Legal Framework For Cooperation Research Articles

Transboundary water cooperation and conflict resolution in the Southern African region: influence of the 1890 Anglo-Germany Treaty

The availability, distribution and control of freshwater resources have been at the centre of the human story since the start of the Neolithic revolution roughly 12,000 years ago. With the advent of the modern nation state and its attendant emphasis on sovereignty, self-sufficiency and rivalry, it comes as no surprise that interactions between states over shared watercourses have at times been tense and conflictual. This fact was elaborated by the Ex- UN Secretary General; Kofi Annan, Message during the World Water Day on 22nd March, 2002. He warned that… “Fierce national competition over water resources has prompted fears that water issues contain the seeds of violent conflict. By the year 2025 two thirds of the world’s population is likely to live in countries with moderate or severe water shortages as demand for water approaches the limit of the available supply”. Water as a fugitive resource, respects neither political boundaries nor commonly accepted notions of fairness or equity, hence posed the most complex management challenges to water managers of today. In the SADC region, shared waters cannot be viewed in a purely national context due to its fluidity and the mobility of its nature. It is factual that, over 70% of the water bodies in the region are transboundary in nature. In terms of state practice, the concept of community of interest is commonly traced back to a French decree of 1792 dealing with the opening of the Scheldt River to Navigation. The position expressed in this decree was quickly adopted in a number of instruments concerned primarily with rights of navigation in international rivers, but also in some early agreements not restricted to navigational uses. Therefore, the lakes, and watercourses which form the frontier between the two states or which are situated at the territory of both or which flow into the said lakes and watercourses shall continue to be considered as “common’. In this regard one may wish to refer to the recent global instruments namely; the UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational uses of International Water (1997) which came into force on 17th August 2014 and the Convention on the Protection and Uses of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (1992) which came into force on 6th October, 1996 and further in 2016 became an official global legal framework for transboundary water cooperation. These instruments are regarded as a vital step in building a strong foundation for global principles on water management and governance. Legal agreements between states during the colonial era as well as post-independence in the Southern Africa region, have formed the bedrock of cooperative water resources management regionally. The Anglo Germany Treaty of July, 1890 (The Helgoland Treaty), had established an agreement between the colonial powers of Great Britain, France, Portugal, Belgium and Germany and their respective spheres of influence over the African nations aimed to establish borders between the nations. Interesting to note in the presence of scarcity of geo-information over the areas in question; the water bodies (Rivers and Lakes) were used to mark the lines of influence hence boundaries of the sovereign states of today. This chapter therefore, will provide an account of the influence of the 1890 Anglo – Germany Treaty (Helgoland Treaty) and international customary law in regard to conflict resolution and transboundary water cooperation in the Southern Africa Region (SADC). It will also examine some of available information as well as the historical background of boundary treaties; legal frameworks for cooperation; importance of Africa Union(AU) resolutions on the same, such as Resolution AHG/Res16(1) of July 1964 as well as resolution CM/Res.1069(XLIV) of 1986 and finally a conclusion.

Вероятность получения Индией статуса основного союзника США вне НАТО

Introduction. Allied relations between India and United States were based during Barack Obama administration and were further developed with Donald Trump coming to power. The interplay that has intensified between states in recent years can contribute to the creation of a new geopolitical space – the Indo-Pacific region. Trade in arms and military equipment is the catalyst for cooperation and the major non-NATO ally status can create all favorable conditions for thus cooperation. United States and India rapprochement, caused, in particular, by geopolitical situation in the Asia-Pacific and the change of power in United States, has led to the emergence of discussions in the American political society about assigning India major non-NATO ally status. Seventeen states in various regions of the world already own this status. The methodological basis of the study was made up of the basic research principles of modern humanities: general scientific methods of cognition, comparison, complex analysis and synthesis. Analysis. The legal framework for cooperation between India and the United States in the military-technical area is formed by agreements on technology transfer, organization of joint development and production of weapons: Defense Cooperation Framework Agreement (2005), Arms and Military Technologies Trade Initiative (2012), Updated framework agreement (2015), Memorandum on material and technical exchange (2016), etc. On the basis of these agreements, a number of projects were successfully implemented. Despite the successes achieved in the development of military-technical cooperation, interaction is complicated by the difference in procedural approaches. As one of the ways to remove bureaucratic barriers, inconsistency in the transfer of technology, joint development and production of weapons systems was considered “major non-NATO ally status”. It could become an alternative to the allied security treaty and an addition to the previously concluded agreements. The proposal to grant India major non-NATO ally status was first received from congressmen led by Republican Joe Wilson. Authors recommended to expand bilateral defense and security cooperation to advance U.S. interests in South Asia and the Indo-Pacific region. Despite their efforts, bill did not receive enough votes. In 2019, similar bills were introduced to grant India as MNNA, which have not been implemented yet. Results. There are agreements that have already been implemented in bilateral cooperation. However, the challenge of building the Indo-Pacific region requires the use of all the tools that U.S. has in its arsenal. One of these tools is status. This study has shown that in the foreseeable future India is unlikely to join major non-NATO allies group because its policy has no place for American interests.

Діяльність вишеградської групи в розрізі українсько-польських відносин у військовій сфері на сучасному етапі

Проаналізовано форми, методи та діяльність членів Вишеградської групи щодо перспектив співпраці з Україною в розрізі українсько-польських відносин у військовій сфері. Досліджено вплив членів Вишеградської групи на перспективи інтеграції України у Північноатлантичний альянс (далі – НАТО) та Європейський Союз (далі – ЄС).

EU-Africa Relations: looking through a gender lens

The expiry of the Cotonou Agreement encourages European states to change their approach towards African countries. Efforts undertaken by the European Union may end the relationship based on dependency and may open access to a more equal partnership with common interest at the centre. The consequences of the ongoing negotiations between the EU and Africa constitute important determinants for shaping economic, political and social relations in the coming years, and therefore deserve special attention. The results of this discussion will be also crucial to women’s status and gender concepts. Accordingly, the main aim of this article is to evaluate gender initiatives undertaken between the EU and Africa in selected aspects of their cooperation, with particular emphasis on the ongoing negotiations. The article has been elaborated on the basis of gender-sensitive analysis, that is also called a gender-lens perspective. Firstly, this article presents an overview of the evolution of gender agenda in institutional and legal framework of cooperation between Europe and Africa. Secondly, this text refers to the agreements and disagreements over gender agenda during the ongoing negotiations. And the last part of the article are conclusions. The research is based on the following methods and tools: critical analysis of existing sources (desk research); content analysis of subject literature, press releases and the information published by the European Union and African Union; as well as the field research and interviews that the author has conducted with representatives of the non-governmental organisations in Tanzania. The field research was funded by a grant from the National Science Centre – PRELUDIUM 9, number: 2015/17/N/HS5/00408.

Industrial and scientific-technological integration of the EAEU member-states in the area of remote sensing of the Earth: legal and program framework

The subject of this research is the legal framework for scientific-technological and industrial cooperation of the EAEU member-states in the area of remote sensing of the Earth, reflected in the provisions of international agreements and acts of the Union bodies. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of the legal nature of the EAEU transnational program for the creation of an integrated remote sensing system, characterized by the author as a promising organizational legal instrument for cooperation and integration. Special attention is given to the factors of its successful implementation. The research is conducted in the context of theoretical and practical aspects of strategic integration of the EAEU in the space sector. The novelty consists in substantiation of the fact that in the conditions of specific state of legal regulation of cooperation of the EAEU member-states in the space sector, the leading role in the mid-term perspective would be played by program control. In turn, it would contribute to the systematic development of general, as well as special legal framework for cooperation in the space sector. The author’s main contribution consists in pursuing correlation between the system of legal and program framework for cooperation in the area of remote sensing of the Earth and the legal model of EAEU, as well as the legal model of scientific-technological and industrial integration.

English

Food is a human basic need and its provision should be secured by the government. In this regard, the government must control the stability of food price particularly in urban areas in which its food demand depends mostly on food supply from surrounding areas as a food buffer. However, the current food buffer system for urban areas has not been able to stabilize food price volatility experienced every year. This is triggered by: first, food supply for urban areas tend to be “business to business” practices. Second, there is no set of regulations that forms the legal framework for cooperation and coordination in the food sector especially between urban and peri-urban areas. The study aims at reviewing and designing food buffer system for urban areas to stabilize food price fluctuation. The study included a case study of food buffer system in Jakarta. Document study and interviews with farmer associations, food traders and local government were conducted. The result shows that institutional innovation for Food Distribution Center could address the challenges of price fluctuation. To do so, a set of legal and policy frameworks on intra-region cooperation between urban and the surrounding areas on food sector is totally required. Key words: Food buffer system, urban areas, regulation.

АДМІНІСТРАТИВНО-ПРАВОВЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ ПОЛІЦІЇ ТА ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД

The article analyzes the administrative and legal support of interaction between the police and local communities. It is stated that the creation of partnerships between the police and civil society is a priority area of policing in the implementation of law enforcement. The administrative and legal support for the establishment of partnerships between these institutions is described as having a dynamic character, and is aimed at improving the organizational and legal framework for cooperation between the police and the community. The priority role of the Constitution of Ukraine in the process of forming the administrative and legal status of the National Police of Ukraine has been determined, as the constitutional and legal conditionality of the content and normative-legal content of policing is related to the reproduction in the legislation on the National Police of Ukraine of values of man and citizen. The priority areas of the police are formulated in the process of interaction with the population, in particular: analysis of security problems that can be solved in interaction with the population; determination of social populations and priorities in working with these groups; development of programs (directions of work) of interaction with the population, where the interests of various social groups will be taken into account; procedures for determining the need and priority to implement these programs in specific communities; determination of the most effective methods, methods and forms of solving security issues in cooperation with the population; determination of the circle of partners among state and local institutions for the implementation of initiatives; joint development of an action plan with the involvement of partners; development of procedures for analyzing the effectiveness of implemented projects, in particular, assessing their compliance with the requests of specific communities in the field of security. In addition, the partner model provides not only the direct active participation of the population in law enforcement agencies to ensure public order, but also timely informing the police to the population on all the facts of committing criminal and administrative offenses.

Law enforcement agencies as the stakeholders of ethno-confessional space of public communications

The subject of this research is the ethno-confessional space of public communications as an assemblage of media channels and stakeholders engaged in the process of making socially important decisions aimed at harmonization of interethnic and inter-confessional relations and prevention of conflicts thereof. The goal consists in substantiation of the need for involvement of law enforcement agencies in arrangement of a dialogue and partnership in the ethno-confessional space of public communications as its stakeholder. In theoretical aspect, the research methodology leans on the concept of management of public values and managerial concept of stakeholders; in the empirical aspect – it is based on the results of expert poll and analysis of normative legal documentation, which regulates the activity of law enforcement agencies. Substantiation is made that the problems of interethnic and Inter-confessional relations should be resolved not only from administrative perspective, but also within the space of public communications through engaging the representatives of interested parties. The analysis of expert opinion demonstrates that law enforcement structures have a considerable influence upon the process of problem settlement in the ethno-confessional sphere, but do not play a noticeable role in arrangement of a dialogue and partnership in the ethno-confessional space of public communications. It is underlined that in order to improve performance of law enforcement agencies on harmonization of relations and conflict prevention in the ethno-confessional sphere, requires creating the corresponding legal framework for cooperation and partnership of the law enforcement agencies and other interested parties in the space of public communications.

Problems of Cooperation between the Caspian States: Investment and Legal Aspects

Aim. The presented study aims to substantiate the objective need for legal regulation of interaction between the Caspian states in the development of Caspian resources as a starting point for balanced economic cooperation.Tasks. The authors develop baselines for analyzing the state of economic cooperation between the Caspian Five countries, laws and regulations adopted by the Caspian states to regulate interaction in the Caspian Sea; analyze the impact of the current legal regulator of relations on the possibility, nature, and directions of cooperation between the Caspian states in the investment sphere and key sectors (energy, trade, transport, etc.).Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition in various aspects to substantiate approaches to analyzing the legal framework of Caspian economic cooperation, identify key problems of regulating the rights of the Caspian Five states as owners of the Caspian Sea, and propose major directions for solving these problems.Results. Analysis of laws and regulations governing the interaction between the Caspian Five states in the usage of the Caspian Sea and its resources in the context of the current stage of development of their relations shows the uncertainty of the legal status of the Caspian Sea to be the main reason for economic problems in the cooperation between the Caspian states. The identified problems determine the selection of approaches to the formation of the fundamentals of legal regulation of interaction between the Caspian states and their application to determining the content of such concepts as “the Caspian Sea as an object of law”, “legal status of the Caspian Sea”, and the principles of formation of norms regulating the legal status of the Caspian Sea serving as the main missing elements of the legal framework of cooperation between the Caspian states – the owners of the Caspian Sea and its resources.Conclusions. Establishing the legal status of the Caspian Sea has become one of the main goals and at the same time a major problem of interaction between the Caspian states in the investment sphere, energy, trade, and transport infrastructure since their unification into the five co-owners of the Caspian Sea. This problem has not been resolved to this day.

International Legal Aspects of Cybersecurity

INTRODUCTION. In the modern world, the number of crimes committed in cyberspace has significantly increased. New types of malware used to achieve illegal goals appear regularly. According to experts, the material damage to the global economy from crimes committed with the help of information and communication technologies amounts to trillions of US dollars. Such a scale requires effective means of legal regulation of relations in cyberspace. Cybersecurity is considered one of the most relevant topics of current international law, which is extremely important for ensuring the national security of states. Information and communication technologies can be used to negatively affect economic, social, cultural and political relations, to damage the economic, military, and defense potential of the state and society. In this regard, the international community is deeply interested in developing a multilateral legal framework for cooperation in the field of cybersecurity. However, a unified approach to solving this problem in the international arena has not yet been developed. Legal regulation of cyberspace is very complex due to the virtual interface characteristics of this area.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The material for the study is the works of Russian and foreign researchers in the field of international law, international legalacts adopted in the framework of the UN and the European Union, draft UN conventions, national regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, the People’s Republic of China and other states as well as judicial practice of international courts. Th research methodology is based on general and specific scientific methods of cognition (the dialectical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, comparative legal and historical legal methods).RESEARCH RESULTS. The analysis showed that despite the applicability of the principles and rules of current international law to the information sphere, the universalization of the international legal regulation of cyberspace is required, taking into account its characteristics and in order to effectively combat the use of information and communication technologies for illegal purposes. The efforts of states to develop special rules of conduct in cyberspace are currently concentrated on a narrow sphere of issues related to human rights, data privacy, etc. Not all states are interested in creating a modern and effective mechanism for cooperation in cyberspace. Many states are openly opposing the development of new international legal instruments. For this reason, the Russian initiative to adopt the UN Convention on Cooperation in Combating Information Crimes has not been support-ed. This fact has entailed the absence of a full-fledged universal international legal framework for cooperation in the field of cyberspace.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Based on the analysis of doctrine and practice, the authors conclude that there is a need to create a universal international legal framework for cooperation in the fi ld of cyberspace. In modern international law, cybersecurity is one of the most pressing problems directly related to state security. The difference in the approaches of states to the problem of ensuring cybersecurity at the present stage entails the absence of an effective multilateral legal framework for cooperation in this area.

СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВО ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРАЇНИ З НАТО: ДОСВІД МИНУЛОГО ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВА НА МАЙБУТНЄ

In the article the authors disclosed the slavery of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with NATO at each of the recognized stages of NATO. The legal framework for cooperation with the Alliance is analyzed and the positive character of military-political cooperation in the interests of international security is revealed.

THE RIGHT OF ELDERLY PEOPLE TO HEALTH – THE CHALLENGES OF TODAY

Introduction. The article is devoted to the topical issues in the area of ensuring the right of the older persons to health, taking into account modern realities. In particular, it focuses on the existing problematic aspects through the prism of the right to decent treatment and autonomy. The issue of abuse of the elderly, which negatively affects their physical and mental health and providing palliative care, which helps to improve the quality of life of patients with diseases that limit life expectancy have been analyzed; it focuses on the problem of dementia, which is one of the leading causes of disability and dependence among older people around the world; given the fact that older people are at high risk during COVID-19, the focus is on protecting this category of people during a pandemic. The main results of the study. An analysis of the existing legal framework for cooperation between states to overcome the negative trends in the provision of health care to the elderly, in particular: the Toronto Declaration on the Global Prevention of Elder Abuse, the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, the European Social Charter (revised), the Inter-American Convention on Protecting the Human Rights of Older Persons, the Global action plan on the public health response to dementia 2017-2025, the “Towards a Dementia Plan” Guide , World Health Organization Guidelines for Reducing the Risk of Cognitive Function and Dementia. In addition, attention is paid to the recommendations of the main bodies of international intergovernmental organizations, in particular the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, and international treaty bodies in this field - the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (General recommendation № 24, General recommendation № 27) etc. Relevant conclusions and recommendations have been made. Conclusions. It should be noted that the existing tendency of the population to age is a reality of today and encourages society to seek new ways of life in these circumstances. Aging is no longer seen as a problem, but rather as a challenge and an opportunity for society to respond and take timely adaptation measures. The international community is making significant efforts to create a legal framework, develop standards, and develop international cooperation to ensure a decent old age for the elderly. The task for governments is to implement international norms into national legislation and to optimize national measures in this area. The field of healthcare for the older persons is the most sensitive, as it is a question of a decent standard of living, so it needs a balanced strategy, which should include: disease prevention (diagnosis, medical care, etc.); development, improvement, introduction of an affordable and inexpensive system of long-term care with the involvement of the elderly themselves in this work and training of specialists who will work in this field; training of persons who informally care for the elderly; regular independent monitoring of long-term care services, based on clear principles and rights that older people can exercise on their own; giving preference to home care; creation of appropriate services to provide advice, psychological, legal assistance to the elderly. It is also important for society to be aware of aging in order to understand the problems and not to cause repeated psychological trauma to the older persons so they don’t feel like a “burden” for society, rather than full members.

Legal cooperation between Russia and the USA: historical roots of modern problems

Introduction. Relations between Russia and the United States have nearly three centuries of history, and for more than two hundred years the countries had diplomatic relations which were interrupted for sixteen years from 1917 to 1933. Perhaps the XIX century was the most peaceful and fruitful for our countries when the interests of the Russian Empire and the United States on the world stage did not contradict each other, often coincided, thus excluding confrontation between the two nation-states. The XIX century for Russia and the United States was marked by the singing of a number of bilateral treaties, including the treaty on the extradition of criminals, which consolidated their partnership.On the contrary, the XX century is marked by unstable and cyclical relations between the two countries. The rejection of Soviet power, the long period of non-recognition of the Soviet Union was followed in 1933 by mutual multifaceted cooperation between the USSR and the United States, which included the legal sphere, and by the allied relations during the Second World War. The second half of the twentieth century was the time of open confrontation between the two world giants, when the crisis of relations between the USSR and the United States put the world on the brink of world war III. In such conditions, there could be no talk of improving the legal framework of legal cooperation, and the agreement on the procedure for execution of court orders concluded in 1935 did not find its practical application.Modern Russia has assumed the entire burden of problems and contradictions in legal cooperation with the United States. Searching for ways out of them is possible only on the basis of historical analysis of their prerequisites, taking into account the peculiarities of modern international relations.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method of cognition of phenomena in the relationship and mutual conditionality using a set of general and particular scientific methods of cognition of reality. The historical method contributed to the restoration of the chronological sequence of legal cooperation between Russia (USSR) and the United States. The method of actualization made it possible to identify the historical factors that determined the peculiarities of international cooperation in the legal sphere. The method of diachronization made it possible to identify certain successive stages in the development of international legal cooperation between Russia (USSR) and the United States, to compare them, to identify patterns of development.Results. In the framework of the study, the author found that inter-state legal cooperation is an integral part of the foreign policy of states. The international legal basis of cooperation between Russia and the United States in civil, family and criminal cases was created in a different historical era, does not meet modern international relations, and is poorly implemented by the justice authorities of the two States.There is no treaty on legal assistance in civil and family matters that is fundamental to the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens of both States, and there are no provisions on extradition in the Treaty on legal assistance in criminal matters.Discussion and Conclusions. The international legal framework of cooperation between the Russian Federation (and earlier - the Soviet Union) and the United States of America in the legal sphere; the problems of implementation of international legal assistance in civil, family and criminal cases are researched. The main provisions of the Treaty on mutual legal assistance in criminal cases of 2000; multilateral Conventions on the service abroad of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial cases of 1965 are analyzed. The 1958 Convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, the 1935 Agreement “On the procedure for the execution of court orders between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America” were explored. The prospects for the development of legal cooperation between Russia and the United States are shown.

Legal and organizational instruments of the EU common defense policy implementation at the present stage

The article deals with the problems of legal and institutional support for the implementation of the Common Defense Policy of the EU in current circumstances . The peculiarities of legal regulation of this policy and certain organizational and legal forms of its provision have been determined. It has been established that the legal instrument that provides the implementation of the General Defense Policy, which is an integral part of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU, has its own features related to the nature of the cooperation of the member states in this area. It is about not so significant, in comparison with economic sphere, restriction by the member states of their sovereign rights in determination of questions of external safety and defense. The consequence of this is the adoption of acts that are predominantly «soft» by their character. The EU initiatives in the field of strengthening the Union's defense capabilities in the context of the implementation of the Global Strategy for the European Union's Foreign and Security Policy have been analyzed as well as the international legal framework for cooperation between the EU and NATO with regard to ensuring common defense and security objectives, and also the legal nature of the European Union's acts in the field of the Common Defense Policy has been determined.

Regulation of cross-border law enforcement: ‘locks’ and ‘dams’ to regional and international flows of policing

ABSTRACTTrans-jurisdictional policing can eventuate within a number of different environments: in federal states comprising different jurisdictions, in bilateral and multilateral settings and in regional contexts, for example, in the European Union (EU). Inter-jurisdictional flows of policing can be impeded by, for example, legal differences, lack of trust, lack of cooperative leadership, lack of knowledge about the other jurisdiction, etc. This article aims at exploring the facilitators of flows of policing by looking at two different systems and the obstacles within, as well as the interaction between them. The systems chosen are Greater China and the EU as they both comprise a number of different jurisdictions and are very distinct with regard to political, cultural and legal variables. It will be explored whether and how flows of policing are encouraged by legislation within and between the systems as well as what factors might determine the conclusion of a particular legal framework for cooperation.

An Analysis of Institutional Choices in Regulating Internet Spam

The Internet has created a channel that allows for the rapid dissemination of information without regard to geographical boundaries. Unsolicited commercial e-mail (“UCE”), or “spam” as it is commonly known, is generated from enormous lists of e-mail addresses for the purpose of sending commercial information without seeking the e-mail account holder’s permission. Spam capitalizes on the unique nature of the Internet to engage in direct marketing in the fastest and most efficient way currently possible. Nevertheless, UCEs come with significant negative external costs. Furthermore, spam raises global legal issues in the areas of cyberspace privacy and security. This article approaches this topic by employing a law and economics analysis to identify appropriate institutional choices necessary for the regulation of UCEs. By comparing the legal frameworks of the United States, the European Union and Japan, this article evaluates the effectiveness of different legal approaches and proposes an international legal framework for cooperation in regulating UCEs.

International Legal Framework for Cooperation among States in Combating Trafficking in Women and Children

International Legal Framework for Cooperation among States in Combating Trafficking in Women and Children

Legal framework of cooperation between the European Union and Ukraine concerning some aspects of civil justice

This article and analyzes the basis of cooperation of the European Union and Ukraine in the field of judicial cooperation in civil and commercial matters. It has been determined that the prospect of regulation the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments at the level of an international treaty rather questionable. The main obstacle to this is the discrepancy of Ukrainian judicial system to the European standards.

International cooperation and mutual assistance under the Proceeds of Crime Bill 2001

Outlines the new UK Proceeds of Crime Bill, which received the Royal Assent in July 2002. Evaluates how it enhances and even demands international cooperation, most of which text is in Part 11. Details Part 11’s provisions, notably section 429 on handling external requests and orders, section 430 on cases where external inquiries are related to investigations made abroad, and section 432 on Interpretation; plus Part 1 sections 4, 74 and 84. Looks at problematic areas in the Bill, one of which is that there are different parts and sections for different territories; also, it provides for a new body, the Criminal Assets Recovery Agency (CARA) which will not operate in Scotland, so that drug dealers might escape with their proceeds. Moves on to the international legal framework for cooperation, featuring the 1990 UN Model Treaty on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters.