Legacy Of World War Research Articles

Metal enrichment in ice-melt water and uptake by chironomids as possible legacy of World War One in the Italian Alps

Relics of World War One (WW1) were buried in alpine glaciers around 100 years ago. Today, these are emerging from the ice due to widespread glacier retreat, and are in direct contact with glacial meltwater-fed streams. To address a possible emergent contamination, we quantified major and trace elements (M-TEs) by mass spectrometry in water and larvae of Diamesa zernyi from three glacial streams fed by glaciers differently impacted by the Italian Austro-Hungarian war, in the Adamello-Presanella mountain range (Italian Alps): Lares and Presena, the two main battlefields, and Amola, 8 km from the front. M-TEs in stream water were interpreted using the crustal enrichment factor (EFc) while larval uptake was quantified by adopting the bioaccumulation factor (BAF). Despite low M-TEs concentrations in the water, in a range between 1 ng L−1 (Ag, Ta) and 1–2 mg L−1 (Al, Fe, Mg), low to moderate enrichments (10 ≥ EFc≥ 6) were observed for Sb and U in Presena and for Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Li, Mo, Pb, Sb and U in Lares. In addition, M-TE mass concentrations in larvae were up to ninety thousand times higher than in water, from 20 to 50 ng g−1 dry weight (d.w.; for Bi, Sb, Ta, Tl) to 1–4 mg g−1 d.w. (for Al, Fe, Na, and Mg). Larvae from Lares accumulated the largest amount of metals and metalloids, including those mostly used in the manufacture of artillery shells (As, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb; BAFs from 375 to about 11,500). This was expected as most of the WW1 battles in this mountain range were fought on the Lares glacier, where the greatest number of war relics are emerging. These results provide preliminary evidence of water contamination and bioaccumulation of metals and metalloids by glacial fauna as a possible legacy of WW1 in the Alps.

“Real war ammunition:” Artists for Victory, the National War Poster Competition, and the Hostile Imagination on the United States World War II Home Front

“Real war ammunition:” Artists for Victory, the National War Poster Competition, and the Hostile Imagination on the United States World War II Home Front

Memory, the City and the Legacy of World War II in East Central Europe: The Ghosts of Others. By Uilleam Blacker. BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies. London: Routledge, 2019. 242 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. £124.00, hard bound.

Memory, the City and the Legacy of World War II in East Central Europe: The Ghosts of Others. By Uilleam Blacker. BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies. London: Routledge, 2019. 242 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. £124.00, hard bound.

Cracks and Light: Observing the Resilience of the History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Among the seven national institutions of the former socialist Yugoslav period that appear to have been assigned to the category of ‘contested’ and ‘unwanted’ heritage, the History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina stands out. Originally built as a Museum of Revolution, it bears a legacy of a specific identity and cultural narrative developed in the socialist period, which has been projected in the architecture displaying the hallmarks of early Modernism. Even though the Museum was listed as a national monument by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments in 2012, the building is in an alarmingly advanced state of disrepair, with little indication that such trend will be reversed any time soon.The paper firstly discusses the Museum in the context of current international developments and the aspects related to museum architecture. Secondly, the Museum is observed through a critical heritage lens and within phenomena of a deliberate destruction of heritage in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since 2003 the Museum has a permanent exhibition The Besieged Sarajevo, illustrating the practical modes of survival during the 1990s war, consisting of artefacts donated by citizens. Other exhibition themes, ranging from the labour movement traditions, the legacy of World War I, life in former Yugoslavia, the Dayton Peace Agreement mapping, and The Obliteration of Cultural Heritage project, posit critical questions for and about the contemporary society in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This work combines two disciplinary fields, architecture and public history, to inquire into selected contemporary activities of the Museum. Its resilience is viewed as representative, symbolic, and symptomatic of an over-reaching cultural, political, and economic condition in the country.

Power and purification: late-Stalinist repression in the Uzbek SSR

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the late-Stalinist waves of repression in the Uzbek SSR against the background of the legacy of World War II. Drawing on new archival evidence, the article shows how postwar conditions influenced the Stalin leadership’s decision to unleash repressive campaigns and how the specific circumstances in the Uzbek SSR influenced the course of the campaigns. The article argues, first, that the late-Stalinist purges in the Uzbek SSR were primarily directed by the regime’s desire to regain control over the production base but that the desire to overcome ‘backwardness’ remained a prominent goal. Second, the article argues that repression in the Uzbek SSR can be divided into two phases, underlying an intensifying dynamic due to central leadership intervention in Uzbek affairs. The first phase (1946–1949) focused primarily on the Uzbek intelligentsia; the second phase (1949–1953) intensified repression through party purges so as to ensure institutional functioning in party and state, which included measures to uproot patronage networks, overcome backward behaviour and establish party discipline.

Nitrogen Nation: The Legacy of World War I and the Politics of Chemical Agriculture in the United States, 1916–1933

Nitrogen Nation: The Legacy of World War I and the Politics of Chemical Agriculture in the United States, 1916–1933

Foreword: The Wounds and the Legacies of World War I

The articles in this special issue of Peace & Change originated as papers presented at an interdisciplinary conference on “World War I: Dissent, Activism, & Transformation.” Hosted by Georgian Court University and co‐sponsored by the Peace History Society, the conference was held on October 17‐18, 2014, in Lakewood, New Jersey. Written by the conference organizer, this Foreword explains the origins of the conference and summarizes the articles and interviews that appear in this special issue.

Kobayashi Masaki and the Legacy of World War II

Kobayashi Masaki and the Legacy of World War II

The Title to Dokdo/Takeshima: Addressing the Legacy of World War ii Territorial Settlements/Finding the Right Settlement of Dispute Mechanism

The seas of South East Asia present a succinct backdrop against which several current disputes are being played out. At stake are the maritime boundaries of China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia and Singapore. In seeking to delimit such international maritime boundaries, vital questions are being asked concerning sovereignty over islands, reefs and islets, and the value that can be ascribed to these following the determination of sovereignty. This paper seeks to examine one such dispute, between South Korea and Japan, concerning contested sovereignty over two traditionally uninhabited islets that lie in the sea between the two countries, namely the islets of Dokdo (Korean name)/Takeshima (Japanese), also known as Liancourt Rocks (English terminology).

Sovereignty, Political Authority, and Gridlock

This article examines the impact of the growth of multilateral and transnational governance on sovereignty and the diffusion of political authority. It begins by exploring the legacy of World War II and the building of the UN system. The rise of intergovernmentalism and transnational governance arrangements is examined followed by an assessment of some of the leading changes in the postwar global politics landscape. These issues are explored in greater depth across two cases: security and the environment. The article then examines a set of trends which can be characterized as a gridlock in leading institutions, and highlights the political uncertainty ahead at the global level.

Beyond Resistance and Collaboration: Towards a Social History of Politics in Hitler's Empire

This article argues that Europe’s seeming inability to escape from the divisive legacy of World War II is connected to the way in which the war is conceptualized almost everywhere and by almost everyone—not just by the public and politicians, but by professional historians as well. The underlying problem we identify is the dominance of a gendered resistance/collaboration paradigm in the historiography, which has both shaped and been shaped by public understandings of the war. The primacy of the resistance/collaboration paradigm has led not only to simplistic understandings of social behavior in Hitler’s Europe, it has also made the historiography vulnerable to instrumentalization. We do not argue that the concepts of “resistance” and “collaboration” should be discarded, but that they should be incorporated into a modified framework for understanding how people responded daily to Nazi rule. This framework, which we have termed the “social history of politics” model, is based upon three key principles. First, it emphasizes the interconnectedness of the political, the social, the economic and the military spheres in Nazi-controlled Europe. Second, it recognizes that, at a time of total war waged by a regime with totalitarian aspirations, all behavior had the potential to be of political significance. Third, it incorporates gender as a category of analysis in the study of all political, social, military and economic processes in Hitler’s empire.

The impact of the First World War on U.S. policymakers: American strategic and foreign policy formulation, 1938-1942

List of Tables Acknowledgments Chapter 1 The Problem of Roosevelt's Middle Years Chapter 2 Powers and Constraints of Presidential Leadership Chapter 3 Franklin Roosevelt and Naval Strategy Chapter 4 The Legacy of World War I Chapter 5 From Isolation to Neutrality to Rearmament, 1938-1940 Chapter 6 The Shocks of Circumstances, 1940 Chapter 7 Setting the Strategic Direction, 1941 Chapter 8 The Logic of Ends and Means Chapter 9 The Evolution of a Diplomatic-Military Strategy Chapter 10 The Pursuit of the Inevitable Triumph Bibliography Index

As interpretações sobre Clausewitz na Alemanha e na União Soviética no contexto da segunda guerra mundial: um exame da literatura

O objetivo deste artigo é propor um estudo de caráter descritivo e histórico sobre a reverberação no contexto da Segunda Guerra Mundial na Alemanha e na União Soviética no tocante ao pensamento de Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831), influente general e pensador clássico sobre o fenômeno da guerra. Toma-se como ponto de partida as interpretações do legado teórico clausewitziano da Primeira Guerra Mundial que reúne as considerações realizadas pelo historiador e militar britânico Basil Liddell Hart nos pontos recorrentes ao choque frontal, a extrema violência e a demasiada filosofia presente no pensamento clausewitziano que, em alguns pontos se assemelham às apropriações militares nazistas e soviéticas na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Essas interpretações ignoram a análise historicista do fenômeno militar, bem como seu nexo indissolúvel com a política e a primazia da defesa frente ao ataque. De acordo com essa linha, o trabalho analisa bibliografia de escolas militares alemãs nazistas e soviéticas, documentos científicos e históricos da Segunda Guerra Mundial assim como o primeiro capítulo do livro um de “? Da Guerra”, ? visto ser o único revisado pelo autor, antes de sua morte. Em resumo, as hipóteses a serem testadas apontam para a deturpação de vários aspectos do pensamento clausewitziano, quando aplicados a diferentes tipos de situações e contextos daquele conflito delimitado

Introduction: Legacies of World War I Commemorative Issue

World War I was an epoch making event and its legacies have exerted dramatic impact on the unfolding of history as well as the study of history itself. The article introduces a commemorative volume focused on those varied legacies and their places in history.

Ambivalent Ally: American Military Intervention and the Endgame and Legacy of World War I

Ambivalent Ally: American Military Intervention and the Endgame and Legacy of World War I

The “Bandera Debate”: The Contentious Legacy of World War II and Liberalization of Collective Memory in Western Ukraine

This article explores the core propositions articulated by several public actors in the so-called Bandera debate, i.e., discussions about the usable past and legacy of the wartime Ukrainian nationalist insurgency and its central symbolic figure, Stepan Bandera. In Western Ukraine, popular historical imagery as well as intellectual polemics about the “Ukrainization” of World War II challenged both the Soviet myth of the Great Patriotic War and the European model of politics of regret. Correspondingly, one of the main ideas conveyed during the Bandera debate in Western Ukraine was the necessity of liberalization of the national politics of memory, i.e., the process of opening the political discourses and public debate to the circulation of diverse voices and narratives concerning the national past, a circulation unrestrained by political pressure. Generally, however, wartime events and figures continue to be presented in line with dichotomous national discourses. As the example of a chain of restaurants exploiting the theme of World War II demonstrates, one-dimensional interpretations of the contentious past suggested to the public by the actors involved in the commercialization of historical knowledge may have far-reaching, unpredictable implications. This is especially true in post-Orange Western Ukraine where politics—including the politics of memory—is increasingly determined by ultra-right forces such as VO Svoboda.

Fear of World War III: Social Politics of Japan’s Rearmament and Peace Movements, 1950–3

This article traces the ways in which the Korean War inspired and stimulated diverse local discussions on Japan’s rearmament, which contributed to the reconstruction of memories of World War II and the shaping of a fear of World War III, which, in turn, had fundamental effects on the direction of postwar Japan. First, the article looks into immediate reactions to the outbreak of the Korean War, namely the establishment of the National Police Reserve, escalation of the red purge and intensification of pro-rearmament discussions. Second, it examines a set of responses to these aforementioned immediate reactions, namely student and peace movements that were anti-red purge, anti-rearmament and anti-war. Third, the article analyzes the conflicts and compromises between these two radically different reactions through investigating the adaptations of political figures and organizations in a series of heated public debates and electoral contestations in this period. The article argues that domestic pressures and social and historical contexts contributed significantly to the Janus-faced policy that Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru crafted concerning the issue of Japan’s rearmament. Debates about rearmament were filtered through a variety of domestic social struggles over memories and legacies of World War II within an emerging ‘Cold War’ context.

Collocation and Integration of Back-End Fuel Cycle Facilities with the Repository: Implications for Waste Forms

ABSTRACTThe organization of the fuel cycle is a legacy of World War II and the cold war. Fuel cycle facilities were developed and deployed without consideration of the waste management implications. This led to the fuel cycle model of an isolated single-purpose geological repository for disposal of wastes shipped from distant processing facilities. There is an alternative: collocation and integration of reprocessing and other backend facilities with the repository. Such an option alters waste form functional requirements by reducing storage and transport requirements. This, in turn, broadens the choice of waste forms by relaxing the incentives to minimize waste volumes. Waste forms can be chosen primarily on meeting two goals: repository performance and minimizing costs. Less restrictive waste volume constraints enable termination of safeguards on all wastes, enable use of solubility-limited waste forms, and reduce radiation damage as a waste form limitation. The implications of such changes in waste form requirements are discussed.

Domestic terror: 1970s radicalism in Philip Roth’s An American Pastoral and Susan Choi’s An American Woman

A generation after the Vietnam War ended, Philip Roth and Susan Choi published novels that place the radical protesters of that era in the context of American history. Each examines the legacy of violence in the US; Roth’s American Pastoral (first published 1997) evokes the Revolutionary War and John Brown’s anti-slavery insurrection, while Choi’s American Woman (first published 2003) notes the violence of the Gold Rush and the settlement of California. Each lays particular emphasis on the legacy of World War II and its influence on the generation of radical youth born in its immediate aftermath. Roth sees Merry Levov’s career as a bomber in terms of her largely ignored family history, which includes grandparents shaped by the knowledge that their European cousins were being killed in German camps, her father’s combat service in the South Pacific, and the brutalities of the immigrant experience. Choi sets Wendy Yoshimura’s bomb-making in the context of her father’s repressed experience of the war years, when the US interned him because of his Japanese parentage and later prosecuted him for failing to honour a draft notice sent to him in the camp. Both novels see the violence of the Vietnam era, the war itself and the radical protests, as very much in the mainstream of American history, in which a nation that officially begins with a revolutionary war erupts into civil war less than a century later.

Rereading The Iliad in a Time of War

My recent book the war complex required rethinking the legacy of World War II. Called “the good war” in common parlance, World War II remains a potent and emotion-laden memory. But when it was over, fifty to eighty million people (estimates vary widely) had died—soldiers but also, and in greater numbers, civilians. Hitler's forces had murdered many innocents, and Japan had unleashed slaughter in China and Southeast Asia and bombed Pearl Harbor. But the Allies, the good guys in the tale, had killed roughly 600,000 German civilians and 400,000 Japanese (Sebald 3). So if World War II was necessary and justified, it was nonetheless terrible and even rotten.