current situation of supervision of shadow banking in the United States and find that the U.S. shadow banking is negligent in institutional constraints and has practical difficulties in legal supervision. Finally, we put forward some suggestions on the future development and financial structure optimization of shadow banking.

Research on risk precaution of intellectual property infringement in cross-border e-commerce

Cross-border e-commerce is one of the innovative applications of Internet technology in the field of foreign trade. In recent years, China's cross-border e-commerce business has developed rapidly, but it is also faced with the challenge of intellectual property infringement risk. This paper takes the intellectual property rights in China's cross-border e-commerce as the research object, analyzes the current situation and main types of intellectual property infringement risks, and sums up the reasons why China's International online trade enterprises frequently encounter intellectual property risks from the perspective of infringement. For example, the relevant laws and regulations, the supervision mechanism of export products need to be improved and perfected, and there are differences in the determination of intellectual property infringement liability in different countries. Based on this, this paper intends to put forward relevant improvement paths from the aspects of perfecting relevant laws and norms, strengthening the legal supervision of intellectual property rights, clarifying the imputation principle applicable to tort liability and increasing the intensity of compensation for intellectual property infringement damages, in order to promote the vigorous development of China's foreign trade industry.

Challenges and Countermeasures of Internet Banking Supervision

Due to the continuous innovation of computer technology and the popularization of the Internet, the number of users, transaction volume and economic benefits of cyberbanking have shown a significant growth trend, which has contributed to the rapid development of cyberbanking. Compared with traditional banks, Internet banks utilize information technology in a more diversified way, and their service efficiency has been greatly improved. However, there are still many problems in China's Internet banking, such as failure to build a perfect legal supervision mechanism, ambiguous supervisory model and unclear supervisory content, which affect the safe operation of cyberbanking. Based on this, we should improve the legal system of cyberbanking supervision, explore new cyberbanking supervision model, and clarify the content of cyberbanking supervision, and improve the cyberbanking supervision system, so as to strengthen the legal supervision of cyberbanking and promote the healthy development of cyberbanking.

Pengingkaran Umat Islam terhadap Kewajiban Zakat Mal dan Analisis Pandangan Al-Qur’an Q.S. At-Taubah:60

The aim of this research is to study the phenomenon of Muslims' denial of their zakat mal obligations and analyze the perspective found in the Al-Qur'an in surah At-Taubah: 60 regarding this matter. Studies show that many Muslims ignore zakat mal, even though Islamic teachings explain it clearly. Factors such as lack of religious understanding, economic difficulties, and lack of socialization about the social and economic benefits of implementing zakat can cause this neglect. Analysis of verses from the Koran, searching related literature, and collecting data from respondents representing various levels of Islamic society are qualitative research methods. The focus of the analysis is Verse 60 of Surah At-Taubah in the Qur'an, which determines who is entitled to receive zakat mal and how it is carried out. The research results show that zakat mal plays an important role in building social justice, reducing poverty, and supporting various aspects of life in Islamic communities. Even though the Qur'an clearly determines who is entitled to receive zakat mal, actual practice often deviates from these provisions. Therefore, to overcome the rejection of zakat malls, education, use of technology, legal supervision, and increasing mass media awareness are solutions. To conclude, a deep understanding of Islamic teachings, especially zakat mal, is very important so that Muslims can carry out this obligation correctly. In accordance with its teachings, Islamic society can produce a more just and prosperous society with shared awareness and commitment

论行政规范性文件司法附带审查的性质

Administrative Normative Documents are simultaneously administrative and legal which determines that there are objectively two different types of judicial review for administrative normative documents, namely administrative trial review and legal applicability review. From the perspective of review conditions and results, the judicial review of administrative normative documents stipulated in the current Administrative Litigation Law can only be considered as a legal applicability review. The legal applicability review is a necessary part of judicial trial, and is not a unique issue in administrative litigation. It is not only related to administrative normative documents and should not be specifically stipulated in the Administrative Litigation Law, but should be stipulated in the Constitution or the Court Organization Law. From the perspective of legal applicability review, there are also many problems in the current law regarding the intensity and procedures of judicial review. Finally, the legal applicability review cannot fulfill the function of legal supervision over administrative normative documents. China still needs to consider the necessity and possibility of establishing some kind of administrative trial review.

Analysis on the legal problems of data exit

Faced with the exponential growth of cross-border data flow, it is too weak to supervise through existing laws, regulations and rules, and the regulatory rules for cross-border data flow should be further refined and improved. This paper summarizes the existing legal problems by analyzing the current status of data exit legal supervision in our country. Based on China's national conditions and respecting the objective laws of the development of the digital economy, targeted countermeasures and suggestions are proposed from many aspects, a scientific and coordinated regulatory system for cross-border data flow is built, a dynamic balance between development and security is sought, and cross-border data governance is adapted to the growth needs of the digital economy, so as to ultimately achieve a good law and good governance for cross-border data supervision.

Ministry of Law and Human Rights Supervision Functions on Notary Organizations

The aim of this research is to analyze the urgency of regulating the supervision of notary organizations by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights and to analyze what factors influence the legal vacuum in the supervision of notary organizations by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. The legal research method used is normative legal research, the approach used in this research is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials in this research are primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The urgency of regulating the supervision of notary organizations by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights is very urgent or important to be promulgated in the form of a Ministerial Regulation as an Implementing Regulation of Article 82 point 5 UUJN Amendment, to obtain legal certainty from the Ministry of Law and Human Rights so as to increase professionalism and quality of work as well as providing legal certainty and protection for clients and the wider community. And the factors that influence the lack of legal supervision of notary organizations by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights are: first, the legal substance factor (Legal Substance), the absence of a Ministerial Regulation as a legal basis for determining, coaching and supervising notary organizations. Second, the legal structure factor (Legal Structure) of Notary Organizations should be established by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights as an institution with authority to develop and supervise notary organizations. However, the absence of a Ministerial Regulation as a legal instrument that regulates the determination, guidance and supervision in accordance with the mandate of Article 82 means that the Ministry of Law and Human Rights does not have the authority to determine, guide and supervise notary organizations. Third, legal culture, this dualism in management shows an unhealthy notary organizational culture.

KEPASTIAN HUKUM PENGAWASAN MAJELIS PENGAWAS NOTARIS (MPN) TERKAIT NOTARIS YANG MELAKUKAN RANGKAP JABATAN.


 
 
 
 The Notary Supervisory Council is a body that has the authority and obligation to carry out guidance and supervision of Notaries. The Notary Supervisory Council is divided into the Central Supervisory Council, Regional Supervisory Council, and Regional Supervisory Council. The aim of supervision is to ensure that Notaries when carrying out their official duties fulfill all requirements relating to the implementation of the duties of a Notary. Supervision by the Notary Supervisory Board is carried out repressively. The theory used in this research is the Theory of Legal Certainty according to Gustav Radbruch, the Theory of Legal Supervision according to Lyndal F. Urwick and Stephen Robein. The method used in this research is normative juridical (library law research or secondary data with primary, secondary and tertiary legal material sources), coupled with interviews as complementary data. The research approaches used are statutory, case, analytical and conceptual approaches with legal material collection techniques carried out by identifying and inventorying legal rules, book literature and other legal materials. Legal material analysis techniques are carried out using grammatical legal interpretation and systematic interpretation. From the results of the research, it was concluded that in order to carry out the function of supervision and guidance for Notaries, the Notary Supervisory Council has the role of supervising the party not only aimed at complying with the code of ethics but also has a broader aim, namely that the Notary in carrying out his duties fulfills the requirements. determined by statutory regulations for the protection of the interests of the community it serves. The Notary Supervisory Council has the authority to supervise, examine and impose sanctions on Notaries. In the event that a Notary commits a violation of holding multiple positions, the Notary is not authorized to make a deed and the deed cannot be treated as an authentic deed, so the deed is only a private deed.
 
 
 

Administrative and legal supervision of the consumer market in Ukraine

Administrative and legal supervision of the consumer market in Ukraine

Transforming External Control of Municipal Finances in Hungary

The external control of the Hungarian municipal finances has been based on the traditional, continental dual model: the State Audit Office of Hungary, responsible for the professional control of these finances on the one hand, and the County (Capital) Government Offices, performing the legal supervision of the decisions and procedures of municipal finances on the other hand. This paper analyzes how this ecosystem has been transformed, and how central governmental control has been strengthened during the last decade. It also examines the phenomenon of blurring the boundaries between professional and legal control and supervision. Finally, it reviews the complementary elements of this system, such as the inspection competences of the Hungarian State Treasury and the asset management control powers of the public prosecutors.

Optimization of the Improvement Path of Legal Supervision System in the Information Age

Abstract In the information age, the traditional legal supervision system has exposed many problems in practice, and has been unable to meet the needs of the development of governance modernization. The text of the legal supervision system is analyzed using text feature extraction to examine the supervisory content and effect. The TF-IDF algorithm is used to set the highest threshold and the lowest threshold to reduce the dimensionality of the feature items in the text of the legal supervision and improve the efficiency of text feature extraction. Add TextRank algorithm to annotate the lexical properties in the legal supervision system, remove the deactivated words, and sort the keyword PR values of the nodes to derive the most important keywords. The LDA model is used to divide the subject of legal supervision text, and the corresponding optimization strategy is explored according to the current situation of legal supervision content and the supervision effect under different supervision subjects. The results show that the most influential factor in state supervision is the soundness of legal documents, with an impact score of 4.1586, and the grade in the effectiveness score of the soundness of legal documents is average, indicating that state supervision still needs to be strengthened in the piece of soundness of legal documents. The effectiveness score of supervision awareness in the effectiveness score of social supervision is 50.0694, which indicates that the cultivation of supervision awareness should be emphasized in the legal supervision system.

Consumer Protection for Cosmetic Products Without a Marketing Permit from the Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM)

This research aims to protect the entire Indonesian population from cosmetic products that do not have a distribution license issued by BPOM. The illegal activities of a couple in Palembang, South Sumatra, take center stage in this analysis. This study explores the legal view of positive legal supervision in Indonesia in relation to the production of cosmetics without a distribution permit. The purpose of this study is to find out what problems BPOM faces in protecting consumers from illegal cosmetics and its efforts in overcoming them. To investigate the agency's obligations under the law and the difficulties faced, the topics covered in this study include the regulations that have governed the operations of BPOM, and its functions in monitoring the drug, food and more specifically cosmetics sector. The main objective of this study is to help BPOM overcome the challenges it faces in protecting consumers from cosmetics with hazardous ingredients, or lacking a distribution license, and look further into the agency's legal issues and obligations.

Legal Regulation of the Collection of Personal Health Information Under Public Health Emergencies

As a subordinate concept of personal information, personal health information has its unique connotations due to its unique nature, but as a result of the epidemic, its meaning has been extended. Currently, the collection of personal health information is fraught with scattered legislation, legislation of lower level, and practice problem, including doubtful qualifications, expansion of scope, and disordered methods. At the legislative level, it is necessary to formulate special chapter provisions, revise the next law, and increase the sunset provisions; in practice, it is necessary to define subjects’ responsibility, assess the scope according to the law, enhance information sharing, and strengthen relief procedures to build a comprehensive legal supervision system for personal health information collection.

Improvement of Investigative Supervision and Collaborative Cooperation Mechanisms in the Context of Modernization of Legal Supervision

Improvement of Investigative Supervision and Collaborative Cooperation Mechanisms in the Context of Modernization of Legal Supervision