Legal Deadlines Research Articles

COMPLAINT AS A LEGAL REMEDY, THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS

In criminal procedure, a "remedy" refers to a legal solution or course of action that is available to individuals who believe their rights have been violated during the criminal justice process. Remedies are designed to protect the rights of defendants and ensure that the criminal justice system operates fairly and in accordance with the law. Of course, the complaint as a regular legal remedy can be exercised within the specified legal deadlines and in the previous legal procedure. It's important to note that not all legal remedies follow these exact stages, and the specific procedures can vary based on the legal system and the type of case. Additionally, some legal issues may be resolved through administrative processes or through negotiation without ever entering the formal legal system. The judgments issued by the court, with which the party is dissatisfied and which have not yet taken the final form, are struck with legal means. The legal remedies are regulated by the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure and serve to exercise the legal remedy in case of dissatisfaction with the court's decision, therefore we can rightly conclude that the legal remedies are a kind of guarantee for the respect of the rights of the parties in the procedure. The purpose of this paper is to find, through research methods, how these legal remedies are regulated, the changes that have occurred in criminal legislation, their application in practice, where through comparative, statistical, normative and other methods, it will be more easy for us to reach correct conclusions. With the conviction that this work will bring innovation and be a summary for all those readers who intend to study this field in the future.

Access to justice in Albania and EU policies

Abstract Access to justice is a fundamental element of the rule of law and a cornerstone of justice. Access to justice is the constitutional guarantee that enables individuals to have their violated rights protected. Governments must guarantee the right of every individual to address the court or other bodies of public administration. The right of access to the court in order to oppose an act of the public administration bodies is an autonomous fundamental right and an element of due process. This principle closely relates to another principle guaranteeing justice and democracy in society, which is the principle of the rule of law. Albania has not yet adopted a law that provides for the vital minimum; calculation of financial insufficiency threshold by considering only the income of a person rather than the necessary and obligatory living costs that really need free legal aid. National and international acts provide for Access to Justice, and the onus remains on the government to provide this right to its citizens. In 2022, the number of courts in Albania dropped significantly with the new judicial map, which significantly reduced the access of citizens. Why reduce the number of courts? This led to the increase in the stock of court files and the failure of judges to try cases within the legal deadlines. Albania should reflect without further delay and increase the number of courts, taking an example from other developed European countries, so that citizens may easily go to the courts

RENUNCIATION OF INHERITANCE BY KOSOVAR WOMEN: DESIRE OR INJUSTICE? A CASE LAW PERSPECTIVE

Background: The right to inherit is one of the rights guaranteed by the Constitution and legal provisions. Every citizen is entitled to this privilege without exception. Even though this right is protected by the Constitution, barely 23% of women in Kosovo are officially registered as heirs. When women exercise their right to refuse inheritance, they mostly give up that privilege in favour of male heirs. Unquestionably, customary law impacts this choice. Influenced by religious and customary rights that stipulate that men are entitled to inherit, women prefer to give up their claim to inherit, which accounts for the low percentage of female heirs. Despite the fact that the right of inheritance is regulated by law under the principle of equality, the real situation shows something else. This article will analyse inheritance law and the influence of customary law, which has led many women to forfeit their rights. This issue discriminates against Kosovar women, denying them their rightful inheritance. These analyses will determine whether customary law or other factors have impacted Kosovar women's unequal inheritance rights compared to men. Ultimately, it raises the question: are these women victims of injustice, or have they freely decided to give up their inheritance? Methods: In this paper, several methods were employed to reach a conclusion, including analytical, comparative, historical and normative approaches. The analytical method was used to examine the phenomenon of women renouncing their inheritance rights and the judicial decisions where women have given up their right of inheritance. The normative method examined the legal provisions that directly regulated the right to renounce the inheritance. The historical method played a crucial role in illustrating the evolution of inheritance rights and its influence on women's contemporary perspectives. Finally, the comparative method facilitated a comparison of the legal regulation of inheritance rights in Kosovo with those in other countries in the region. Results and Conclusions: In legal terms, the right of inheritance treats all heirs equally, regardless of gender, but in practice, a very low percentage of women inherit, mostly giving this right to male heirs. Many factors have influenced this result, such as the influence of customary law and religious law, but also the low number of employed women. After analysing this matter, it was seen that the main solution is to raise awareness among women that all heirs are equal, regardless of gender, ensuring the law is applied fairly to all heirs. To address the reduction of women renouncing their inheritance, several legal changes are recommended. One such change is requiring the declaration of renunciation of inheritance to be made before a notary and registered in court to determine legal deadlines. Additionally, the reasons for renouncing inheritance should be explicitly stated within the set timeframe. A more radical measure that would ensure that women do not renounce their rightful inheritance according to the law, and in this way, they would be free from the influences of society, is to change the law by removing the right to renounce the inheritance. Thus, all legal heirs would be forced to accept the inheritance due to them by law.

ECONOMIC EXPANSION AND ECOLOGICAL PRESERVATION: THE TABULEIRO MUNICIPAL PARK DEBATE IN MATINHOS, BRAZIL

This study aims to highlight the Havan department store's attempt to establish one of its branches within the Parque Municipal do Tabuleiro, located in the city of Matinhos, Paraná, Brazil. This area represents a critical hotspot of the Atlantic forest amidst an urban landscape, harboring species on the brink of extinction, including the caixeta tree. This endeavor sparked controversy not only due to the proposal itself but also because of the actions taken by the local executive and legislative authorities. They orchestrated extraordinary sessions, disregarding legal deadlines, to alter the city master plan. Their objective was to reclassify the area, shifting its status from an environmental conservation unit to a zone open for commercial exploitation. This maneuver garnered widespread attention from the media and the Public Prosecutor's Office, leading to the latter's recommendation to halt the process, warning of potential administrative misconduct by the executive branch.

The analysis of pregnancies terminated before and after the limit of viability: A medicolegal view

PurposeIn the present study, the purpose was to determine the indications of pregnancy termination procedures that are performed before and after the limit of viability (between 10 and 22 weeks) in a tertiary center and to investigate the characteristics of the cases in which fetocide procedure was offered after the limit of viability (22 weeks and later). It also aimed to discuss the legal deadline for the fetocide procedure and legal aspect of pregnancy termination. Material and methodThe present study was conducted as a result of the retrospective examination of 198 cases who underwent pregnancy termination after the 10th week of pregnancy (the legal limit for voluntary termination of pregnancy in our country) in our clinic and met the study criteria. The cases were divided into two main groups as Early Termination (10–22 weeks) and Late Termination (22 weeks and later). The characteristics of these groups (i.e. reason for termination, termination week) and the characteristics of the cases in which fetocide procedure was performed and the cases that were not (i.e. termination week, reasons for termination) were compared. ResultsA total of 171 (86%) cases were under 22 weeks and 27 (14%) were 22 weeks or more. In the cases terminated early, the gestational week was found to be highest [20 + 1 (12+3–21 + 1)] in those with preterm premature rupture of membranes, and lowest in those with fetal gastrointestinal abnormalities. No statistically significant differences were detected between the termination reason and the gestational week in the late-terminated group, and also, although the termination week of 5 patients for whom the fetocide procedure was offered [median = 23 + 1 (22+4–26 + 0] was higher than the week of 22 patients for whom the fetocide procedure was not offered [median = 22 + 4 (22+1–25 + 4], the difference was not found to be statistically significant. ConclusionSince the majority of pregnancy terminations are performed before the viable period, the need for the fetocide procedure in pregnancy terminations is relatively low, and we think that this rate will decrease even more because the rate of early diagnosis of fetal anomalies increases as a result of developments in ultrasonographic imaging.Families who choose the termination of pregnancy search for other countries with appropriate legislation and the loss of time and the indecision of the family might cause the application of pregnancy termination after the viable period because of the limitations in the legal regulations of countries.

The Impact of the Efficiency of Administration of Territorial Planning Processes on the Development of Territories: Case Study of Pagėgiai Municipality, Lithuania

Recently, the opinion has been expressed that the phasing of the processes of preparation of territorial planning documents, depending on the institution that administers it, hinders the processes of preparation of territorial planning documents by established procedural actions. The aim of the article is to evaluate the impact of the efficiency of the administration of territorial planning processes on the development of territories. The object of the research is the complex and special territorial planning documents prepared in the territory of Pagėgiai municipality. Pagėgiai municipality was chosen because the preparation of planning documents in the municipality has slowed down recently, therefore it is important to assess the efficiency of administration of the prepared territorial planning document processes, possible impact on further territorial development, and provide recommendations to ensure more efficient and faster territorial development. During the research, it was established that during the period between the years 2010-2020 only 1 state-level territorial planning document was registered in the territory of Pagėgiai municipality (i.e. 0.69% of those registered in the Republic of Lithuania and 14.29% in Tauragė County). 7 (i.e. 0.52% of those registered in the Republic of Lithuania and 18.42% of those registered in Tauragė County) were registered in the municipality at the municipal level. Territorial planning documents were registered at the local level (i.e. 0.22% of those registered in the Republic of Lithuania and 5.4% in Tauragė County). The analysis of the processes of the prepared planning documents and the interviews of experts revealed that the planning procedures performed by the administering authorities are inefficient: not all the administering authorities consistently carry out the assigned procedures, delay or evaluating the planned decisions within the legal deadline. According to experts, the reason for the inefficient performance of procedures is the lack of human resources in the administering institutions or their inadequate competence. As a result, the improperly performed procedures of territorial planning documents have a negative impact on the planned territory, slow down its development, or the most suitable possible development direction of the planned territory has not been assessed. After performing a multi-criteria analysis of the prepared territorial planning documents, it was established that in the period under review, the most effective document of complex territorial planning was prepared in the territory of Pagėgiai municipality - “Adjustment of the detailed plan of the prepared territory in Vilniaus st. 16 A, Pagėgiai”. The rating indicator was 0.0806. The document of complex territorial planning “Adjustment of Pagėgiai city comprehensive plan” stood out with the lowest efficiency, the rating indicator was - 0.0676.

Insurance Brokers’ behaviour: the effect of policy collection on management decisions

Spanish legislation on insurance and reinsurance mediation stipulates that intermediary can only receive commissions and fees for the management of their policies and prohibits any other form of remuneration. However, it is possible that financial intermediaries who manage larger risks wait until the end of the legal deadline to settle with insurance companies. This common practice in the insurance market hides additional remuneration in defiance of the law. It also means that the risk is not covered within the prescribed period and would, involve a commercial payment to the client, and, on the other hand, affect sustainable claims management.

Jsou rozdílné lhůty pro podání jednotlivých typů správních žalob překážkou na cestě k jednotné správní žalobě?

The thesis first deals with the current state of legal regulation of procedural time limits for filing lawsuits against a decision of an administrative body, for protection against inactivity of an administrative body and for protection against illegal intervention, instruction, or coercion of an administrative body. The issue of measures of a general nature is left aside, as they are rather similar to judicial review of legislation. The author concludes that although the issue of time limits is one of the key obstacles in examining the (im)possibility of introducing a universal administrative legal action, as it is not the only problem and therefore this question remains open. However, the current state of the legal deadlines de lege ferenda requires some improvements, in particular, the possibility of waiving a missed deadline and introducing more permeability between different types of actions by making the deadlines more standardized.

Redistribution of potentially toxic elements in the hydrosphere after the relocation of a group of tanneries.

Simultaneous relocation of a group of pollutant sources in a heavily polluted area is a rare event. Such a relocation has been implemented in Hazaribagh, a tannery built-up area with heavy pollution, in Bangladesh. This provides a valuable opportunity to compare the changes in environmental conditions associated with the relocation of multiple putative sources. Our environmental monitoring for a period of 6 years at the stationary areas centered on Hazaribagh geographically revealed trivalent [Cr(III)], hexavalent [Cr(VI)] chromium, lead, iron, and manganese as tannery-related elements after the legal deadline for tannery relocation. The median Cr(III) level in canal water, into which wastewater from tanneries was directly discharged, after the relocation was 97% lower of that before the relocation, indicating a beneficial effect of the relocation. In contrast, the median Cr(VI) level in water samples just after the relocation and 2 years after the relocation were approximately 5-fold and 30-fold higher, respectively, than those before the relocation. These results indicate not only a harmful effect of the relocation but also the possibility of conversion from Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in nature. Although the health hazard indexes considering all of the tannery-related elements in all of the canal water samples before the relocation exceeded the safety thresholds, the percentages of samples in which the indexes exceeded their safety thresholds after the relocation decreased by 32.5%-45.0%. Treatment with our patented hydrotalcite-like compound consisting of magnesium and iron (MF-HT) resulted in decreases in the health hazard indexes in all of the water samples in which the indexes exceeded their safety thresholds to levels lower than their thresholds. Thus, this study shows the double-edged effects associated with the relocation and a potential solution.

Asas Kepastian Hukum Pelaksanaan Hukuman Mati di Indonesia

This article aims to examine aspects of legal certainty and justice in the application of the death penalty in Indonesia, as well as the concept of legal and fair deadlines for executions. Using normative judicial methods, this article shows that current law does not reliably and fairly determine when the death penalty should be executed. Due to time constraints, the legal certainty and justice of those sentenced to death are not guaranteed. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the laws and regulations for execution in the basic criminal law, public criminal law, and statutory law.

Неопределенные сроки в административном процессе: проблемы реализации

The author of the article analyzes procedural deadlines established within the framework of proceedings on administrative offenses that do not have definite time intervals but that oblige the law enforcement officer to perform procedural actions in accordance with established time. Practically, this often leads to the rising of insoluble contradictions that are conditioned by indefinite time intervals. That, in turn, provides the law enforcement officer with the opportunity to interpret them depending on circumstances and at his or her discretion. In the meantime, the party that is subject to a case of administration offences does not have any opportunity to dispute the infringement of the deadlines committed by the law enforcement officer. The author of the article examines modern scientific discussions dedicated to establishing of the terms of the mentioned above administrative and legal deadlines, for instance, there should be “short” term deadlines, “effective immediately” deadlines and “without delay” ones. The author researches various approaches to optimizing administrative and procedural legislation in terms of making the deadlines more precise. The author observes that the issue of implementation of procedural deadlines has not been applied in practice nowadays. It leads to violation of citizen’s rights in the proceeding of cases of administrative offences as well as to distortion of the principle of legality in administrative procedural law. When the terms of cases are uncertain it provides the law enforcement officer to apply them at his or her discretion. Such actions affect the effectiveness of law enforcement activities.

BALANCING THE INTERESTS OF TAXPAYERS AND TAX AUTHORITIES AS THE METHOD OF MINIMIZING TAX DISPUTES

The author notes in the article that an increase in the number of tax disputes is influenced by many factors, including the constantly changing tax laws of Ukraine, low legal culture of taxpayers, the lack of professional training of representatives of tax authorities involved in tax audits, as the tax authority must correctly assess the circumstances, available facts and correctly apply to the facts of the current legal provisions, while preventing the abuse of power in making the relevant decision, which must be based on the public interest. A qualitative legislative regulation of the indisputable procedure for the collection of financial penalties will occur when financial penalties will be charged incontestably only in the absence of reasonable objections of the taxpayer, filed within the prescribed legal deadlines, that is, in the absence of a tax dispute. Finding a reasonable balance between the rights of taxpayers and the powers of the tax authorities should come to the fore when making changes to the tax legislation. The basis for achieving a balance between the interests of taxpayers and tax authorities can be served by proper explanatory and informational work. The state should develop a set of special measures to adapt taxpayers and employees of the tax authorities themselves to the action of the new tax legislation, regarding the corresponding change in their mentality, improvement of business cooperation and mutual understanding between them, increasing their responsibility for the performance of their tax obligations to the state and the realization of the rights provided by law. The institution of preliminary conclusions of tax authorities is proposed, which will simplify the assessment of tax losses by taxpayers in the planning of economic activities. The taxpayer submits an inquiry about the tax consequences of planned transactions and transactions with future counterparties for their riskiness. The tax authority then prepares and gives an opinion within two weeks.

The police competence to ensure the rights and freedoms of citizens in modern society

The aim of the study is to form a systematic approach to understanding and resolving a set of tasks of police activities that guarantee the rights and freedoms of citizens in modern society. It was concluded that the most typical negligence in this area includes violations of the rights and freedoms of citizens such as the installation of administrative actions against them without any sign of the crime, incorrect characterization of administrative infractions, the violation of the procedural order of administrative detention, cases of unjustified detention without preparation of reports, as well as exceeding the legal deadlines for administrative detention. Particular attention was paid to the set of means of appeal in proceedings concerning administrative offences, which may be referred to as the institution of the protection of citizens' rights and freedoms. Common European approaches to the legal regulation of policing and the influence of European Union law and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights on the guarantee of human rights and freedoms in policing were analyzed.

COMPENSATIONS IN THE MATTER OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE LITIGATION, IN THE LIGHT OF ARTICLE 19 OF LAW NO. 554/2004

The appearance in 2004 of Law no. 554 on administrative litigation brought a new perspective on this institution, with all the necessary implications. Many of the concepts specific to administrative litigation have been rethought, including the issue of damages, a matter of the utmost importance, given that, we are on the ground of a struggle between the state, on the one hand, and the individual, on the other. In most cases, the annulment of an administrative act cannot but entail a compensation to which the person who obtained the annulment of the act is fully entitled. The same reasoning is similar if the authority refuses to respond within the legal deadlines. In addition to the pecuniary damage, it is obvious that the moral damage will also be discussed, because, in addition to the actual damage suffered, the claimant can prove that he also suffered moral damage. Therefore, the authority can be held responsible for illegal conduct (by annulling the act or recognizing the right) and can also be held responsible for paying amounts of money that, not infrequently, can reach quite significant values ​​for the public budget. Precisely for this reason, I considered useful a review of what involves the issue of damages in administrative litigation, related to those recently ruled by the High Court of Cassation and Justice, in an appeal in the interest of the law.

Правовая природа принципа разумного срока и его развитие в российском уголовном процессе

The purpose of the article. The authors of the article propose for discussion the problems associated with determining the nature of a reasonable time through the prism of the generally recognized properties of the principles, in order to show that the inclusion of Article 6.1 in the criminal procedure law had not only external factors (first of all, the influence of the decisions of the ECHR), but also internal, historical prerequisites, as well as the needs of practice. Methodology: in the preparation of the study, both general scientific and special methods were used: system analysis, historical, specific sociological and formal legal. Conclusions. 1. A reasonable time, on the one hand, can be viewed as an inter-sectoral organizational principle of justice, and, on the other hand, as an organizational principle of the entire criminal process. 2. The principle of a reasonable time obliges law enforcement officials to carry out their activities: a) in compliance with the procedural time limit; b) timely; c) as quickly as possible. 3. Speed means that the law enforcement officer performs all the necessary and sufficient procedural actions before the deadlines established by law for their production. 4. Reasonable criminal procedure can be both lengthy and fast, but does not go beyond the legal deadlines. 5. A reasonable time limit for legal proceedings contains general provisions (duty to comply with procedural deadlines; duty to carry out proceedings promptly, taking into account the criteria contained in the law), which are specified in other articles of the criminal procedure law. 6. For violation of a reasonable time, preventive and suppressive measures have been established. Scientific and practical significance. The conducted research can be useful for scientists, teachers of higher educational institutions, graduate students interested in the problems of criminal procedure.

СТАНОВЛЕННЯ КОНКУРСНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ (ПРОЦЕДУРИ БАНКРУТСТВА) ТА ЙОГО РОЗВИТОК У 1990-х РОКАХ В НЕЗАЛЕЖНІЙ УКРАЇНІ

The article is devoted to the formation and development of the competitive process in independent Ukraine, namely in the 90s of the twentieth century, during its economic downturn. The normative legal acts of that period, which regulated the insolvency relations and the corresponding Explanations of the Supreme Arbitration Court of Ukraine, are studied. It is emphasized that the first act of the competitive process of independent Ukraine — the Bankruptcy Law at 1992, proved to be very simple to solve the problems of insolvency of large industrial enterprises. The author accentuates that this law in its essence resembled the competitive process of the XIX century, where there was only a liquidation procedure. The lack of a full-fledged financial recovery procedure, traditional measures of the bankruptcy process, a professional arbitration manager and legal deadlines for the regulation of bankruptcy proceedings led to litigation and unjustified liquidation of strategic industrial enterprises for the state. It is argued that the purpose of the Explanations of the Supreme Arbitration Court of Ukraine dated 18.11.1998 was to increase the efficiency of the law itself, mitigate the negative consequences of its application, resolve problems of simultaneous settlement of commercial disputes in litigation with consideration of monetary claims of creditors in bankruptcy proceedings. The important points of this Clarification are emphasized concerning the application of procedural norms, the legal status of the participants in the case, the structure and content of the application for initiating bankruptcy proceedings, the functions of the court, the work of the liquidation commission, etc. It is noted that the Clarification not only facilitated the work of arbitration courts and participants in the bankruptcy proceedings, but also allowed to properly understand the essence of the bankruptcy process itself, previously unknown to the legal science of Ukraine. It is argued that the Bankruptcy Law at 1999 was of revolutionary significance for the development of the bankruptcy process in Ukraine. He significantly intensified the activities of arbitration courts. Significantly increased the number of bankruptcy cases initiated by debtors, including large industrial enterprises. In many cases, the courts began to apply reorganization and amicable agreement procedures. There are differences between the Bankruptcy Laws at 1992 and 1999, in particular in their direction. As a result of the study, the author concludes that the benefits provided by the Bankruptcy Law of 1999 could be used by debtors in respect of whom cases were initiated under the "old" version of the Law. The activities of arbitration managers allowed to maximize the efficiency of the bankruptcy procedure in terms of financial recovery of debtors and repayment of creditors’ claims.

Corporate Governance Characteristics of Private SMEs’ Annual Report Submission Violations

Managers are, by law, responsible for the timely disclosure of financial information through annual reports, but despite that, it is usual that they are engaged in the unethical behaviour of not meeting the submission deadlines set in law. This paper sheds light on the afore-given issue by aiming to find out how corporate governance characteristics are associated with annual report deadline violations in private micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We use the population of SMEs from Estonia, in total 77,212 unique firms, in logistic regression analysis with the delay of presenting an annual report over the legal deadline as the dependent and relevant corporate governance characteristics as the independent variables. Our results indicate that the presence of woman on the board, higher manager’s age, longer tenure and a larger proportion of stock owned by board members lead to less likely violation of the annual report submission deadline, but in turn, the presence of more business ties and existence of a majority owner behave in the opposite way. The likelihood of violation does not depend on board size. We also check the robustness of the obtained results with respect to the severity of delay, firm age and size, which all indicate a varying importance of the explanatory corporate governance characteristics.

ABANDONMENT OF FAMILY. ISSUES OF LEGAL PRACTICE

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the crime of abandonment of family and the legal issues that this crime poses, starting from a concrete deed that represented the object of file no. 1637/333/2018 consecutively pending before Vaslui District Court, the Iași Court of Appeal and, again, the Vaslui District Court. The object of the case was represented by the most common form found in the judicial practice of the crime of abandonment of family, respectively the one provided by S.378 (1) (c) Criminal Code, according to which the failure to pay, in bad faith, for 3 months, of the child support established by court, by the person who has the legal obligation of support, to the one entitled to support, is punished by imprisonment from 6 months to 3 years or by a fine. In case of this form of the crime of abandonment of family, the factual element referring to the moment of committing the crime is vital as the existence of the crime is conditioned by the failure to pay the child support for 3 months. Moreover, in case of the crime of abandonment of family, the criminal action is initiated upon the prior complaint of the injured person, so that the establishment of the initial moment of the deed is important in terms of checking compliance with the condition of filing a prior complaint within the legal deadline.

Some Problems of Free Legal Aid in Criminal Proceedings

The article deals with some problems of providing free legal aid in criminal proceedings.
 It has been identified and shown that the main prerequisite for ensuring the right of a person to legal aid can be considered to be the creation of reliable legal and organizational grounds for its actual provision.
 It is proved that the correspondence of a prisoner sentenced to imprisonment with the centers of free legal aid is, firstly, subject to review by the administration of the penitentiary institution, secondly, such letters will not necessarily be sent as a whole, and thirdly if such letters are sent wherever possible and there is no legal deadline for sending them.
 Some issues are outlined, such as the right to receive legal aid in a timely and effective manner to prisoners in prison. Alternatively, the right to amnesty, the right to pardon, and the right to review a judgment in newly discovered or exceptional circumstances, and other rights and freedoms that are not necessarily related to giving a person access to justice may be violated or inaccessible to the sentenced person.
 Therefore, the right to receive legal aid in a timely and effective manner to prisoners in prison may be violated. Alternatively, the right to amnesty, the right to pardon, and the right to review a judgment in newly discovered or exceptional circumstances, and other rights and freedoms that are not necessarily related to giving a person access to justice may be violated or inaccessible to the sentenced person.

ON THE CONCEPT AND MEANING OF THE LEGAL TERM

This article deals with the concept of «legal time». Objective reality cannot exist without time and space. Legal time expresses the beginning, duration and end of a legal action, process, norm, condition or event; process of continuous changes in legal life. The lengths of this time are playing the role of a legal fact «legal deadlines». It regulates public relations. The author identifi es two sides of legal terms – the objective, due to the characteristics of physical time (duration, sequence, one-pointedness), and the subjective, that determines the ability of the legislator or law enforcer to suspend, extend, restore or reduce them. According to the author, the legal timeline provides legal certainty, stability in material and procedural relations, protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, and discipline of participants in legal relations.