Left Paralumbar Fossa Research Articles

Reproduction in Domestic AnimalsEarly View CORRIGENDUMFree Access This article corrects the following: Posters Volume 57Issue S4Reproduction in Domestic Animals pages: 65-106 First Published online: September 27, 2022 First published: 19 February 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.14299AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Correction to Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction (ESDAR), 28 September–2 October 2022, Thessaloniki, Greece | Poster Abstracts The authors wish to bring the readers' attention to the missing Poster abstracts below: P106 Association of post-partum rumen contraction score with fertility in Holstein dairy cows G. Valergakis1, N. Siachos1, A. Kougioumtzis1, N. Panousis2 and V. Tsiamadis1 1Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. The study dataset included 719 cows from 9 farms. Rumen contraction score (RCS) was assessed with auscultation of the left paralumbar fossa, once, 2 hours after the morning feeding, at days 0, +2, +4 and +8 relative to calving; RCS was considered as a binary trait (RCS1: 0–1 contraction/2 min, RCS2: 2 or more contractions/2 min). Time from calving to: a) first artificial insemination (AI) by 120 days in milk (DIM) (1stAI_120, n = 502), b) positive pregnancy outcome at 1st AI by 120 DIM (PPREG_1stAI_120, n = 155) and c) positive pregnancy outcome by 200 DIM (PPREG_200, n = 313), were recorded. Kaplan–Meier time-to-event and Cox-proportional hazard regressions (hazard ratio, HR) analyses were performed for the above reproductive traits, with SPSS.25. No associations were detected between RCS and the traits considered, either at 0d or at +2d. Several trends were identified at +4d; for cows with RCS1 and RCS2, mean (±se) time to: a) 1stAI_120 was 101.1 ± 3.2d vs. 93.7 ± 1.0d (P = 0.081) and b) PPREG_1stAI_120 was 109.8 ± 3.7d vs. 101.0 ± 1.3d (P = 0.077). Cows with RCS2 tended to have a higher PPREG_200 hazard ratio compared to RCS1 ones (HR 1.8; 95% CI: 0.9–3.6, P = 0.09). At +8d, for cows with RCS1 and RCS2, mean (±se) time to: a) 1stAI_120 102.1 ± 2.6d vs. 93.3 ± 1.0d (P = 0.012), b) PPREG_1stAI_120 was 109.3 ± 2.8d vs. 101.0 ± 1.3d (P = 0.05) and c) PPREG_200 was 174.9 ± 5.0d vs. 157.7 ± 2.2d (P = 0.02). Cows with RCS2 had a higher PPREG_200 hazard compared to RCS1 ones (HR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2–3.2, P = 0.005). Cows with RCS1 and RCS2 did not differ in hazard for 1stAI_120 and PPREG_1stAI_120, either at +4d or at +8d. Early post-calving RCS merits research as a warning tool for future reproductive performance. The organizers of the meeting would like to apologize for this error and any confusion it may have caused. Reference Proceedings of the 25th annual conference of the European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction (ESDAR), 28. September – 2. October 2022, Thessaloniki, Greece. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, (2022). 57(S4), 65– 106. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rda.14244 Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

Indigestão vagal em mini-bovinos

ABSTRACT: Vagal indigestion (VI) is a digestive disorder characterized by the dysfunction of the vagus nerve. This disorder leads to changes in forestomach motility. The causes of VI are varied. Failure to transport digestive contents may occur due to mechanical obstruction or a neurogenic origin. There are few reports in the literature regarding this disease in mini-cattle. These cattle seem to be predisposed to the development of VI. The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and electrocardiographic aspects of mini-cattle diagnosed with VI. The medical records of nine mini-cattle diagnosed with VI were retrospectively reviewed. Mini-cattle were referred to the Large Animal Hospital in Botucatu, Brazil, from 2002 to 2021. It was observed that VI affected young mini-cattle. The predominant clinical manifestations were intermittent gas ruminoreticular tympanism with increased volume in the left paralumbar fossa and increased volume in the right ventral region (apple/pear aspect), hypomotility in ruminal auscultation and the presence of pasty stools. The mean heart rate of the animals was 75 beats per minute. In one case, bradycardia was observed by electrocardiogram and Holter monitor system. In this case, the predominance of parasympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system was observed. The main hematological findings were leukocytosis and lymphocytosis. The therapeutic approach included ruminal fistulation and the implantation of a permanent rumen cannula. All animals undergoing the procedure were discharged with daily care instructions.

CORRECCIÓN DEL DESPLAZAMIENTO ABOMASAL IZQUIERDO POR VIDEOLAPAROSCOPÍA

Correction of left abomasal displacement by video laparoscopy. This article reviews the benefits of the laparoscopic abomasopexy used for correction and fixation of the left abomasal displacement in dairy cows. The first steps are similar to the conventional technique, with sedation, analgesia and antisepsis. Two small flank incisions were made, the first one is about 10 centimeters ventral to the lumbar transverse processes in the cranial aspect of the left paralumbar fossa, and the second one, more cranial than the other and is located 7 cm ventral to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae in the left 11th intercostal space, these two are the entry points of instruments and optics. This technique allows us to shorten the surgical time, reducing the tissue exposure time, the possibility of intra and post-surgical infections and iatrogenic injuries. Therefore, we saw that the recovery time was shorter; and a quick return to production is guaranteed due to the low use of antibiotics.

CLINICAL, HAEMATOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES FOLLOWING BILATERAL URETERAL LIGATION IN BORNO WHITE GOATS A PRELIMINARY REPORT.

Bilateral ureteral ligation was performed through the left paralumbar fossa in 4 clinically healthy adult Borno White goats. Clinical effects of uraemia were observed 24 hours after surgery when anuria had set in and included in appetence, depression, coughing, stretching of the neck, laboured breathing with inspiratory wheezing sound, serous to mucous ocular and nasal discharges, and terminal paralysis and convulsion. Haematological changes observed included anaemia from day 2 after surgery and lymphocytosis on days 1 and 2, leukocytosis on day 3, neutrophilia on days 3 and 5 and eosinopenia on days 9 and 11 after Surgery. At post-mortem, the major lesions observed were bronchopneumonia, renal tubular necrosis and gastroenteritis.

Splenoptosis in a dairy cow and endoscopic correction of left displacement of abomasum

A third lactation Holstein dairy cow was presented with history of acute reduction in milk yield (‘milk drop’). On combined auscultation and percussion of the left costal area and paralumbar...

Chance to cut is a chance to cure

A rumenostomy is a quick and easy surgery that can help remedy recurrent bloat refractory to medical therapy. This clean-contaminated surgery is particularly useful among cattle experiencing chronic vagal indigestion, and is a common surgery performed in feedlot cattle. Preoperative analgesia should be provided; however, choice of antibiotic therapy is generally left to the discretion of the surgeon. Following local anesthesia and surgical prep of the left paralumbar fossa, a circular incision is made through the skin. Muscle layers are removed or bluntly dissected and the peritoneum is incised to visualize the rumen. The rumen wall is exteriorized and stay sutures are applied to reduce the risk of rumen contents contaminating the abdomen. A stoma into the rumen is created and a tight seal between the rumen wall and skin is achieved via several different suture pattern options. Patient prognosis is generally good regardless of surgical technique,pending no severe underlying medical conditions are present.

Cytological, histopathological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical findings of multiple cutaneous nodules in a bovine

This case study describes the cytological and histopathological findings of cutaneous masses in a bovine, including a peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST), vaccine-associated granulomatous inflammation, and eosinophilic inflammation due to parasitosis. A six-year-old undefined cow (SRD) presented with heterogeneous cutaneous lesions including multiple nodules in the left paralumbar fossa, bilaterally at the withers, and scattered along the dorsum, limbs and near the tail; some lesions were associated with ticks. Cytology of these nodules showed benign mesenchymal neoplasia (paralumbar fossa), granulomatous and pyogranulomatous inflammation (withers) and keratin (dorsum). Histopathology, in this order, confirmed PNST, post-vaccination granuloma, and eosinophilic dermatitis. A peripheral nerve sheath tumor was suspected based on the histological findings, showing a well-delineated proliferation of fusiform cells arranged in plexiform structures, which appeared red by Masson's Trichrome stain. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (anti-S100 antibody). Vaccine reaction often occurs in cattle, and cytological examination is sufficient to determine the inflammatory process. Eosinophilic dermatitis is usually accompanied by perivascular inflammation and reflects the exfoliative process by the oral apparatus of the parasite.

Hot topic: Automated assessment of reticulo-ruminal motility in dairy cows using 3-dimensional vision

Reticulo-ruminal motility is a well-established indicator of gastrointestinal health in dairy cows. The currently available methods for assessing motility are labor-intensive, costly, and impractical to use regularly for all cows on a farm. We hypothesized that the reticulo-ruminal motility of dairy cows could be assessed automatically and remotely using a low-cost 3-dimensional (3D) camera. In this study, a 3D vision system was constructed and mounted on the frame of an automatic milking robot to capture the left paralumbar fossa of 20 primiparous cows. For each cow, the system recorded 3D images at 30 frames per second during milking. Each image was automatically processed to locate the left paralumbar fossa region and quantify its average concavity. Then, the average concavity values from all images of 1 cow during 1 milking process were chronologically assembled to form an undulation signal. By applying fast Fourier transformation to the signal, we identified cyclic oscillations that occurred in the same frequency range as reticulo-ruminal contractions. To validate the oscillation identification, 2 trained assessors visually identified reticulo-ruminal contractions from the same 3D image recordings on screen. The matching sensitivity between the automatically identified oscillations and the manually identified reticulo-ruminal contractions was 0.97. This 3D vision system can automate the assessment of reticulo-ruminal motility in dairy cows. It is noninvasive and can be implemented on farms without distressing the cows. It is a promising tool for farmers, giving them regular information about the gastrointestinal health of individual cows and helping them in daily farm management.

Ruminal Acidosis Caused by Excessive Ingestion of Mango Fruit (Mangifera indica) in Cow

Background: Digestive disturbances in ruminants are associated with forage shortages during periods of dry weather. Foods available at this time are generally of poor quality and low digestibility, which makes it necessary to pursue alternative food sources where available. Grain-heavy diets; concentrated rations rich in rapidly fermenting carbohydrates; and whey, tubers and fruits high in starch and glucose, contribute to ruminal acidosis. Here we report a case of ruminal acidosis due to excessive ingestion of the mango fruit (Mangifera indica), "manguita" cultivate, by an adult bovine.Case: In the municipality of Boa Vista, Roraima, during December, a Dutch female bovine adult, weighing approximately 600 kg, was observed showing signs of apathy for two days with diarrhea. The animal had a rumenostomy with flexible cannula in the left paralumbar fossa and was in the final third of gestation. During clinical examination, the animal was in season, and an increase in the volume of the left dorsal region and changes in physiological variables were observed (lightly pale mucosa, capillary filling time of 4 s, heart rate [HR] of 82 beats per min; respiratory rate (f) of 30 moments per min; absence of ruminal movements and rectal temperature [RT] of 39.5°C). Upon removal of the cannula lid, a considerable amount of liquid and a large quantity of mango (Mangifera indica), "manguita" cultivate, were observed. Blood sample and ruminal fluid were collected and ruminal contents weighing approximately 40 kg were evacuated. Physical-chemical analysis of the ruminal liquid (pH = 4.0, brown color, aqueous consistency and characteristic fruit odor) resulted in a diagnosis of ruminal acidosis. Treatment included administration of fluid therapy (Lactate Ringer; 2 mL/kg/h), hepatoprotector (1 mL/20 kg), antimicrobial (Ampicillin Sodium; 10 mg/kg/IV and Sulfadoxine; 30 mg/kg/IV) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (Meloxicam; 0.5 mg/kg/IV) drugs, associated with evacuation of ruminal contents, and administration of grass and transfaunation, for three days. Following treatment, the physiological variables and physical-chemical characteristics of the ruminal liquid returned to normal limits (pH = 6.0, greenish brown coloration, aqueous consistency and aromatic normal ruminal liquid odor). By 30 days of initial care, the animal was active and had given birth, with no abnormal changes in physiological variables and physical-chemical characteristics of the ruminal fluid.Discussion: A decrease in food supplies during the dry season forces animals to seek alternative sources of food to meet their needs, as observed in this case study. Intake of a large amount of mango was the cause of ruminal acidosis due to an overabundance of simple sugars. The measures established for the clinical evaluation, diagnostic methods used, collection of blood sample and rumen fluid, and the adopted therapy, administration of fluid therapy, antimicrobial and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, associated with evacuation of the ruminal content, transfaunation, administered directly to the rumen, were essential to directing the diagnosis and obtaining a fast recovery time for the female bovine. Therefore, it can be concluded the excessive intake of fruit was the primary cause of rumen acidosis, and efficient case management led to observed clinical improvements in the physical-chemical characteristics of the ruminal liquid, with no recurrence of previous clinical signs.

Efficacy of Polyherbal Drug Against Tympany in Bovine

The present study aimed to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of polyherbal drug liquid Bloatosafe for the treatment of primary tympany in bovine. Total twenty (n=20) clinical cases were presented with history of loss of appetite, dullness, depression, absence of ruminal contraction, suspended rumination and enlargement of left paralumbar fossa were treated with Liq. Bloatosafe @ 50 ml orally twice daily till complete cure. Liq. Bloatosafe, a polyherbal antibloat drug manufactured by M/S Rakesh Pharmaceuticals, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, contains 15 different herbs. In present investigation, non significant change in temperature and significant changes in heart rate and respiratory rate in treated cases of cattle and buffaloes was recorded. Non significant improvement in rumen fluid pH and significant changes in protozoal density and protozoal motility were recorded. In present investigation, non-significant changes in haemoglobin, packed cell volume and significant changes in total leukocyte count before and after treatment of affected cattle and buffaloes were recorded. Out of twenty animals treated, 19 were completely recovered and one animal not recovered and died during treatment might be due to severity of condition. The results indicate Liq. Bloatosafe could be effective in amelioration of primary tympany in ruminants, as evident through improvement in tympany, ruminal motility and normal functioning of rumen. The treatment with Liq. Bloatosafe proved to be effective, safe and did not show any untoward effect at recommended therapeutic doses as co-therapy with sodium bicarbonate, B complex injections, rumenotorics, antibiotics and supportive therapy in treatment of primary tympany.

Ultrasonographic examination of caecum and colon of normal Adult Spiti horses and Himalayan Hill mules of India.

The objective of this study was to develop baseline topographical data of landmarks for locating and generating sonographic calliper measurements along with dynamic parameters of caecum and colon in 50 native adult healthy unsedated Spiti horses and Himalayan Hill mules of either sex. The wall thickness, contractility, character and echo-architecture of caecum and colon were recorded. Caecum was found from 15th to 17th inter costal space (ICS). Right dorsal colon (RDC), right ventral colon (RVC), left ventral colon (LVC) and left dorsal colon (LDC) were found from 6th to 14th, 9th to 17th, 9th to 14th and 6th to 15th ICS, respectively. Descending colon was found in the left paralumbar fossa upto tuber-coxae in both horses as well as mules. The corresponding values of horses and mules for wall thickness (in mm) was 2.1±0.05 and 1.4±0.05 for the caecum, 2.16±0.05 and 1.32±0.02 for the right dorsal colon, 2.1±0.03 and 1.32 ±0.02 for the right ventral colon, 2.12±0.03 and 1.32±0.02 for the left dorsal colon, 2.1±0.03 and 1.32±0.02 for the right dorsal colon and 2.04±0.02 for the descending colon. Prominent sacculations were observed on ventral colon and absent on dorsal colon. Detailed ultrasonographic examination of caecum and colon generated baseline data, which will be useful for management of the affections of caecum and colon.

Dystocia in Sheep and Goats: Outcome and Fertility Following Surgical and Non-Surgical Management

Abstract Cesarean section is a life-saving surgical procedure usually undertaken in sheep and goats that fail to deliver vaginally (dystocia). Unfortunately, there are no recent review articles in literature that summarize the results of published case reports and clinical trials concerning indications, surgical approaches and procedures and outcomes following cesarean section in sheep and goats. Therefore, the aim of this article was to compile available data related to dystocia and cesarean section in small ruminants. Fortunately, the incidence of dystocia in small ruminants is considered to be low. It can be caused by either maternal or fetal factors. Maternal-related dystocia is most commonly because of failure of cervical dilation, narrow birth canal and uterine inertia. Those related to fetal causes are usually associated with fetal malposition/presentation, feto-pelvic disproportion/fetal oversize, and fetal malformation. Manual extraction of the fetus may be attempted in most cases, however, early surgical intervention by performing cesarean section ensures satisfactory outcome. Cesarean section is usually performed in lateral recumbency through left paralumbar fossa or left paralumbar fossa oblique celiotomy under local analgesia. The success rates and post-operative complications in sheep and goats are underreported; however, early surgical intervention using aseptic technique usually results in a satisfactory outcome for both the dam and newborn with acceptable prognosis for future breeding soundness.

Evaluation and validation of a paralumbar fossa transabdominal rumen fluid sampling technique

A simple method to obtain rumen fluid via the left paralumbar fossa was evaluated on 58 adult cattle. Using a 16-gauge 1.5 inch (3.8 cm) needle, rumen fluid was successfully collected and evaluated from 45 of 58 head (78%). The primary reason for failure was body wall thickness exceeding the 1.5 inch (3.8 cm) needle (P = 0.0002). Average rumen pH of the 45 cattle samples was 7.9; the test cattle were primarily fed guinea grass with occasional brewer's grain supplement. An average 3 protozoa per field under 40 x magnification were seen. No external hematomas or other swellings were seen during the 3-week follow-up observations, and no complications were noted. Eleven of the 58 cattle (19%) had increased body wall thickness, based on ultrasonographic follow-up. The average length of time required to obtain a rumen sample, measured by introduction of the needle to the withdrawal of the needle, was 3 seconds (range< 1 to 8 sec). We conclude that the left paralumbar fossa trans-abdominal rumen fluid sampling technique is a safe and efficient method to obtain rumen fluid in cattle with a moderately thin (~ 30 mm) body wall.

Correlation between Ultrasonographically- Measured Bi-polar Length of Kidneys with Body Length and Body Weight in Yankasa Ewes (Ovisaries)

The aim of the study was to determine the correlation between ultrasonographically-measured bipolar length of kidneys with body length and body weight in Yankasa ewes (Ovisaries). A total of 27 apparently healthy ewes weighing between 18-35kg were used for the study. The body lengths of the ewes were measured in inches using a piece of string from the level of the nostrils to the base of the tail. The string was stretched out against a measuring tape and the values obtained were entered into a record book. The paired kidneys of each ewe were scanned in turn through the shaved left paralumbar fossa and the measured bipolar kidney lengths were also recorded. The results obtained showed a positive correlation between the kidney bipolar length and the body length (P<0.05) and a positive correlation between kidney lengths with the body weight the strength of which was lower than that between the kidney length and body length.

Evaluation of glucose response to 3 types of insulin using a continuous glucose monitoring system in healthy alpacas.

BackgroundPersistent hyperglycemia is common in alpacas and typically requires insulin administration for resolution; however, little is known about alpacas’ response to different insulin formulations.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of 3 insulin formulations on blood glucose concentrations and the use of a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system in alpacas.AnimalsSix healthy alpacas.MethodsThe CGM was installed in the left paralumbar fossa at the start of this crossover study and recorded data every 5 minutes. Regular insulin, NPH insulin, insulin glargine, and dextrose were administered to each alpaca over a 2‐week period. Blood samples were collected for glucose testing at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours, and then every 6 hours after each administration of insulin or dextrose. Data were compared by using method comparison techniques, error grid plots, and ANOVA.ResultsBlood glucose concentrations decreased most rapidly after regular insulin administration when administered IV or SC as compared to the other formulations. The NPH insulin produced the longest suppression of blood glucose. The mean CGM interstitial compartment glucose concentrations were typically lower than the intravascular compartment glucose concentrations. The alpacas had no adverse reactions to the different insulin formulations.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe NPH insulin might be more appropriate for long‐term use in hyperglycemic alpacas because of its extended duration of action. A CGM is useful in monitoring glucose trends and reducing blood collection events, but it should not be the sole method for determining treatment protocols.

Caprine Abscess Model of Tulathromycin Concentrations in Interstitial Fluid from Tissue Chambers Inoculated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis following Subcutaneous or Intrachamber Administration

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causes chronic, suppurative, abscessing conditions in livestock and humans. We used an in vivo model to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy for focal abscesses caused by C. pseudotuberculosis. Tissue chambers were surgically implanted in the subcutaneous tissues of the right and left paralumbar fossa of 12 goats to serve as a model for isolated, focal abscesses. For each goat, one tissue chamber was inoculated with C. pseudotuberculosis, while the contralateral chamber served as an uninoculated control. Six goats were administered a single dose of tulathromycin at 2.5 mg/kg of body weight subcutaneously, while the other six received the same dose by injection directly into the inoculated chambers. Our objective was to compare the effects and tulathromycin concentrations in interstitial fluid (IF) samples collected from C. pseudotuberculosis-infected and control chambers following subcutaneous or intrachamber injection of tulathromycin. In addition, the effects of tulathromycin on the quantity of C. pseudotuberculosis reisolated from inoculated chambers were assessed over time. Tulathromycin IF concentrations from C. pseudotuberculosis-infected and control tissue chambers were similar to those in plasma following subcutaneous administration. Following intrachamber administration, tulathromycin IF concentrations in infected chambers were continuously above the MIC for the C. pseudotuberculosis isolate for 15 days. There were no significant differences for plasma area under the curve and elimination half-lives between subcutaneous and intrachamber administration. Six of the 12 infected chambers had no growth of C. pseudotuberculosis 15 days postadministration. Results of this study indicate that tulathromycin may be beneficial in the treatment of focal infections such as those caused by C. pseudotuberculosis.

Standing Hand‐Assisted Laparoscopic Treatment of Left Dorsal Displacement of the Large Colon and Closure of the Nephrosplenic Space

To report a standing hand-assisted laparoscopic technique for closure of the nephrosplenic space (NS), and short-term outcome in horses. Case series. Horses (n = 12) aged 5-14 years. Medical records (2007-2010) of horses treated for left dorsal displacement of the large colon (LDDLC) using a hand-assisted laparoscopic correction technique with closure of the NS in the same surgical procedure were reviewed. A modified grid laparotomy in the left paralumbar fossa was used with manual correction of LDDLC, after which the NS was closed with a laparoscopic technique. Follow up was obtained by telephone interview of owners or referring veterinarians. Resolution of LDDLC and closure of the NS was successful, with only minor postoperative complications, in all horses. On short-term follow-up (>10 months; mean, 23.8 months), 2 horses had displacement of the large colon between the spleen and the body wall. Standing hand-assisted laparoscopic correction of LDDLC and closure of the NS in a single surgical procedure is feasible. Appropriate case selection is mandatory when performing this combined technique.

Hand‐Assisted Laparoscopic Ovariectomy and Colpotomy in Standing Mares

To determine the feasibility of hand-assisted laparoscopic ovariectomy via colpotomy for bilateral ovariectomy in standing mares. Case series. Mares (n = 21) aged 2-21 years, weighing 312-582 kg. After a pilot study in 6 mares, the technique was used in 15 mares. Ovaries were identified and manipulated using 2 laparoscopic portals in the left paralumbar fossa. Transection and hemostasis of the ovarian pedicle was achieved using a LigaSure Atlas™ or chain écraseur. Ovaries were removed through a colpotomy by an assistant. In 19 mares, both ovaries were successfully identified from the left portals whereas in 2 mares, laparoscopic portals in the right flank were needed to access the right ovary because the working length of the equipment was insufficient to reach the right side from the left portals. Bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy by means of 2 same-sided portals in combination with hand assistance via colpotomy is a technically feasible, safe, and effective technique in small- to average-sized mares.

Ruminal Impaction Due to Indigestible Foreign Bodies in a Cow and Its Surgical Management

A seven year old cow was presented with the history of chronic recurrent tympany for last 3 months. Entangled materials were palpated inside the rumen while recording the ruminal motility by pressed fist on left paralumbar fossa. Rumenotomy was conducted. Around 30 kg of foreign materials were removed and the animal recovered uneventfully.

Management of obstructive urolithiasis in dairy calves with intact bladder and urethra by Fazili’s minimally invasive tube cystotomy technique

The present study was planned to evaluate minimally invasive tube cystotomy technique in calves suffering from obstructive urolithiasis having intact urinary bladder and urethra. Fifteen male non-castrated calves with age ranging from 1-10 months (mean 4.05 months), presented for treatment within one to three days (mean 2.2 days) of complete urinary tract obstruction due to urethral calculi with intact bladder and urethra, were included in this study. Under light sedation and local infiltration anaesthesia, all the animals were subjected through left paralumbar fossa, to a minimally invasive surgical tube cystotomy in which catheter was placed in the bladder lumen through a metallic cannula and fixed to the skin with a stay suture (Fazili’s technique). All the animals were discharged the same day. Time taken for the procedure varied from 8 to 17 minutes (mean 11.0 minutes). Normal urination resumed in twelve (80.0%) calves. Mean time taken for normal urination was 10.50 days. In two of the remaining calves, urine flow stopped through the catheter prematurely and they were then subjected to standard surgical tube cystotomy. One more calf did not urinate normally for 30 postoperative days and was lost to the follow up thereafter. Recurrence of the obstruction was not detected in ten and nine animals observed up to six and 12 months respectively. In conclusion, the outcome of this minimally invasive technique is similar to the standard tube cystectomy. Additionally, the procedure is cost effective, quick, simple and field applicable. It also minimizes exposure of abdominal cavity of metabolically compromised animals. However, the technique needs to be tried in larger number of such calves wherein better quality catheter of larger diameter be used before recommending its extensive use.