Legal Compliance Research Articles

Telehealth Use and Legal Considerations in Drug Health Services During Pandemics: Systematic Scoping Review.

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted patients with substance use disorder (SUD) more than the general population and resulted in substantially increased emergency department admissions. Routine care of patients attending drug health services during the pandemic transitioned, with telehealth being important in delivering appropriate care. However, telehealth introduces unique risks such as privacy, confidentiality, and data safety. Providing health care through telehealth may fail if the legal impacts are not fully identified and acted on by health professionals. It also poses unintended risks for patients and can result in ineffectiveness, damages, medical negligence, and detracts from the best intentions of governments and health professionals. Understanding the legal framework ensures that medical professionals operate health care through telehealth within the law. Providing health care successfully through telehealth depends on the balance between innovation and legal compliance. By considering these aspects, clinicians and practitioners can provide effective and safe telehealth services during pandemics or any other natural disaster. We aimed to explore the legal impact of autonomy consent, confidentiality, privacy, data security, professional indemnity, and liability when delivering telehealth to patients with SUD. The scoping review also aimed to provide legal, ethical, and clinical considerations to minimize legal risks with using telehealth in drug health service outpatient settings. We performed a scoping review to provide an overview of existing research, statutes, and case laws for the incorporation of clinical, ethical, and legal considerations into telehealth use. Six databases for medical and 6 databases for legal publications were searched, as well as Australian national and selected international regulatory standards. Medical articles published up to June 2022 were included in this review. Our search yielded 1436 publications, 614 abstracts were reviewed, and 80 published studies met the inclusion criteria from 614 legal and medical search results. Current regulations related to technology use in drug health services, relevant cases, and international regulatory standards are discussed. In total, 43 legal documents including 15 statutes, 4 case laws, and 37 medical publications were reviewed. The themes arising from the literature were consent and autonomy (20/80, 25%), confidentiality (8/80, 10%), privacy (8/80, 10%), data security (7/80, 9%), and professional indemnity issues (3/80, 4%) in telehealth use. Further, 24 studies identified legal issues associated with telehealth use in patients with SUD. Our review identified potential legal issues associated with telehealth use in patients with SUD. Several legal and medical research articles provide frameworks, codes of conduct, or suggestions for clinicians to consider, but there was little discussion or evidence of how legal considerations are being applied when providing telehealth consultations at drug health services. Clinicians should be aware of the medicolegal implications when providing health care via telehealth at drug health services.

Digital Due Process : Evaluating the Ethical Implications of Cloud-Based eDiscovery Tools in Criminal Investigations

This article examines the growing role of cloud-based eDiscovery in law enforcement and its implications for investigative efficiency and individual privacy rights. As cloud technologies revolutionize legal data processing, enabling real-time analysis of vast data volumes, law enforcement agencies are experiencing unprecedented acceleration in investigations and improvements in legal compliance. However, this technological leap raises significant privacy concerns, particularly regarding access to personal digital footprints such as emails, social media posts, and linked content. The article explores the delicate balance between leveraging cloud-based eDiscovery for enhanced law enforcement capabilities and safeguarding civil liberties in the digital age. Through analysis of case studies, legal frameworks, and emerging ethical guidelines, we evaluate current challenges and propose solutions for responsible implementation of cloud eDiscovery in law enforcement. The article underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive approach that harmonizes technological advancements with robust privacy protections, ensuring that the pursuit of justice does not come at the cost of individual rights in an increasingly digital world.

Panchakarma fitness form for clinical practice and research in Ayurveda

Background: The Panchakarma Fitness Form is an essential tool in Ayurveda, used to assess a patient’s suitability for specific Panchakarma treatments. By evaluating Dashavidha Pareeksha, Sama-Nirama Pareeksha, assessment of Agni, assessment of Koshta, examination of vital parameters, medical history, and other relevant factors, this form ensures that treatment decisions are informed, ethical, and patient-centered. Objectives: To develop and implement a Panchakarma Fitness Form for evaluating patient fitness for Panchakarma therapies and to assess its effectiveness in enhancing treatment safety, personalization, and compliance with clinical and ethical standards over a five-year period. Methods: A comprehensive Panchakarma Fitness Form was designed, incorporating sections on classical advocation on fitness for different Panchakarma therapies, medical history, clinical examination of patient, allergies, medication, and lifestyle factors. The form was used in both routine healthcare and clinical research settings, with a particular emphasis on its role in screening for study eligibility. The implementation of the Panchakarma Fitness Form enhanced patient safety by identifying contraindications and optimizing treatment decisions. This form contributed to improved treatment efficacy by tailoring therapies to individual health conditions and supporting personalized care. In clinical research settings, the form facilitated participant selection, improving study integrity and data reliability. Conclusions: The Panchakarma Fitness Form is a valuable tool that supports safe, effective, and personalized Ayurvedic treatment. By systematically assessing patient readiness, it reduces risks, enhances treatment outcomes, and aids in legal and ethical compliance in both clinical practice and research. This form sets a standard for quality and safety in Ayurveda, supporting patient-centered and informed healthcare.

Legal Certainty of the Meaning of the Parties' Agreement on the Authorized Capital of a Limited Liability Company

The impact of changing the amount of PT capital to an agreement between the parties has led to a lack of legal certainty for the involved parties. A significant legal conflict exists between Article 32 paragraph (1) of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies and Article 109 paragraph (1) of Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning the Stipulation of Government Regulations in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation. The changes allow the amount of PT capital to be determined based on the agreement of the company's founders, leading to ambiguity in legal certainty. This research aims to examine and analyze the legal consequences of these regulations on the basic capital requirements for Limited Liability Companies in Indonesia, and to assess the legal certainty surrounding the agreement between parties regarding PT capital. The research employs a normative juridical method, utilizing statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches. The analysis is grounded in the Theory of Legal Certainty (Grand Theory), Development Law Theory (Middle Range Theory), and the Theory of Good Corporate Governance (Applied Theory). The research found that changes in the regulation of basic capital, following the enactment of Law No. 6 of 2023, have contributed to legal uncertainty. This study aims to provide legal clarity on the consequences of these regulatory changes and their impact on corporate governance and legal compliance in Indonesia.

ANALISIS PRINSIP AKUNTABILITAS, TRANSPARANSI, DAN EFEKTIVITAS DALAM PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN SEKOLAH DASAR SWASTA SANTA THERESIA I PANGKALPINANG

This research is an analysis of the principles of accountability, transparency and effectiveness of school financial management at the Santa Theresia I Pangkalpinang Private Elementary School. This research aims to evaluate the application of the principles of accountability, transparency and effectiveness of school financial management at Santa Theresia I Pangkalpinang Private Elementary School. The method that researchers use is a qualitative descriptive analysis method where data collection uses observation, interview and documentation techniques. In this research, the author interviewed several sources including: School Principal, School Treasurer, and Chair of the School Committee. The research results show that Santa Theresia I Pangkalpinang Private Elementary School has demonstrated a commitment to accountability, legal compliance and integrity in its financial management. However, there are still areas that need improvement, such as increasing information transparency, active involvement of school committees, and evaluating the effectiveness of educational programs. Financial documentation is good but access to information is still limited, and supervision of the use of funds is not optimal. For future research, it is recommended to carry out further evaluation of the implementation of the recommendations proposed in this research. Additionally, the research focus could be expanded to explore the impact of improvements in school financial management on student academic achievement and parental satisfaction. Longitudinal studies can also be conducted to see developments and changes in school financial management practices over time.

Data ethics and digital sustainability: Bridging legal data protection compliance and ESG for a responsible data-driven future

Data ethics and digital sustainability: Bridging legal data protection compliance and ESG for a responsible data-driven future

Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Service Innovation, Business Development, and Legal Compliance: Insights from the Hainan Free Trade Port Era

This research aims to inspect the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in product and service innovation from the perspective of the Hainan Free Trade Port (HFTP) and its relationship with corporate transformation, legal compliance, and regulatory oversight. Being critical to the fourth industrial revolution, digital business and international cooperation, technology propels enterprises across various industries to transition from traditional models to intelligent and service-oriented ones. It also elucidates the theoretical foundations of AI products, the digital economy, and service innovation. It can be used to analyzes the challenges enterprises face in the HFTP while implementing AI technology, including funding, technology, management, operations, corporate culture, and innovative concepts. Based on the proposed research methodology, three hypotheses can be formulated. Hypothesis 1 states that the HFTP could facilitate enterprise transformation by applying supportive policies. Hypothesis 2 state that domestic laws and international agreements are urgently needed due to the legal risks arising from artificial intelligence. Hypothesis 3 state that HFTP enterprises comply with these laws while systemically assuring, in theory, and practice, the legal risks of artificial intelligence and its implications for legal regulation, which is a significant aspect of research, addressing legal risks related to data privacy, security, and algorithmic bias with many strategies being proposed. This shows how AI technology can change businesses in the HFTP, demonstrating the application of AI technology in the transformation of enterprises in the HFTP and the various risks they may encounter, providing valuable references for other enterprises regarding the practical significance of AI product and service innovation in the HFTP, and emphasizing the importance of international cooperation and legal instruction.

Critical Evaluation of the Impact of Training and Development Programs on the Performance of Employees in the UK Food Retail Sector

This research is a quantitative evaluation of the impact of training and development programs on the performance of employees in the UK food retail industry. The study assesses the impact of various training programs in the UK food retail businesses on the performance of employees. In essence, the study evaluated the context of the training programs, the most effective training programs, the environmental specific factors that influence training, and the impact these training programs have on the performance of employees. The study utilized the simple random sampling method under probability sampling in order to give a chance to all persons in the target population. As such a questionnaire was designed with a five-point Likert scale and 384 participants responded to these questions which were administered online with Google forms. In analyzing the data, the descriptive analysis was done using the SPSS, and a PLS-SEM analysis was made using SmartPLS. The findings of the study revealed that coaching and mentoring have no statistically significant relationship with employee performance, contrary to initial hypotheses. However, E-training has a significant positive relationship with employee performance, aligning with existing literature. Conversely, on-the-job training showed a significant negative relationship with employee performance, suggesting potential issues with its effectiveness or perception among employees. The study also revealed that environmental specific factors like political stability, sustainability, technological advancement, legal compliance, social trends and economic fluctuations influences training programs which in turn affects performance of employees. The results of this study provide valuable knowledge to managements of food retail businesses in the United Kingdom, it also in practice identifies the various training programs effective for performance in the food retail sector.

Unpacking Forest Stewardship Council certification in Chile: The scope and limitations of neoliberal market‐driven governance for achieving sustainable development

AbstractThe Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an international NGO promoting sustainable forest management by setting standards and certifying timber as eco‐friendly. After facing significant resistance from the Chilean forestry sector, which is plagued by environmental and territorial conflicts, FSC began certifying Chile's main forestry corporations in 2010. This article examines the implementation of FSC's standards by addressing two questions. First, how does FSC function in practice, including the roles of consultants, chambers, and instruments in the certification process? Second, what are the scope and limitations of FSC in achieving sustainable development and managing forestry industry conflicts? Elaborating on 24 interviews with key forestry stakeholders, ethnographic fieldwork, and documentary analysis, the findings indicate that FSC enhances management practices in the forestry industry by promoting legal compliance, rational production management, and improved relations between firms and local communities. FSC provides a green imaginary that ‘cleans up’ timber production as conflict‐free, facilitating its free circulation in the international market. However, as a private governance system, FSC is based on an artificial consensus that has limitations such as power imbalances between firms and communities, limited sanctioning power, and close ties with large industry actors. This neoliberal form of governance fails to resolve structural problems between industry and indigenous communities, yet it creates strategic opportunities for mediating the relationships between actors. In Chile, FSC enables incomplete citizenship for communities and serves as a ‘soft regulation’ for firms, reducing the likelihood of increased State regulation in the forestry sector.

Implementation Of Local Regulation No. 11/2012 On Road And River Boundary Lines Regarding The Effectiveness Of Sanctions

This study examines the application of Regional Regulation No. 11/2012 on road and river boundary lines and evaluates the effectiveness of its sanctions in Cirebon Regency, Indonesia. The issue of illegal buildings violating road and river borders remains prevalent, mainly along Jalan Pilang. This research analyzes how effectively the regulation and its sanctions are implemented to curb these violations. The study employs an empirical juridical approach, using primary and secondary data from field research, document reviews, and interviews. The findings reveal that enforcing sanctions under Regional Regulation No. 11/2012 could be more effective, with numerous illegal structures still encroaching on regulated boundaries. Although supported by legal provisions, the local Government's enforcement efforts face challenges due to community non-compliance and insufficient enforcement mechanisms. The results highlight the need for more vigorous regulatory enforcement and public awareness to uphold spatial planning laws. This study contributes to understanding the complexities of spatial regulations and provides recommendations for enhancing legal compliance in local governance.

Chatbots in medicine: certification process and applied use case.

Chatbots are computer programs designed to engage in natural language conversations in an easy and understandable way. Their use has been accelerated recently with the advent of large language models. However, their application in medicine and healthcare has been limited due to concerns over data privacy, the risk of providing medical diagnoses, and ensuring regulatory and legal compliance. Medicine and healthcare could benefit from chatbots if their scope is carefully defined and if they are used appropriately and monitored long-term. The confIAnce chatbot, developed at the Geneva University Hospitals and the University of Geneva, is an informational tool aimed at providing simplified information to the general public about primary care and chronic diseases. In this paper, we describe the certification and regulatory aspects applicable to chatbots in healthcare, particularly in primary care medicine. We use the confIAnce chatbot as a case study to explore the definition and classification of a medical device and its application to chatbots, considering the applicable Swiss regulations and the European Union AI Act. Chatbots can be classified anywhere from non-medical devices (informational tools that do not handle patient data or provide recommendations for treatment or diagnosis) to Class III medical devices (high-risk tools capable of predicting potentially fatal events and enabling a pre-emptive medical intervention). Key considerations in the definition and certification process include defining the chatbot's scope, ensuring compliance with regulations, maintaining security and safety, and continuously evaluating performance, risks, and utility. A lexicon of relevant terms related to artificial intelligence in healthcare, medical devices, and regulatory frameworks is also presented in this paper. Chatbots hold potential for both patients and healthcare professionals, provided that their scope of practice is clearly defined, and that they comply with regulatory requirements. This review aims to provide transparency by outlining the steps required for certification and regulatory compliance, making it valuable for healthcare professionals, scientists, developers, and patients.

Crime in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry—The Role of Subcontractors

This article examines the challenges posed by criminal subcontractors in the construction industry. It aims to delineate the specific crimes committed by these subcontractors and assess their impact against the broader backdrop of industry-related criminality. Employing a scoping literature review, the study explores the existing research, summarizes key findings, and highlights gaps in the current knowledge. The construction industry’s inherent complexities and reliance on extensive subcontracting create an environment ripe for criminal activities. The research questions addressed are the following: (1) What crimes are carried out by subcontractors? (2) What are the consequences of crimes carried out by subcontractors? This study identifies several major concerns: (1) adverse impacts on project management in terms of timelines, quality, and budgetary control; (2) widespread exploitation within supply chains, ranging from wage disparities to modern slavery; (3) prevalent fraudulent practices, such as bribery, collusion, and embezzlement; and (4) the detrimental effect on Health, Environment, and Safety (HES) standards. The article underscores the diversity of legal frameworks across jurisdictions and signals the need for concerted efforts to enhance crime prevention measures, foster industry-wide collaboration, and establish robust control systems. There is an urgent need for a profound understanding of the contractor–subcontractor dynamic and procurement of substandard materials. The findings suggest that the construction industry faces formidable challenges due to criminal elements, profoundly affecting project efficiency, legal compliance, and worker welfare.

Advancements in Digital Forensics: A Quantitative Analysis of Cell Tower Triangulation Techniques

This study delves into the accuracy and reliability of Cell Tower Triangulation (CTT) in digital forensics, employing a diverse sample of mobile devices across various real-world scenarios—criminal investigations, missing persons, and corporate security breaches. By simulating these situations, the research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of CTT’s effectiveness in urban and rural settings. Data was meticulously collected on signal strength, tower locations, and timestamps, and analyzed using statistical methods to assess CTT accuracy and reliability. Findings from descriptive statistics, comparative analyses, precision metrics, and correlation analyses reveal significant insights into CTT’s application in digital forensics. Despite certain limitations in precision, indicated by the variability in virtual triangle sizes, the study underscores the potential of CTT in supporting investigations while also highlighting the importance of ethical considerations and legal compliance. This research contributes to the advancement of digital forensics, offering a nuanced understanding of CTT’s capabilities and limitations.

COMPLIANCE TRIBUTÁRIO INTERNACIONAL: DESAFIOS E ESTRATÉGIAS NA GESTÃO DO IVA E O USO DE PARAÍSOS FISCAIS

The complexity of the global fiscal landscape, marked by the variety of laws, regulations, and management and corporate strategies of multinational corporations. This article investigates international tax compliance, focusing on its relationship with Value Added Tax (VAT), tax havens, and tax law. The objective is to assess how compliance with tax obligations in multiple jurisdictions impacts multinational companies, particularly with regard to VAT, whose complexity requires rigorous management to avoid penalties. Using a qualitative approach, the study analyzes legislation, international treaties, and business practices, highlighting the challenges of harmonizing tax efficiency with legal compliance. The results indicate that the use of tax havens, although offering tax benefits, exposes companies to high risks due to increasing global regulatory scrutiny. Corporations must act cautiously when designing their global activities, ensuring that their tax planning strategies are not seen as abusive, illegal, or evasive, to avoid future problems. It is concluded that an effective tax compliance strategy, aligned with international tax law, is essential to mitigate risks and ensure business competitiveness in a dynamic and strictly regulated global environment.

Designing Inclusive Web Applications with Accessibility in Mind

This article explores the critical importance of designing inclusive web applications with accessibility in mind. It delves into the ethical, legal, and business imperatives driving the need for accessible web design, highlighting that over one billion people worldwide live with some form of disability. The article discusses key accessibility standards, particularly the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), and outlines essential techniques and tools for implementing and testing web accessibility. These include semantic HTML, ARIA roles and attributes, color contrast considerations, keyboard navigation, and alternative text for images. The article also examines various testing tools such as Lighthouse, WAVE, axe DevTools, and screen readers. Furthermore, it presents a compelling business case for accessibility, emphasizing benefits such as an expanded user base, improved SEO, enhanced brand reputation, and legal compliance. Through comprehensive exploration of these topics, the article underscores that accessibility is not just a regulatory requirement but a fundamental responsibility that leads to better digital experiences for all users

Data Evidence Collection and Legal Norms in Administrative Law Enforcement

With the rapid development of data technology, data evidence collection has become a key means of improving efficiency and accuracy in administrative law enforcement. However, the widespread application of data evidence collection has introduced new challenges related to legal compliance and privacy protection. This paper analyzes the core role of administrative law enforcement in modern society and the practical challenges it faces, explores the specific application scenarios and operational processes of data evidence collection in administrative law enforcement, and evaluates the current legal norms related to data evidence collection. Drawing on international experience, this paper proposes recommendations for improving data evidence collection legal norms in China, aiming to provide legal support and technical assistance for administrative law enforcement practices. The study seeks to offer references and guidance for the reasonable application of data evidence collection in administrative law enforcement and the development of legal norms.

MODEL OF CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE ORGANIZATIONS INFLUENCING THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF THAILAND

Purpose: To develop a model that explores the characteristics of high-performance organizations and their impact on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the central region of Thailand. Theoretical framework: The performance of an organization involves two variables: 1.) Financial results, including metrics such as higher returns on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), leverage ratio, earnings growth, and return on investment (ROI) (The Stock Exchange of Thailand, 2022). 2.) Organizational leadership and governance results, emphasizing the pivotal role of senior leaders in organizational leadership and governance, financial accountability, legal compliance, ethical conduct, social responsibility, and community support was assessed using four aspects adopted from Kajornatthapol P. and Surachai U., (2011). Design/methodology/approach: The study analyzed international publications on blended learning in management and business, focusing on authors, journals, and cooperation between countries. It employed a quantitative approach, using a questionnaire to gather data from SME executives in Thailand's central region (3,283 cases). Sampling used nonprobability and purposive methods, with a sample size suitable for structural equation modeling (SEM). The questionnaire comprised four parts assessing organizational characteristics, performance, respondent information, and opinions. Financial results were evaluated on a 5-level scale. Content validity was ensured through expert evaluations, and reliability was confirmed via Cronbach's alpha (0.86) and item-total correlation (>0.30). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, and various evaluation indices. The research aims to enhance understanding of high-performance SMEs in Thailand's central region. Findings: The research findings indicate a growing volume of studies on high-performance organizations in the context of SMEs in Thailand's central region, with a limited number of influential authors, institutions, and journals. The model developed successfully aligns with empirical data, revealing positive impacts of organizational leadership, strategic planning, customer focus, knowledge management, workforce focus, and operations focus on SME performance. These findings underscore the importance of promoting awareness of these factors within the Thai SME sector to foster more high-performance enterprises, aligning with Thailand's development goals. The research contributes valuable insights applicable not only locally but also globally, emphasizing the significance of sustainable practices aligned with Thailand 4.0 and collaborative efforts between government and private sectors for national sustainability. Research, Practical & Social implications: The research yields significant implications for research, practice, and society. It sets a foundation for future studies on high-performance organizations in SMEs, emphasizing leadership, strategic planning, and customer focus. Moreover, it enhances executive education by offering insights into organizational performance improvement. Practically, it guides SMEs in Thailand and beyond to optimize operations and achieve sustainable growth through the adoption of high-performance characteristics. Policymakers can leverage these findings to design initiatives supporting SME development, aligning with economic goals. Societally, the research underscores the importance of sustainability and responsible practices, advocating for knowledge management and strategic alignment with national plans. Collaboration between government, private sectors, and civil society is vital to promoting sustainable business practices and fostering inclusive growth. Originality/value: The research demonstrates a growing number of publications in the field of management and business, particularly in co-authorship with leading countries. It highlights the significance of the Model of Characteristics of High-Performance Organizations in understanding and enhancing SME performance in Thailand's central region, contributing to the existing body of knowledge.

Enhancing strategic public procurement: a public service logic perspective

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a special issue focused on strategic public procurement from a public management perspective. It articulates the goals, key dimensions, and challenges inherent in strategic public procurement while contextualizing the articles featured in this issue. To advance the field and strengthen the integration of public procurement and public management literature, we propose adopting the Public Service Logic (PSL) framework. PSL provides a comprehensive approach to reframe public procurement, shifting it from a focus on legal compliance and cost-efficiency to achieving broader strategic policy objectives, including fostering innovation, environmental sustainability, security, and social inclusion.

Environmental Perception as a Strategic Factor in Legal Compliance Auditing: Challenges and Opportunities

Legal compliance auditing consists of the systematic analysis of processes, products, and activities within an organization, with the aim of verifying whether they are in accordance with environmental standards established by laws, regulations, and other requirements. In this context, environmental awareness in companies is an increasingly relevant topic in discussions about sustainability, corporate social responsibility, and environmental management. Environmental awareness can be understood as the way an organization identifies, interprets, and responds to environmental issues arising in its operational context. Companies, especially those operating in sectors that utilize natural resources or have significant environmental impacts, need to integrate environmental awareness into their daily activities. The objective of this paper is to analyze how environmental awareness influences the effectiveness of legal compliance audits, highlighting its importance in promoting sustainability and ensuring adherence to environmental regulations. Companies with a well-developed environmental awareness tend to adopt a more proactive approach to their environmental responsibilities, going beyond mere legal compliance. On the other hand, low environmental awareness within the organization can lead to neglecting environmental issues, resulting in less effective audits.

Contestations of Internet Governance and Digital Authoritarianism in Pakistan

AbstractThe existing literature on Internet governance offers important insights on the relationship between state and society in China and the West. It is important to explore this relationship in the developing world. This study focuses on Pakistan, exploring the role of relevant legal frameworks, political authorities, and institutional structures in relation to monitoring and regulating telephone traffic, legal compliance, and consumer interests. By focusing on the interplay between political dynamics, international partnerships, and evolving digital landscapes, this study examines the evolution of Internet governance model in Pakistan. While Pakistan appears on a trajectory to digital authoritarianism, its journey is hampered by structural limitations, resistance from democratic forces, concerns about data protection and privacy, pushback from the judiciary, and the emergence of a vigilant civil society. Challenges in establishing a coherent authoritarian model of Internet governance have resulted in an ad hoc approach. This study offers a nuanced understanding of multifaceted factors influencing Internet governance in a developing country.