Left Side View Research Articles

Analysis of postural asymmetry on sagittal plane between right and left side views using photogrammetry

BackgroundPostural asymmetry is natural and expected during postural assessment. Besides, there are conditions that exacerbate the difference between right and left side views, such as Idiopathic Scoliosis (IS). However, the photogrammetric postural assessment on sagittal plane is usually performed using only one side view. This study aimed testing if there are differences between the right and the left-side views in photogrammetric postural assessment of adults on sagittal plane. MethodsPatients with and without scoliosis were assessed and were grouped into Control Group (CG) and Positive Adam's test Group (PAG) according to Adam's forward bending test. After screening, participants were assessed using the right and the left-side views according DIPA© protocol. Descriptive and inferential analysis were made using Paired t-Test and Independence Chi-square Test (χ2). ResultsSignificant differences were found between right and left side views to knee angle and head position angle to overall sample. The mean difference was low, about 1° on head position and 2.6° on knee angle and did not affect the classification of body segments. ConclusionWe conclude that the postural assessment on sagittal plane of adults without IS can be performed using only one side view, becoming the photogrammetric postural assessment an easy-to-use tool.

Application of infrared thermography for irrigation scheduling of horticulture plants

Infrared thermal imaging has acquired remarkable acceptance in the agricultural field for numerous applications ranging from irrigation scheduling, crop yield estimation, plant disease detection, fruit maturity evaluation, bruise detection to nursery monitoring. This paper presents a practical application of thermal imaging for irrigation scheduling of horticulture plants under different irrigation treatments. Four similar hibiscus potted plants were considered under different water conditions (slight, mild, moderate, and severe water stress). The thermal images were obtained from different canopy zones (front view, top view, left side view, right side view, and front angle view) using a ground-based hand-held thermal camera. The main objectives of the present study include (i) finding the effect of different irrigation treatments on potted plants and a corresponding change in their thermal signature, (ii) finding a relation between plant-based variables and soil-based variables, and to further develop a threshold value for irrigation scheduling (iii) to compare and simplify the calculation of the temperature of the canopy (Tc) and water stress indices namely crop water stress index (CWSI) and stomatal conductance index (Ig) using various reference and non-reference thresholding techniques and to improve their diagnostic accuracy. We can establish quantitative relationships between plant and soil-based parameters. The relationship between temperature of canopy (Tc) and temperature of soil (Ts) pair is best suited to find the plant under water stress. The threshold value pair (Tc and Ts) for the plants under study are 29.5°C (Tc) and 28°C (Ts) for plant A, 29.5°C (Tc) and 27.5°C (Ts) for plant B, 29.5°C (Tc) and 27°C (Ts) for plant C, and 29.5°C (Tc) and 26.5°C (Ts) for plant D. The most suitable method in terms of applicability and scalability, is histogram gradient thresholding (HG) method to determine Tc accurately. The critical m (for standard deviation envelope thresholding SDE method) and ratio of pixel change (RPC) (for HG method) value estimated can be considered an important indicator of water stress in the plants. Among different approaches to compute water stress indices, simplified and HG methods have minimum root mean square error (RMSE) for plants A, B, C, and D compared to statistical and SDE methods.

Is There a Difference in Whole Body Standing Posture in Women With Urinary Incontinence Based on the Presence of Myofascial Dysfunction in the Pelvic Floor Muscles?

The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of postural changes in women who had urinary incontinence (UI) with myofascial dysfunction (MD) and women who had UI without MD in the pelvic floor muscles (PFM). A cross-sectional study was performed with 234 women who had UI and were at least 18years old at the urogynecology outpatient clinic of a tertiary academic hospital. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Overactive Bladder were used to collect urinary data. Standing postural assessment was performed using photogrammetry in anterior, posterior, and right and left lateral views and was analyzed with Postural Assessment Software. MD was defined as pain of any intensity during palpation of the PFM, and the strength of these muscles was evaluated using the Modified Oxford Scale. The prevalence of MD in women with UI was 51.7% (121/234). Women with MD had significantly smaller angles in the horizontal alignment of the pelvis in the right-side view (mean [SD] = -11.9 [6.9] degrees and -9.6 [7.1] degrees), left-side view (-13.6 [6] degrees and -11.5 [6.6] degrees), and vertical alignment of the body in the left-side view (3 [1.5] degrees and 3.4 [1.5] degrees), showing anterior pelvic tilt and posterior displacement of the body. Women with UI and MD had greater anterior pelvic tilt and posterior displacement of the body than women without dysfunction. This study informs physical therapists and other health care professionals about the prevalence of MD in the pelvic floor muscles of women with UI and highlights the need to rule out MD, because it appears to be a concomitant impairment in women who self-report UI. During a postural screen, health care professionals should look for anterior pelvic tilt relative to horizon when evaluating posture in women with UI and MD. The findings of postural changes in women with MD and UI may influence the PFM assessment. Women with involuntary urinary loss, pain, and stiffness in the pelvic area may show changes in posture associated with this condition.

Significance of the Structure of Human Skeleton

This study presents the physical analysis of the structural morphology of the human skeleton at different side views. In this investigation, whole of the human skeleton system was divided into five groups of bones: skull, rib cage, pelvic girdle, lower limb and upper limb. The physical analysis of the shapes of initial four groups of bones provided looks like the four letters of the Arabic language namely Mim, Ha, Mim and Dal, respectively. Interestingly, combination of these four letters makes the Arabic word “Muhammad, (peace be upon him: PBUH)” which is the name of the best person in the universe, according to the Muslims. The observation is very clearly presented at the left side view of the human skeleton. Again, the physical analysis of the structure of bony framework of each hand in the upper limb of human skeleton as elucidated here shows the combination of four other Arabic letters: Alif, Lam, Lam and Haa, leading to making the Arabic word “Allah, ”. Analytical observations in both cases are schematically presented in the article. Thus the structure of human skeleton represents two Arabic words which are very significant in the religion of Islam.

Анализ систем измерения для построения геометрических моделей изделия

In the present work, on the basis of the analysis of existing systems of measurement for geometrical modeling, their components are defined. The system of measurement for geometrical modeling consists of three mutually perpendicular planes H-П1, F-П2, P-П3 and connected with them right three-dimensional system of coordinates OXYZ. The major features of such system related to ways of formation of the two-dimensional complex drawing of a geometrical image on the basis of laws of projective connections are revealed. As the first feature of systems of measurement for geometrical modeling it is possible to allocate a way of orientation (binding) of the right three-dimensional system of co-ordinates OXYZ concerning the set planes of projections H-П1, F-П2, P-П3. The second feature of systems of measurement for geometrical modeling is the way of conditional division of space on a part (semi spaces, quadrants, and octants). The third feature of systems of measurement for geometrical modeling is the way of numbering of the allocated parts of space (semi spaces, quadrants, and octants). Interrelations of elements of different systems of measurement with different projections of a geometrical image are defined. The relative location of projections of a geometrical image into the constructed two-dimensional complex drawings for various systems of measurement is determined. For the American system of measurement in the two-dimensional complex drawing of a geometrical image the horizontal projection is located above a frontal projection, and the profile projection is located to the right of a frontal projection. For the European system of measurement in the two-dimensional complex drawing of a geometrical image the horizontal projection is located below a frontal projection, and the profile projection is located to the right of a frontal projection. The logic behind a particular arrangement of views in the projective drawing of a product in the analyzed systems of measurement is explained. For the realized way of construction of the complex drawing in the American system of measurement the horizontal projection is the bottom view, and the profile projection is the left-side view. For the realized way of construction of the complex drawing in the European system of measurement the horizontal projection is the top view, and the profile projection is the left-side view.

Development of user interface for tele-operated cranes

This research focuses on one of the major challenges in a tele-operated crane system, namely the user interface (UI). This UI should provide rich information retrieved from the field and display it properly in order to enhance the operation and decision-making processes involved in crane activities. In this research, we have designed two UIs specifically for a tele-operated crane system. The first UI is a four view system (quad-view) with a top view, left-side view, right-side view, and global view. The second UI has four views but uses additional guidance from Augmented Reality (AR) technologies. To test the UIs, we used a robot arm (KUKA KR16) to simulate a tele-operated crane in a testing environment. We also compared the UIs we designed against a conventional operation interface (i.e. operator’s view with oral guidance from the ground). We conducted a user test with two groups of participants: 5 crane operators and 30 students. Students constitute a novice group, and their results are interpreted from a statistical perspective. Using the student group, the interface’s learning curve can be evaluated. Operators constitute an expert group, which provides evidences for evaluating if the developed UIs are realistic and fit the needs of the field. We found that use of the UIs we designed resulted in a shorter erection time (336 and 343s) than if the participants used the conventional operation interface (380s). A self-evaluated index showing the difficulty of the tasks, the NASA task loading index (TLX), was calculated for each of the UIs. The UIs resulted in a higher TLX (52.0 and 53.2) than the conventional operation interface (32.2). In summary, the two UIs developed in this research are able to assist operators in operating remote cranes more efficiently and with less mental load than by using the conventional operation interface.

Incremental Unsupervised-Learning of Appearance Manifold with View-Dependent Covariance Matrix for Face Recognition from Video Sequences

We propose an appearance manifold with view-dependent covariance matrix for face recognition from video sequences in two learning frameworks: the supervised-learning and the incremental unsupervised-learning. The advantages of this method are, first, the appearance manifold with view-dependent covariance matrix model is robust to pose changes and is also noise invariant, since the embedded covariance matrices are calculated based on their poses in order to learn the samples' distributions along the manifold. Moreover, the proposed incremental unsupervised-learning framework is more realistic for real-world face recognition applications. It is obvious that it is difficult to collect large amounts of face sequences under complete poses (from left sideview to right sideview) for training. Here, an incremental unsupervised-learning framework allows us to train the system with the available initial sequences, and later update the system's knowledge incrementally every time an unlabelled sequence is input. In addition, we also integrate the appearance manifold with view-dependent covariance matrix model with a pose estimation system for improving the classification accuracy and easily detecting sequences with overlapped poses for merging process in the incremental unsupervised-learning framework. The experimental results showed that, in both frameworks, the proposed appearance manifold with view-dependent covariance matrix method could recognize faces from video sequences accurately.

Chest diameter ratios for detecting static hyperinflation in children using photogrammetry

To develop a photogrammetric method capable of identifying increases in anteroposterior chest diameters suggestive of pulmonary hyperinflation, and to test it with both asthmatic and asthma-free children. Two distinct study designs were used to achieve these two objectives. The first was a descriptive analysis of diameters measured at the height of the axilla and of the xiphoid on digital images of 56 children aged 8 to 12 years photographed in the orthostatic position. The second was a case-control study of (a) 19 asthmatic children in treatment for at least 12 months; and (b) 37 children free from asthma with no prior history of complaints of respiratory/allergic disease. Diameters were measured on images of the front and left side views using CorelDRAW, and the ratio between the front and side diameters was calculated for the axillary and xiphoid measurements, providing the diameter ratios. Diameter ratios close to or greater than 1 represent geometry tending towards a cylindrical shape, typical of hyperinflation on radiographs. Analysis with the t test for independent samples revealed a mean diameter ratio at the sternum that was significantly greater in the group of asthmatic children (p < 0.01) than the mean for the whole sample and also than the mean for the children without asthma. Despite the existence of disagreement on the best instruments, methods and times for identifying hyperinflation, results indicate that a system using diameter ratios obtained by photogrammetry is a promising tool for the identification of a kinesiopathological manifestation that is known to determine air entrapment in asthma patients. Research that combines clinical data with longitudinal intrapatient follow-up will be necessary to establish the strength of the evidence found in this study.

Razão entre diâmetros torácicos para detecção de hiperinsuflação estática em crianças pela biofotogrametria

OBJETIVOS: Desenvolver um metodo fotogrametrico capaz de identificar aumento do diâmetro toracico anteroposterior sugestivo de hiperinsuflacao pulmonar e testa-lo em criancas asmaticas e nao asmaticas. METODOS: Foram conduzidos dois perfis de estudos, sendo um deles a analise descritiva dos diâmetros medidos no nivel axilar e xifoideo em imagens fotograficas digitais de 56 criancas, com idade entre 8 e 12 anos, na posicao ortostatica, e o outro, um estudo caso-controle entre: (a) 19 criancas asmaticas em tratamento ha mais de 12 meses; (b) 37 criancas nao asmaticas, sem historico pregresso ou queixas de doencas respiratorias/alergicas. Os diâmetros foram medidos nas imagens da vista anterior e lateral esquerda pelo uso do programa CorelDraw®, e a esses diâmetros aplicou-se a razao matematica de vista anterior por lateral esquerda para cada nivel, gerando o indice denominado razao diametral. A razao diametral proxima ou superior a unidade expressou uma configuracao geometrica tendendo ao formato cilindrico, tipico de hiperinsuflacao nas imagens radiologicas. RESULTADOS: A analise pelo teste t para amostras independentes mostrou uma media significativamente maior para razao diametral do osso esterno no grupo de criancas asmaticas (p < 0,01) que no grupo como um todo e no grupo de criancas nao asmaticas. CONCLUSOES: Apesar das controversias sobre instrumentos, formas e momentos de identificacao da presenca de hiperinsuflacao, os resultados sao favoraveis ao sistema de razao diametral pela biofotogrametria como ferramenta promissora na identificacao de uma expressao cinesiopatologica conhecida como determinante da retencao aerea na asma. Pesquisas que agreguem informacoes clinicas e acompanhamento longitudinal intrapacientes serao necessarias antes de estabelecer a forca das evidencias encontradas neste estudo.

Biometrics Based on Multi-View Features of Teeth Using Principal Component Analysis

We present a new biometric identification system based on multi-view features of teeth using principal components analysis(PCA). The multi-view features of teeth consist of the frontal view, the left side view and the right side view. In this paper, we try to start the foundations of a dental biometrics for secure access in real life environment. We took the pictures of the three views teeth in the experimental environment designed specially and 42 principal components as the features for individual identification were developed. The classification for individual identification based on the nearest neighbor(NN) algorithm is created with the distance between the multi-view teeth and the multi-view teeth rotated. The identification performance after rotating two degree of test data is 95.2% on the left side view teeth and 91.3% on the right side view teeth as the average values.