Legal Regulation Research Articles

Legal restrictions are a specific method of legal regulation

Legal restrictions are a specific method of legal regulation

Regarding the ordering of individual definitions in the regulatory and legal regulation of economic security

Regarding the ordering of individual definitions in the regulatory and legal regulation of economic security

Ethical considerations and concerns in the implementation of AI in pharmacy practice: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundIntegrating artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare has raised significant ethical concerns. In pharmacy practice, AI offers promising advances but also poses ethical challenges.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in countries from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region on 501 pharmacy professionals. A 12-item online questionnaire assessed ethical concerns related to the adoption of AI in pharmacy practice. Demographic factors associated with ethical concerns were analyzed via SPSS v.27 software using appropriate statistical tests.ResultsParticipants expressed concerns about patient data privacy (58.9%), cybersecurity threats (58.9%), potential job displacement (62.9%), and lack of legal regulation (67.0%). Tech-savviness and basic AI understanding were correlated with higher concern scores (p < 0.001). Ethical implications include the need for informed consent, beneficence, justice, and transparency in the use of AI.ConclusionThe findings emphasize the importance of ethical guidelines, education, and patient autonomy in adopting AI. Collaboration, data privacy, and equitable access are crucial to the responsible use of AI in pharmacy practice.

Legal regulation of the activities of cooperative societies in Eastern Galicia in the interwar period at the beginning of the ХХ century

Legal regulation of the activities of cooperative societies in Eastern Galicia in the interwar period at the beginning of the ХХ century

SAFE TRAFFIC PROBLEMS OF ELECTRIC SCOOTER IN LITHUANIA

The article examines the increasingly prevalent and popular issue of electric scooters, classified as micromobility, participating in traffic in various cities worldwide and in Lithuania. The aim of the research is to present and analyze the experiences of Lithuania and foreign countries in developing infrastructure and legal frameworks for safer electric scooter traffic. It analyzes their benefits, legal regulations governing their use, and the adaptation of infrastructure for electric scooter traffic. Statistics from four years of traffic accidents involving scooters are provided, their primary locations and causes are analyzed, and conclusions and recommendations for improving electric scooter traffic safety are presented. The analysis shows that in Lithuania, the number of traffic accidents with scooters and the number of casualties in them increase annually, while the legal regulation and adaptation of infrastructure for electric scooter traffic vary among different countries.

International Legal Regulation of Activities of States in the Great Mediterranean Region

International Legal Regulation of Activities of States in the Great Mediterranean Region

Overview, Concepts, Viewpoints to the Possibility of Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Technology

Overview, Concepts, Viewpoints to the Possibility of Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Technology

Computational Methods as Part of Scientific Research in Cosmetic Sciences—Are We Using the Opportunity?

In the field of the cosmetic industry, significant efforts are made to develop methods that are not only cost effective and time effective but are also environmentally friendly and cruelty free. Cosmetic tests using in vivo animal models are currently banned in the European Union. To fulfil regulatory requirements, new approach methodologies (NAMs) are implemented, and thereupon, in silico techniques have constantly acquired significance. This review aimed to show the general picture of the available computational methods and approaches, give some examples of their applications, present capabilities and limitations, and propose the way forward. The general information about in silico modelling and examples of its usage in the context of cosmetics and its legal regulation are presented. The review is divided with a focus on three endpoints of interest: (1) safety assessment, (2) exposure assessment, and (3) formulation characterization. With this comprehensive analysis, we try to answer the question as to whether we are using the opportunity.

Governance dynamics and the human capital disclosure-engagement paradox: a Japanese perspective

Purpose This paper aims to delve into the nuanced relationship between corporate governance dynamics, human capital disclosure and their impact on the competitive positioning of Japanese listed companies. The study primarily examines how these factors influence employee engagement, a critical determinant of overall business competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach Panel data for Japanese listed companies for FY 2019 to FY 2021 were analysed using multiple regression analyses with two models. Findings The results indicate that the presence of independent and female board members has a positive impact on human capital disclosure. Surprisingly, employee engagement was found to be negatively related with human capital disclosure, signifying a potential trade-off between transparency and engagement. Originality/value Amidst the escalating emphasis on non-financial information and corporate social responsibility, this paper unveils a previously underexplored aspect of Japanese corporate competitiveness. Specifically, this study offers a fresh empirical perspective on the relationship between corporate governance, human capital disclosure and employee engagement in Japanese listed companies, a topic with limited academic research and no legal regulations in Japan. The findings have significant implications for companies seeking to enhance their human capital disclosure and employee engagement practices, especially in light of the growing focus on non-financial information and social responsibility.

Research on Business Contracts and Legal Regulations

In todays business environment, commercial contracts serve as important tools for regulating business activities, and their binding force and enforcement mechanisms are essential for the stability of business transactions. However, the complexity of commercial contracts often leads to various challenges, including contract interpretation, performance, and dispute resolution. Against this background, the research centers on the following questions. What are the challenges in drafting and enforcing commercial contracts? How effective are legal rules in constraining and protecting commercial contracts? What are the legal protection and risk management strategies of parties involved in commercial contracts? By conducting an in-depth study of these questions, this study examines the relationship between commercial contracts and laws and regulations, with a particular focus on the complexity of commercial contracts. As such, the paper aims to provide practical recommendations for strengthening the legal framework of commercial contracts and promoting the effective protection of the interests of all parties in business transactions.

Irrigation with Artificial Intelligence: Problems, Premises, Promises

AbstractProtagonists allege that artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionising contemporaneous mindscapes. Here, we authoritatively review the status quo of AI and machine learning application in irrigated agriculture, evaluating the potential of, and challenges associated with, a wide range of existential AI approaches. We contend that aspiring developers of AI irrigation systems may benefit from human-centred AI, a nascent algorithm that captures diverse end-user views, behaviours and actions, potentially facilitating refinement of proposed systems through iterative stakeholder feedback. AI-guided human–machine collaboration can streamline integration of user needs, allowing customisation towards situational farm management adaptation. Presentation of big data in intuitive, legible and actionable forms for specialists and laypeople also urgently requires attention: here, AI-explainable interpretability may help harness human expertise, enabling end-users to contribute their experience within an AI pipeline for bespoke outputs. Transfer learning holds promise in contextualising place-based AI to agroecological regions, production systems or enterprise mixes, even with limited data inputs. We find that the rate of AI scientific and software development in recent times has outpaced the evolution of adequate legal and institutional regulations, and often social, moral and ethical license to operate, revealing consumer issues associated with data ownership, legitimacy and trust. We opine that AI has great potential to elicit sustainable outcomes in food security, social innovation and environmental stewardship, albeit such potential is more likely to be realised through concurrent development of appropriate ethical, moral and legal dimensions.

Conceptual approaches to the development and establishment of the bankruptcy institute in Ukraine

Conceptual approaches to the development and establishment of the bankruptcy institute in Ukraine

Judicial precedent in the Romano-Germanic legal family

The article is devoted to the study of the institution of judicial precedent in the Romano- Germanic legal family. It is established that the countries of the Romano-Germanic legal family, unlike the countries of the Anglo-Saxon legal family under the influence of Roman law, in the context of codification of law, have determined for themselves the priority source of law - law, not precedent. However, there is a gradual increase in the role of judicial precedent in continental law countries due to a number of factors that contribute to the intensification of judicial rulemaking. First, in these countries, there are still branches of law that, for various reasons, either do not have legal regulation or are regulated only by general reference rules or framework provisions. For objective reasons, the legislator cannot foresee the entire variety of real-life phenomena. This pushes the courts to adopt legal provisions that can fill in the gaps in the legal regulation of social relations. Secondly, there is a noticeable lag between legislation and dynamically changing social relations, resulting in the formation of large segments of social life regulated by legal acts that have lost their relevance. The current realities, which are largely full of unpredictable events, highlight the need for legal systems to adapt. All of this contributes to the use of judicial precedents, which serve not only as a tool for resolving specific disputes, but also as a means of developing law, allowing to fill existing «gaps in law». In the Romano-Germanic legal family, the real legal force of a judicial precedent is determined not so much by its formal enshrinement in legal acts as by actual life circumstances. Real-life situations, as well as the practical necessity and demand for precedent as a source of law, play a key role in determining its true legal status and legal force. Judicial precedent in continental law countries is becoming increasingly important, becoming an integral element of dynamic and adaptive legal regulation over time, and the rules establishing the generally binding force of precedents and the discretionary powers of authorized bodies are increasingly common in both public and private law in these countries. Judicial precedent in these countries should be considered as a source of law from a practical point of view, focusing on solving problems arising in the process of law enforcement.

The use of a polygraph in the investigation of criminal offences: problems of tactics and legal regulation

The use of a polygraph in the investigation of criminal offences: problems of tactics and legal regulation

Historical and legal foundations of the development of insurance in the Republic of Italy: theoretical and legal analysis

The article examines the historical and legal aspects of the development of insurance and the legal regulation of insurance relations in Italy. It is noted that the foundations of insurance relations and their legal regulation were observed in many countries of modern Europe, including Italy. It has been investigated that the first forms of insurance in Italy were observed as early as the times of the Roman Empire in the form of activities of religious societies and military colleges. It has been proven that the initial forms of insurance in the Roman Empire were built on the basis of the common interests of the participants, were non-commercial in nature and were not aimed at making a profit. It was established that from the 13th century. in Italy, there are mutual aid associations, which were created within the framework of craft guilds, which aimed to help their members in the event of certain insurance cases. It has been studied that starting from the 13th century. Italy becomes the center of marine insurance formation, centered in Genoa, Florence and Venice. The article states that the legal regulation of marine insurance was carried out in accordance with the norms specified in the Pisa Statute and other legislative acts, as well as insurance contracts that had a notarized certificate. It is noted that at the end of the 13th century. special courts were established to resolve disputes in the field of marine insurance. It has been studied that starting from the 14th century. in Italy, the formation of commercial insurance was observed, which was regulated by the Venetian Code of Marine Insurance and the Florentine Ordinance of 1523. It was analyzed that in the 15th-16th centuries. Art. in Italy, such types of insurance as dowry insurance, as well as annuities, tontines and loans, bets have become widespread. It was found that starting from the 18th century. in Italy, insurance companies are created in the form of joint-stock companies, marine insurance is provided by the Maritime Exchange Insurance Chamber, and fire insurance is developed. It is noted that since the XX century. in Italy is developing life insurance. It has been established that today Italy is one of the leading states that carries out insurance activities on the market of insurance services.

Financial assets in the system of financial legal relations

Financial assets in the system of financial legal relations

Acquisition of land ownership rights by foreign persons according to the laws of Ukraine and Canada

The article conducts a comparative legal study of the specifics of acquisition and exercise of land ownership by foreigners, stateless persons and foreign legal entities under the legislation of Ukraine and Canada, as a result of which the Canadian experience of legal regulation in the specified area, which is most acceptable for Ukraine, is substantiated. It has been established that in the science of land law of Ukraine, one of the most controversial issues is the possibility, scope, conditions and grounds of granting land ownership rights to foreigners, stateless persons, and foreign legal entities, especially considering the provisions of Art. 13 of the Constitution of Ukraine, which declares all land to be the property of the Ukrainian people. This issue has not been resolved definitively in the land legislation, as access of foreign persons to ownership of agricultural land can be granted only after a positive decision of the All-Ukrainian referendum. The conducted research showed that Canadian legislation provides for the possibility of establishing restrictions on the acquisition of land ownership by foreign entities both at the federal level (a two-year restriction on the purchase of residential real estate, including vacant land plots intended for residential development), and at the level of individual provinces and territories. At the level of the provinces and territories, there are different legal models for restricting the access of foreign persons to the right to ownership of land, primarily for agricultural purposes. There are no legal restrictions on the acquisition of the right to ownership of land by foreign persons in British Columbia, Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. At the same time, in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Quebec, the access of foreigners to land ownership is significantly limited, in particular, by establishing the maximum size of land plots that they can acquire on ownership. The article claims that the establishment of restrictions in Canadian legislation on the acquisition of ownership rights to land, primarily for agricultural purposes, is conditioned by the need to ensure priority access to the lands of Canadian citizens and Canadian corporations, which can be a reference point for the settlement of these issues in Ukrainian land law. Canadian legislation, both at the federal level and at the level of individual provinces and territories, provides effective mechanisms of legal responsibility in the event of violation of legal restrictions on foreign persons' access to land ownership, which should be provided for in Ukrainian legislation.

Complexity of the legal nature of the right to reproduction

This article examines reproductive health as an important component of physical and mental well-being in modern society. It focuses on a wide range of services and information covering sexual and reproductive health, contraception, family planning, STD treatment, pregnancy and childbirth. It is indicated that the effectiveness of reproductive health protection is supported by international norms, including the Sustainable Development Goals No. 3, and is based on the principles of dignity, equality and the right to free choice. It is emphasized that reproductive health is a fundamental human right, which is directly related to the right to life and health. Research in this area helps to clarify the effectiveness of legal norms and protection measures, the article also highlights the problem of discrimination, particularly on the basis of gender, in the context of reproductive health, and emphasizes the importance of combating this inequality. In addition, the article points to the importance of access to information about reproductive health as a key aspect of human rights that contributes to public education and awareness. The article also considers the complex nature of the right to reproduction, which includes biological, legal, ethical and social aspects that interact with each other and require a careful balance between human rights, ethical principles and social needs. It is motivated that the right to reproduction implies the right of each individual to make free choices regarding sexual behavior, family planning and access to quality reproductive health services, but the realization of these rights may face ethical and moral dilemmas, as well as different approaches to legal regulation in different countries. Also important is the social aspect, which includes the availability and quality of reproductive health services, as well as taking into account socio-cultural norms and values. It was found that all these aspects require a careful balance between human rights, ethical principles and social needs, in order to ensure adequate protection and support of the reproductive health of each person.

Legal regulation of the ecological network in Ukraine

In the context of the European integration of Ukraine, the evolution of human rights, the development of civil society, environmental problems in Ukraine, including those caused by the military actions of the aggressor, the study of the problems of legal regulation of the ecological network in Ukraine is of important practical and theoretical importance. Researching the issues of legal regulation of the ecological network in Ukraine is important for the further improvement of environmental legislation, as well as for the improvement of law enforcement practice in this area. As a result of this research, the problems of legal regulation of the ecological network in Ukraine and its elements are important for the development of the sciences of constitutional, administrative and environmental law. The article is devoted to the problems of legal regulation of the ecological network in Ukraine. In this article legal regulation of the ecological network in Ukraine is characterized. In the context of the modern European integration of Ukraine, the evolution of human rights, the development of civil society, environmental problems in Ukraine, including those caused by the military actions of the aggressor, the study of the legal regulation of the ecological network in Ukraine is of great practical and theoretical importance. Ensuring the effective functioning of the ecological network of Ukraine, including the protection of the environment, overcoming the negative consequences of damage to the environment caused by hostilities, prompt demining of de-occupied territories, is an important element for the effective functioning of the system of natural human rights in Ukraine, among which the right for a safe environment for life and health in Ukraine. The concept of "legal regulation of the ecological network in Ukraine” can be defined as a system of norms and principles of law aimed at regulating social relations by legal norms in the field of formation, preservation and rational, tireless use of the ecological network in Ukraine as one of the main prerequisites for ensuring the sustainable development of Ukraine, protection of the environment, protection of flora and fauna, nature conservation areas, satisfaction of ecological, economic, social and other interests of individual citizens, society, territorial communities and the state. The elements of the ecological network of Ukraine includes: key, connecting, buffer and renewable territories.

The right to be forgotten: separate conceptual issues

The article is devoted to the study of the emergence and formation of the human right to be forgotten as the right of an individual to request the removal of his or her personal data from public access through search engines, under certain conditions. It is found that the establishment of the right to be forgotten is often associated with one of the key decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union, namely, in the case of Google Spain v. Costeja Gonzalez, which has gained wide international publicity. However, it is important to note that freedom of speech and freedom of access to information are conflicting fundamental rights to the right to be forgotten. The right to privacy and the data protection regime do not exist in a vacuum: the right to privacy can often clash with other rights, in particular the right to freedom of expression, for example, in terms of censorship. The author analyses international judicial precedents regarding the acknowledgement of the right to be forgotten in the sphere of the digital human rights system, and finds that the rulings typically pertain to data that might drastically influence the fundamental rights to privacy and personal data protection. Furthermore, the courts explicitly assert their intention to achieve an equitable balance between these rights and the public's right to access information. Hence, the resolution of numerous conflicts is largely contingent on the factual context of each case. The author reviews the legal regulation of the right to be forgotten, in particular, the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 (General Data Protection Regulation), the 1995 Data Protection Directive, as updated and supplemented by the above-mentioned Regulation, and the European Convention on Human Rights, etc. Although the concept of the right to be forgotten is not recognised in the Ukrainian legal system, the Law of Ukraine "On Personal Data Protection” states that deletion or destruction of personal data in the information landscape is possible upon filing a complaint or going to court.